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The Skeleton

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S

K

E

L

ET

O

N

Functions:Support and Protect

Lever for Muscles

Hematopoiesis

Mineral Storage

Calcium

Phosphorus (PO4)

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BoneTerminologyOsteoblast

Osteoclast

Osteocyte

Compact

Bone

Spongy

Bone

Medullary

Cavity

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BoneFormation

Endochondral

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BoneFormation

Endochondral

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Articulations

Fibrous

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Articulations

Cartilaginous

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Articulations

Synovial

Intrinsic

Ligaments

Extrinsic

Ligaments

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M

O

V

E

ME

N

T

S

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M

OV

E

ME

N

TS

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Upper Torso

TThe Skeleton

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AXIAL

SKELETON

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SkullFrontal Bone

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SkullBones

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Skull

Bones

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SphenoidBone

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EthmoidBone

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EthmoidBone

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Skull:Facial

Bones

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Skull

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Skull

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Skull:Sutures

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VertebralColumn

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VertebralColumn

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TypicalVertebra

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Vertebrae

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Vertebra

Shapes

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LU

M

B

A

R

V

E

R

TE

B

RA

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C

E

R

V

I

C

A

L

V

E

R

TE

B

RA

E

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CervicalVertebra:

C1Atlas

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OccipitalCondyles

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CervicalVertebra:

C2Axis

C d C 2

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C1andC2

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T

H

O

R

A

C

I

C

V

ER

T

EB

R

AE

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ThoracicVertebra

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ThoracicVertebrae

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L

U

M

B

A

R

V

E

R

T

E

B

R

A

E

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LU

MB

A

R

V

E

R

TE

B

RA

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S

AC

R

U

M

Sacrum

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Sacrum

Median

Crest

Auricu lar Surface

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Sacroiliac

Articulation

A

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S

AC

R

OI

L

IA

C

R

T

I

C

U

L

A

T

I

O

N

Intervertebral Disc

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IntervertebralDisc

Intervertebral Disc

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IntervertebralDisc

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Intervertebral

Discs

Increase vertebral body

and disc thickness as

descend vertebral column

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Herniated

Disc

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Herniated

Disc

Vertebral Ligaments

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VertebralLigaments

VL

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ER

T

E

B

R

A

L

L

I

G

A

M

E

N

T

S

VertebralLigaments

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V t b l C

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VertebralCurves

V

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V

E

R

T

E

B

R

A

L

C

U

R

V

E

S

V

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V

E

R

T

E

B

R

A

L

C

U

R

V

E

S

Vertebral Curves

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VertebralCurves

Vertebral

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Vertebral

Curves

Primary (1)

Secondary (2)

Abnormal Vertebral Curves

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AbnormalVertebralCurves

Ribs

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Ribs

Thoracic Vertebrae Ribs

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ThoracicVertebraeRibs

Sternum

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Infrasternal

notch

Respiration

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Respiration

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Respiration-

Increase

Vertical

Diameter

Respiration

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Increasein

Diameters

Respiration

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Increase

Lateral

Diameter

Respiration

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Increase

Anterior/PosteriorDiameter

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Appendicular

Skeleton

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Clavicle

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Clavicle

Clavicular Ligaments

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ClavicularLigaments

Clavicular Ligaments

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ClavicularLigaments

Scapula:Posterior

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Scapula:Anterior

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Shoulder

Joint

Scapula: Medial

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Scapula:Medial

RibCage

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Sterno-

Clavicular

Movements

ScapulaMovements:

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Scapulothoracic

Joint

HumerusAnterior

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Intertubercular Groove

Surgical Neck

Deltoid Tuberosity

Lateral Epicondyle

Capitulum

Trochlea

Medial

Epicondyle

Coronoid

Fossa

Anatomical

Neck

Head

Anatomical Neck Greater Tubercle

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Trochlear

Notch ofUlna

HumerusPosterior

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Olecranon Fossa

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Trochlear

Notch ofUlna

HumerusPosterior

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Olecranon Fossa

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Shoulder Joint: Anterior

ShoulderJointLigaments

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ShoulderJoint

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Sh ld

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Shoulder

Joint

Movements

ReverseShoulderReplacement

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F

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ForearmRadius Ulna

Radius/Ulna:Anterior

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HeadNeck

Radial Tuberosity

Radius Diaphysis

Styloid Process

Ulna/Radius:PosteriorOlecranon

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Head

ElbowLigaments

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Elbow

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Elbow

ForearmWrist

Hand CarpalsMetacarpals

Phalanges

Lateral Collateral

Ligament

Medial Collateral

Ligament

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Lower Torso

The Skeleton

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Pelvic

Girdle

Pelvic Bones

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PosteriorAnterior

Pelvic BonesMedial View

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Pelvic

Girdle

Pelvic Bones

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Pelvic BonesLateral View

S

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S

A

C

R

O

I

LI

A

C

J

O

I

N

T

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Sacroiliac JointGluteal Muscles

Femur

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Pelvic Girdle Gender Differences

Pelvic Girdle Gender Differences

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Female:

wider; the ilium has a greater lateral flare

acetabulum projects more laterally than male (which has a

greater anterior projection)

the sacrum is shorter and wider

the femur has a greater lateral-to-medial angle as it descends to

the tibia

the mechanics of muscle action is different

Pelvic Girdle: Gender Differences

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Female Male

Gender

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Differences:

Hip/Knee

Mechanics

Angle of Movement in theKnee

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Tibia

Platform

Male FemurFemaleFemur

Knee

Angle of Anterior MuscleAction

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Tibia

Platform

Male FemurFemaleFemur

Angle of Pull of the

Rectus Femoris

Angle of Pull

of theRectus

Femoris

Angle of Posterior MuscleAction

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Tibia

Platform

Male FemurFemaleFemur

Angle of Pull of the

Semitendinosus

Angle of Pull of

theSemitendinosus

Femur

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Pelvic BonesLateral View

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Lateral View

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Patella

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Hip

Ligaments:

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Anterior

View

Hip

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Ligaments:

Posterior

View

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Tibia &

Fibula:

Anterior

View

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Tibia &

Fibula:Posterior

View

Quadriceps

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Tendon &

Patellar

Ligament

Menisci of

the Knee

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Medial

Meniscus

Lateral

Meniscus

Menisci of

the Knee

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Menisci of

the Knee

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Ligaments &

MenisciOf The

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Knee

Ligaments

& Menisci

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& Menisci

Of The

Knee

Ligaments

& Menisci

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& Menisci

Of The

Knee

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Antero

Lateral

Ligament

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Flexion- Extension Gliding

MotionKneeMovements

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Screw-home

Mechanism

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Mechanism

Screw-home Mechanism

Screw-home Mechanism

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Medial rotation of the femur on the tibia at end of knee extension. Thisaction nestles the condyles of the femur onto the shallow platform of the

tibia so that the knee is locked. The posterior cruciate ligament

becomes taut and little muscle activity is necessary to stand for extendedperiods of time.

There is a special muscle, thepopliteus, located in the back of the knee,which initiates knee flexion by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia.

This aligns the condyles of the femur so that flexion can proceed.

Ankle

and

Foot

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Foot

Ankle and

F t

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Foot

Ligaments

Deltoid Ligament: Medial Side

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Lateral Ligaments

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Arches of the Foot

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Plantar Ligaments

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