skin and body membranes. function of body membranes – line or cover body surfaces – protect body...
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Skin and Body Membranes
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Skin and Body Membranes
• Function of body membranes– Line or cover body surfaces– Protect body surfaces– Lubricate body surfaces
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Classification of Body Membranes
• Epithelial membranes– Cutaneous membrane– Mucous membrane– Serous membrane
• Connective tissue membranes
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Epithelial Membrane: Cutaneous Membrane
• Cutaneous membrane = skin– A dry membrane– Outermost protective boundary
• Superficial epidermis– Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium• Underlying dermis– Mostly dense
connective tissue
Figure 4.1a
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Epithelial Membrane: Mucous Membranes
• Surface epithelium– Type depends on site
• Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)• Lines all body cavities that
open to the exterior body surface
• Often adapted for absorption or secretion
Figure 4.1b
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Epithelial Membrane: Serous Membranes
• Surface simple squamous epithelium
• Underlying areolar connective tissue
• Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
• Membranes occur in pairs: parietal & visceral
• Serous layers separated by serous fluid
Figure 4.1c
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Epithelial Membrane: Serous Membranes
• Specific serous membranes– Peritoneum• Abdominal cavity
– Pleura• Around the lungs
– Pericardium• Around the heart
Figure 4.1d
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Connective Tissue Membrane
• Synovial membrane– Connective tissue only– Lines fibrous capsules
surrounding joints
Figure 4.2
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Integumentary System
• Skin (cutaneous membrane)• Skin derivatives– Sweat glands– Oil glands– Hairs– Nails
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Skin Functions
• Protects deeper tissues from:– Mechanical damage– Chemical damage– Bacterial damage– Thermal damage– Ultraviolet radiation– Desiccation (drying out)
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Skin Functions
• Aids in heat regulation• Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid• Synthesizes vitamin D
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Skin Structure• Epidermis – outer layer– Stratified squamous epithelium– Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)
• Dermis– Dense connective tissue
Figure 4.3
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Skin Structure
• Deep to dermis is the hypodermis– Not part of the skin– Anchors skin to underlying organs– Composed mostly of adipose tissue
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Layer of Epidermis
• Stratum basale– Cells undergoing mitosis– Lies next to dermis
• Stratum spinosum• Stratum granulosum
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Layer of Epidermis
• Stratum lucidum– Occurs only in thick skin
• Stratum corneum– Shingle-like dead cells– Filled with keratin– Rubs and flakes off slowly
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Melanin
• Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes• Color is yellow to brown to black• Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale• Amount of melanin produced depends upon
genetics and exposure to sunlight
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Dermis• Two layers– Papillary layer
• Projections called dermal papillae• Pain receptors• Meissner’s corpuscle (touch receptors)• Capillary loops
– Reticular layer• Blood vessels• Glands• Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure receptors)
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Dermis
• Collagen and elastic fibers– Collagen = toughness– Elastic = elasticity in youth
• Abundant blood supply• Rich nerve supply
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Skin Structure
Figure 4.4