skeletal system skeletal system karen lancour patty palmietto national bio rules national event...
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SKELETAL SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM
Karen LancourKaren Lancour Patty PalmiettoPatty PalmiettoNational Bio Rules National Bio Rules National Event National EventCommittee Chairman Committee Chairman Supervisor – Health Supervisor – [email protected] ScienceScience
Skeletal System - Functions
Support & shape to bodySupport & shape to body Protection of internal organsProtection of internal organs Movement in union with Movement in union with
musclesmuscles Storage of minerals (calcium, Storage of minerals (calcium,
phosphorus) & lipidsphosphorus) & lipids Blood cell productionBlood cell production
The Skeletal System
Know the Skeletal AnatomyKnow the Skeletal Anatomy Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton Surface Anatomy of the boneSurface Anatomy of the bone
By x-ray or diagramBy x-ray or diagram Structure/function of joints, muscle Structure/function of joints, muscle
and ligament attachmentsand ligament attachments Including range of motionIncluding range of motion
Human Skeleton
206 Bones206 Bones Axial skeletonAxial skeleton: (80 : (80
bones) in skull, bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone sternum, hyoid bone
Appendicular Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton: (126 : (126 bones)- upper & bones)- upper & lower extremities lower extremities plus two girdles plus two girdles
Half of bones in Half of bones in hands & feet hands & feet
Axial Skeleton (80)
Skull Skull Ossicles of the Ossicles of the
middle earmiddle ear Hyoid bone Hyoid bone Thorax or Thorax or
chest chest Vertebral Vertebral
columncolumn
AppendicularSkeleton (126)
Upper Extremity (64)Upper Extremity (64) Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle ArmsArms HandsHands
Lower Extremity (62)Lower Extremity (62) Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle LegsLegs Feet Feet
Types of Bone Long bonesLong bones: : longer than they are wide; shaft & longer than they are wide; shaft &
2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & patella)ankle & patella)
Short bonesShort bones: : roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones)& wrist bones)
Sesamoid bonesSesamoid bones: : short bones within tendons short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella)(e.g.: patella)
Flat bonesFlat bones: : thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones)
Irregular bonesIrregular bones: : odd shapes; don't fit into other odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)
Types of Vertebrae
Cevical (7)Cevical (7) AtlasAtlas Axis Axis
Thoracic (12)Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5)Lumbar (5)
Joints Ball & SocketBall & Socket Pivot Pivot Saddle Saddle HingeHinge Elipsoid Elipsoid
(Condyloid)(Condyloid) Plane or Gliding Plane or Gliding
- vertebrae- vertebrae
Bones – Cellular & Physiology
Cross section structures
Cellular composition
Bone marrow Cartilage Fractures
Bone Cells
OsteoblastsOsteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone of high metabolism within the bone
OsteocytesOsteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood. the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood.
Osteogenic cellsOsteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells cells
OsteoclastsOsteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling remodeling
Bone lining cellsBone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the movement of calcium and thought to regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bonephosphate into and out of the bone
Long Bone Structure
Compact BoneCompact Bone Outer LayerOuter Layer Haversian Haversian
SystemSystem Spongy BoneSpongy Bone
Ends of long Ends of long bonesbones
Cartilage Cartilage
Red and Yellow Bone Marrow
The formation of blood cells, The formation of blood cells, ((hematopoiesishematopoiesis), takes place mainly in the ), takes place mainly in the red marrow of the bones. red marrow of the bones.
In infantsIn infants, , red marrowred marrow is found in the bone is found in the bone cavities. With age, it is largely replaced by cavities. With age, it is largely replaced by yellow marrowyellow marrow for fat storage. for fat storage.
In adultsIn adults, , red marrowred marrow is limited to the is limited to the spongy bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, spongy bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae and pelvis. Red marrow clavicles, vertebrae and pelvis. Red marrow functions in the formation of red blood functions in the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets.cells, white blood cells and blood platelets.
Cartilage – Characteristics
Mostly water; no blood Mostly water; no blood vessels or nervesvessels or nerves
Tough, resilientTough, resilient New cartilage forms from New cartilage forms from
chondroblastschondroblasts Heal poorlyHeal poorly
Types of Skeletal Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilages: fine collagen fiber matrix- most abundant type- found in articular (movable joint) cartilages, costal cartilages (connect ribs tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx & upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages
Elastic Cartilages: similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering)
Fibrocartilage: rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers; highly compressible with great tensile strength- found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis
Fractures of the Bone
Know fractures based on diagrams or by x-ray recognitionKnow fractures based on diagrams or by x-ray recognition
Bone Repair Sequence Injury – broken blood vessels, Injury – broken blood vessels,
hematomahematoma Invasion of blood vessels & generalized Invasion of blood vessels & generalized
cells (2-3 days)cells (2-3 days) Fibroblasts develop (1 week)Fibroblasts develop (1 week) Chondroblasts develop Chondroblasts develop Callus forms (4 weeks)Callus forms (4 weeks) Remodeling with osteoclasts (8 weeks)Remodeling with osteoclasts (8 weeks)