skeletal system chapter 7 “wisdom lies in taking everything with good humor and a grain of...
TRANSCRIPT
SKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 7“Wisdom lies in taking everything
with good humor and a grain of salt.” George Santayana
CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONES
COMPACT – HARD & DENSE; LOOKS SMOOTH AND HOMOGENOUS• Haversian System; Volkmann Canals, Osteon (SEE
PAGE 130; EDITION 11)
SPONGY (CANCELLOUS)- SMALL THIN PIECES OF BONE WITH OPEN SPACES;
AREA OF GROWTH AND RBC PRODUCTION
BONE MARROW
RED: MAKE RBC; FOUND AT ENDS OF LONG BONES/ CENTER OF OTHERS
YELLOW: CENTRAL CAVITIES OF LONG BONES (MEDULLARY CAVITY): MADE OF FAT
DEVELOPMENT OF BONES
LONG BONES ARE CARTILAGE FLAT BONES – FIBROUS
MEMBRANES OSSIFY INTO BONES AS FETUS
DEVELOPS FONTANELS CLOSE EPIPHYSEAL PLATES FOR GROWTH
4 GROUPS BY SHAPE
LONG – LONGER THAN WIDE; MOSTLY COMPACT, ARMS & LEGS
SHORT – CUBOID; SPONGY BONE; WRIST, ANKLE, KNEE CAP
FLAT BONES- THIN, FLAT, USUALLY CURVED; SPONGY BONE; SKULL, RIBS & STERNUM
IRREGULAR – SPINAL COLUMN; HIPS
LONG BONE STRUCTURE
DIAPHYSIS- SHAFT OF BONE EPIPHYSIS – ENDS OF THE BONE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE – GROWTH AREA
OF THE BONE EPIPHYSEAL LINE – SOLID; REMNANT
OF PLATE AFTER PUBERTY
CONTINUED
PERIOSTEUM – FIBROUS CONNECTIVE MEMBRANE COVERING THE OUTER ASPECT OF THE SHAFT
SHARPEY’S FIBERS – CONNECT THE PERIOSTEUM TO THE BONE
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE – COVERS OUTER ASPECT OF EPIPHYSES
MEDULLARY CAVITY – YELLOW MARROW ENDOSTEUM - LINES MEDULLARY CANAL
BONE BONE MATRIX IS CALLED LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES ARE FOUND IN SMALL
CAVITIES WITHIN THE LACUNAE LACUNAE ARE ARRANGED IN A CIRCLE
CALLED LAMELLAE A CANAL IN CENTER OF THE LAMELLAE IS
CALLED HAVERSIAN CANAL OSTEON – CANAL & MATRIX RINGS
CONTINUED
CANALICULI – RADIATING SMALL CANALS FROM HAVERSIAN CANAL TO ALL LACUNAE TO PROVIDE NOURISHMENT
VOLKMANN’S CANALS RUN AT RIGHT ANGLE TO HAVERSIAN CANAL PROVIDING SPACE FOR THE BLOOD VESSELS TO WEAVE THROUGH THE COMPACT BONE
BONE FORMATION / OSSIFICATION
OSTEOBLASTS – BONE FORMING CELLS (BUILD)
OSTEOBLASTS TRAPPED IN MATRIX BECOME MATURE OSTEOCYTES
OSTEOCLASTS – BONE REMOVERS (CRUNCHES)
BONES WIDEN AS ‘BLASTS BUILD BY THE PERI- OSTEUM AND ‘CLASTS CRUNCH NEXT TO THE MEDULLARY CANAL (CANAL GETS WIDER TOO)
AXIAL vs APPENDICULAR
AXIAL• SKULL
• RIBS
• SPINAL COLUMN
APPENDICULAR• ARMS AND LEGS
• HIPS AND SHOULDERS
• CLAVICLE & SCAPULAE
Functional terms
Distinguishing featuresProjections
HeadProcessCondyleCrestSpine
Depressions or holesForamenSinusFossaMeatus
Hannah Montana - bone dancehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGdK4T7WUrA
FRONTAL
SINGLE BONE (UNPAIRED) FORMS FOREHEAD FORMS ROOF OF EYE ORBITS ANTERIOR PART OF CRANIAL FLOOR CONTAINS FRONTAL SINUSES
PARIETAL
PAIRED POSTERIOR TO FRONTAL BONE FORMS SIDES & ROOF OF CRANIUM BONES MEET AT MIDLINE TO FORM
SAGITAL SUTURE MERGE LATERALLY WITH TEMPORAL
TO FORM SQUAMOUS SUTURE POSTERIOR WITH OCCIPITAL TO
FORM LAMBDOID SUTURE
TEMPORAL
PAIRED FORMS SIDES AND LATERAL BASE
OF SKULL SHARP PROJECTIONS ON UNDER-
SIDE ARE STYLOID PROCESSES MANDIBULAR FOSSA – SITE OF
ARTICULATION WITH MANDIBLE HOLDS EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC
MEATUS
OCCIPITAL
FORMS BACK & POSTERIOR BASE OF SKULL
BASE HAS FORAMEN MAGNUM WHERE SPINAL CORD EXITS BRAIN
LATERAL TO FORAMEN ARE OCCIPITAL CONDYLES WHERE SKULL MEETS WITH FIRST VERTEBRA
ETHMOID
FORMS ROOF OF NOSE AND MEDIAL ASPECT OF EYE ORBITS
CRISTA GALLI PROJECTS BACK WHERE DURA OF THE BRAIN ATTACHES
CRIBIFORM PLATE ALLOWS NERVES OUT SUPERIOR & MIDDLE NOSE CONCHAE ARE
ANTERIOR EXTENSIONS IN THE LATERAL WALLS OF NOSE – CAUSE TURBULENCE OF AIR INHALED THROUGH NOSE
SPHENOID BUTTERFLY SHAPED FORMS PART OF THE FLOOR OF CRANIAL
CAVITY BEHIND EYE SMALL DEPRESSION (SELLA TURCICA)
HOLDS PITUITARY GLAND FORAMEN OVALE ALLOWS NERVE TO EXIT OPTIC CANAL & SUPERIOR ORBITAL
FISSURE ALLOW NERVES TO EXIT BRAIN SPHENOID SINUSES – AIRY BONY AREAS
MAXILLAE
PAIRED, FUSED TO FORM UPPER JAW ALL FACIAL BONES ATTACH TO MAXILLA
• EXCEPT MANIBLE
2 PALANTINE BONE FUSE TO FORM HARD PALATE IN ROOF OF MOUTH
2 SINUSES – DRAIN TO NASAL PASSAGE• MUCUS LINED, CONTINUOUS TO THROAT
• INFECTION CAUSES SINUSITIS; PAIN IN UPPER JAW OR THROAT
ZYGOMATIC
CHEEKBONES FORM LATERAL WALL OF EYE ORBITS
LACRIMAL BONES –MEDIAL WALL OF ORBIT
HAS A GROOVE FOR PASSAGE OF TEARS
NASAL BONES
NASAL BONES ARE THE BRIDGE OF THE NOSE
VOMER – FORMS THE NASAL SEPTUM INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE – THIN,
CURVED FROM LATERAL WALL; CAUSE TURBULENCE OF THE AIR WE BREATHE SO WE CAN HEAT & CLEAN IT
MANDIBLE LOWER JAW AND CHIN LARGEST AND STRONGEST BONE IN FACE JOINS AT TEMPORAL BONES TO MAKE
ONLY FREELY MOVING JOINT IN FACE MANDIBLE RAMUS FORMS UPRIGHT
ANGLE TO TEMPORAL BONE ALVEOLAR MARGIN HOLDS TEETH
HYOID BONE
ONLY BONE IN BODY THAT DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH ANOTHER BONE
FOUND IN NECK MOVEABLE BASE FOR THE TONGUE ATTACHMENT POINT FOR NECK
MUSCLES THAT RAISE & LOWER LARYNX FOR SPEAKING & SWALLOWING
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
26 IRREGULAR BONES• 7 CERVICAL
• 12 THORACIC
• 5 LUMBAR
• SACRUM (5 FUSED BONES)
• COCCYX (4 FUSED BONES)
INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
BETWEEN VERTEBRA MADE OF FIBROCARTILAGE CUSHION ABSORB SHOCKS ALLOW FLEXIBILITY HIGH WATER CONTENT; SPONGY;
COMPRESSABLE
VERTEBRAL STRUCTURE
BODY – BEARS WEIGHT; ANTERIOR VERTEBRAL FORAMEN – OPENING
THROUGH WHICH THE SPINE PASSES SPINOUS PROCESS – POSTERIOR
PROJECTION TRANSVERSE PROCESSES -2 LATERAL
PROJECTIONS VERTEBRAL ARCH ARTICULAR PROCESSES
7 CERVICAL
ATLAS -1- NO BODY; ALLOWS ROCKING OF OCCIPITAL CONDYLES; NOD HEAD “YES”
AXIS -2 DENS PROJECTS UP, ALLOWS PIVOT OF HEAD FOR “NO”
ALL ARE SMALL, LIGHT; TRANSVERSE SPINES HAVE FORAMINA FOR VESSELS TO SUPPLY BLOOD TO THE HEAD
12 THORACIC
SPINOUS PROCESS ARCS DOWN TRANSVERSE SPINES ARTICULATE
WITH RIBS BODY IS LARGER THAN CERVICAL
VERTEBRAE’S BODY NO FORAMINA NOTED
SACRUM
SUPERIOR ARTICULATION WITH L5 INFERIOR WITH COCCYX LATERALLY SACROILIAC JOINT POSTERIOR ASPECT HAS MEDIAN SACRAL
CREST SACRAL CANAL HOLDS END OF SPINE POSTERIOR SACRAL FORMINA ALLOW
VESSELS TO PASS THROUGH SACRUM TO LOWER EXTREMITIES
STERNUM
FLAT BONE 3 FUSED PARTS– MANUBRIUM,
BODY, & XIPHOID PROCESS JUGULAR NOTCH – SUPERIOR
BORDER STERNAL ANGLE- RIDGE WHERE
MANUBRIUM AND BODY FUSED XIPHISTERNAL JOINT – AT 9TH
THORACIC VETEBRAL LEVEL
RIBS
ARTICULATE WITH SPINE IN BACK, ARC DOWNWARD IN FRONT, ATTACH WITH HYALINE CARTILAGE IN FRONT
1ST 7 PAIRS – TRUE RIBS NEXT 5- FALSE RIBS LAST TWO PAIRS – FLOATING INTERCOSTAL SPACES HAVE
MUSCLES, NERVE, & BLOOD VESSELS
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
SHOULDER GIRDLE = CLAVICLE ATTACHES TO SCAPULA LATERALLY
CLAVICLE – COLLAR BONE – HOLDS ARM AWAY FROM THORAX; PREVENTS SHOULDER DISLOCATION
SCAPULA – SHOULDER BLADE, TRIANGULAR
BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
COXAL BONES (HIP BONES) ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIS (MEET AT PUBIC SYMPHYSIS) FALSE vs TRUE PELVIS ANGLE OF PUBIC ARCH DENOTES
SEX OF PERSON
DISORDERS OF THE BONES
METABOLIC: OSTEOPOROSIS; PAGET’S DISEASE; OSTEOMALACIA
TUMORS: OSTEOSARCOMA; CHONDROSARCOMAS
INFECTIONS: OSTEOMYELITIS; TUBERCULOSIS; POTTS DISEASE (TB IN THE SPINE)
HEALING BONE
HEMATOMA FORMATION FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS
(CARTILAGE MATRIX, BONY MATRIX AND COLLAGEN) FORMS
BONY CALLUS – OSTEOBLASTS & CLASTS ENTER AREA; CARTILAGE BEGINS TO BE REPLACED BY BONE
REMODELING OCCURS (PATCH)
Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses – immovable joints Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous joints• Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints• Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints• Freely moveable
MOVEMENT AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS
FLEXION VS EXTENSION ABDUCTION VS ADDUCTION CIRCUMDUCTION ROTATION SUPINATION VS PRONATION INVERSION VS EVERSION DORSIFLEXION VS PLANTAR FLEXION