skopje lsap re-seeties

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WP4 Act.3.

Local strategy and action plan of City of

Skopje

June, 2014.

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

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RE-SEEties: Towards resource efficient urban

communities in SEE

LOCAL STRATEGY AND

ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

Prepared by: Mining Institute Skopje

Deliverable report under WP4/Activity 4.3

Final Version

Date: (30 June 2014)

WP Leader: CNR-IMAA

Contributing partners: City of Nitra, CRES, REGEA

Energiaklub, MACEF, HEMPS, ZRS Bistra Ptuj, City of Skopje LP-BP18


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Scope of work

The scope of work from the contract no. 08-514/9 is creation of Local Strategy and Action Plan for efficient use of resources in the City of Skopje, harmonized with the activities of the existing SEAP in the framework of the RE-SEEties project.

According to the needs from the RE-SEEties project and the request

from the City of Skopje, the Local Strategy and Action Plan of City of

Skopje was created and delivered on English.

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Contents

List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 6

List of Figures ......................................................................................................... 7

1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 10

1.1. About the RE-SEEties Project ................................................................................... 10

1.2. Local Strategy and Action Plan ................................................................................ 11

1.3. Energy policy of the City of Skopje .......................................................................... 11

2. The national and local framework ................................................................. 13

2.1. National goals and strategies .................................................................................. 13

2.2. Local energy and waste management strategies and policies ................................ 14

2.3. Weakness and mapped improvements in existing SEAP......................................... 15

3. The city case study ........................................................................................ 17

3.1. General information about the city/municipality ................................................... 17

3.2. Mission and objectives ............................................................................................ 19

3.3. Key stakeholders...................................................................................................... 20

4. Application of the common RE-SEEties methodology to the local case study ...................................................................................................................... 24

4.1. Building the data input at city level ......................................................................... 24

4.2. Applying the toolkit ................................................................................................. 26

4.3. Getting results ......................................................................................................... 27

5. Technological measures for improvements of local infrastructure............ 29

5.1. Energy efficiency measures ..................................................................................... 55

5.1.1. Buildings .......................................................................................................... 55

5.1.2. Transport ......................................................................................................... 63

5.1.3. Lighting ............................................................................................................ 68

5.2. Utilization of renewable energy sources ................................................................. 71

5.3. Waste management ................................................................................................ 75


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5.3.1. Waste prevention, ........................................................................................... 75

5.3.2. Integrated waste management systems, ........................................................ 77

5.3.3. Waste to energy .............................................................................................. 77

6. Measures for changing behavior of consumers on local level ................... 78

6.1. Energy efficiency...................................................................................................... 78

6.2. Renewable energy sources ...................................................................................... 94

6.3. Waste prevention and management....................................................................... 98

7. Expected results/effects of taken measures .............................................. 100

8. Financing mechanisms for implementation of measures and endorsement process ................................................................................................................ 106

8.1. EU funding ............................................................................................................. 108

8.2. Regional development banks and specialized funds ............................................. 111

8.3. National funding .................................................................................................... 113

9. Policy recommendations ............................................................................. 119

9.1. Guidelines for waste valorization .......................................................................... 119

9.2. Guidelines for energy efficiency ............................................................................ 122

9.3. Guidelines for sustainable exploration of renewable resources ........................... 124

10. Conclusion - SWOT ...................................................................................... 126

11. Monitoring and control of the action plan implementation ....................... 128

12. References .................................................................................................... 130


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List of Tables Table 3-1 Relevant Stakeholders ............................................................................................. 21

Table 4-1 Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011 ............................................... 25

Table 5-1Heat consumption parameters in the educational buildings category in the City of

Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 32

Table 5-2 Heat consumption parameters in the cultural buildings category in the City of

Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 34

Table 5-3 Electricity consumption parameters in city council and local self-government

buildings .................................................................................................................................. 36

Table 5-4 Energy consumption parameters for buildings of public enterprises in Skopje ..... 37

Table 5-5 Heat energy parameters by energy source for the residential buildings sector in the

City of Skopje ........................................................................................................................... 40

Table 5-6 Fuel consumption for the vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje by fuel type .............. 45

Table 5-7 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje .......... 50

Table 5-8 Waste Parameters ................................................................................................... 53

Table 5-9 Measures for Public buildings ................................................................................. 55

Table 5-10 Measures for Residental sector ............................................................................. 57

Table 5-11 Measures for Commercial and Service sector ....................................................... 59

Table 5-12 Measures for Transport ......................................................................................... 63

Table 5-13 Measures for Lighting ............................................................................................ 68

Table 5-14 Measures for Utilization of renewable energy sources ........................................ 71

Table 5-15 Measures for waste ............................................................................................... 75

Table 6-1 Measures for Energy efficiency ............................................................................... 78

Table 6-2 Measures for Renewable energy sources ............................................................... 94

Table 6-3 Measures for waste ................................................................................................. 98

Table 7-1 Evaluation results .................................................................................................. 102

Table 8-1 An overview of possible funding ........................................................................... 106

Table 10-1 SWOT Analysis ..................................................................................................... 126


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List of Figures

Figure 5-1 Structure of electricity consumption in the educational buildings category in the

City of Skopje ........................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 5-2 Structure of heat consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of

Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 5-3 Structure of electricity consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City

of Skopje .................................................................................................................................. 34

Figure 5-4 Structure of heat consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of

Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 34

Figure 5-5 Structure of electricity consumption in city council and local self-government

buildings .................................................................................................................................. 35

Figure 5-6 Structure of heat consumption in city council and local self-government buildings

................................................................................................................................................. 36

Figure 5-7 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises

of the City of Skopje ................................................................................................................ 37

Figure 5-8 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises

of the City of Skopje (for each enterprise individually) ........................................................... 38

Figure 5-9 Specific electricity consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje ........... 39

Figure 5-10 Specific heat consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje .................. 39

Figure 5-11 Percentage of individual energy sources used for heating in the residential

buildings sector in the City of Skopje ...................................................................................... 41

Figure 5-12 Structure of total energy consumption in the buildings sector in the City of

Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 42

Figure 5-13 Structure of electricity consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors ........ 43

Figure 5-14 Structure of heat consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors ................ 43

Figure 5-15 Fuel consumption by fuel type for vehicles owned and operated by the City of

Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 45

Figure 5-16 Number of passengers transported by public transport offered by JSP Skopje for

2007 and 2008 ......................................................................................................................... 47

Figure 5-17 Number of newly procured buses by years ......................................................... 47

Figure 5-18 Passengers transported and kilometres travelled by months for 2007 and 2008 47


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Figure 5-19 Number of transported passengers per kilometre travelled ............................... 48

Figure 5-20 Number of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje for the period 2003-2008 .. 48

Figure 5-21 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 ............................. 49

Figure 5-22 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 by ownership ...... 49

Figure 5-23 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje ...... 50

Figure 5-24 Share of fuel consumption in the transport sector in the City of Skopje by

subsectors ................................................................................................................................ 51


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1. Introduction

1.1. About the RE-SEEties Project

Resource efficiency is a top priority in the SEE policy-making agenda,

especially in light of excessive consumption of energy due to users /

inhabitants established behavior, often uncontrolled waste production as well

as lack of efficient coordination measures and awareness regarding how to

use resources in a more conscious manner. The need to consider in resource

management major externalities such as climate change and macroeconomic

developments, e.g. the move from dependency on imported primary energy

sources, is reflected in the flagship initiative Resource efficient Europe of the

Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. To boost

resource efficiency, city leaderships have a major role to play at local and

regional levels. The project therefore places municipality actors in SEE in

focus and investigates what city leaderships can do within their scope of

competence and responsibilities.

The project specifically tackles two major elements linked to resource

efficiency, i.e. energy and waste, in an integrated manner. This way it sheds

light on the challenges of energy consumption and waste production and

disposal (e.g. current unsustainable tendencies), but also the interrelations

and opportunities thereof (e.g. awareness raising among consumers to boost

energy saving, waste valorization, efficient landfill utilization, more coordinated

and efficient exploitation of RES, etc.).

RE-SEEties long-term vision is to turn SEE cities into resource efficient urban

communities, in compliance with the requirements of the relevant EU policies

and legislation. The main objective is to improve the integrated policy-making

and strategic planning competences of SEE municipalities in the field of

energy efficiency (EE), RES and waste valorization, for the purpose of

changing consumption patterns and supporting changing demands with

innovative policy-making solutions, tools and incentives. The project

intensively builds on the existing methodologies (e.g. LCA) of the SEAP

elaboration process.

ERDF and IPA PPs are from 8 SEE cities (Covenant of Mayors signatories

and aspirants) and regions that are directly in charge of designing and

implementing strategy building, and have the necessary policy- and decision-

making competences related to the project topic. By involving a large number

and variety of SEE actors linked to EE, RES and waste valorization, the

consortium represents a critical mass of stakeholders interested in making a


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difference in terms of improving policy-making and strategic planning

competences of SEE municipalities in the field of resource efficiency.

1.2. Local Strategy and Action Plan

This document is intended to refresh the Sustainable Energy Action Plan

(SEAP) of City of Skopje which is in accordance with the guidelines of the

Covenant of Mayors. The need to refresh the Sustainable Energy Action Plan

can be seen in several of the measures that are already implemented and the

changes that are done to other measures according to the experience with

their implementation in the past two years.

Also, some of the specific objectives from the previous Sustainable Energy

Action Plan are changed. With that in mind, this Local Strategy and Action

Plan broadens the influence that the previous version had in the area of waste

(not included in the Sustainable Energy Action Plan), as well as the wider

application of the renewable energy sources (included in the Sustainable

Energy Action Plan in some of the sectors). The renewable energy sources

now are separated from the sectors in new chapter.

The Local Strategy and action plan gives wide view on all elements that has

effect on the environment and not only in energy point of view. It will be the

first step in future decision and policy making on the region around Skopje.

1.3. Energy policy of the City of Skopje

The energy policy is focused on the adoption of an Energy Efficiency Action

Plan and Programme on the local level, as analogues to the National Energy

Efficiency Strategy, in accordance with the Energy Law. As the basis for this

process, in 2009 the City developed an energy efficiency study, comprising

the latest energy consumption data for buildings operated by the City.

The Policy lays down that the City of Skopje, as the official competent body

for issuing construction and reconstruction permits for energy generation

facilities, shall cooperate closely with the Energy Regulatory Commission of

the Republic of Macedonia on issues related to energy generation, distribution

and supply.

With the aim of promoting the further implementation of energy and

environmental policies, in 2006 Skopje became a member of the European

Association of local authorities inventing their energy future Energy Cities is


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a network of cities and municipalities for a sustainable local energy policy.

This network focuses on contributing towards the development of city

partnerships, exchange of experiences and technologies in the area of energy

management, development of local renewable energy sources, and reduction

of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The City of Skopje has carried out

several activities aimed at fulfilling the obligation of membership to the

Association.

On 4 May 2010 the Mayor of Skopje, Mr. Koce Trajanovski, signed the

Covenant of Mayors, which emphasizes the significance of reducing CO2

emissions by 2020, as a goal for local authorities and citizens in cities

worldwide.

These activities give an insight into the main focuses of the citys

Development Programme. Other focus points of the energy and waste policy

include the plan for building a natural gas supply network in the city; adoption,

development and upgrading of the energy efficiency policy through the

activities of the citys EE Information Office; and reviewing the possibilities for

construction of a tramway system and Waste Management programme. On

the other hand, planned projects referring to the environmental policy also

include future projects, such as promoting and creating new traffic solutions,

monitoring pollution in the city, collecting and disseminating information on

environmental pollution and pollution prevention measures, including an

initiative for the drafting of a national strategy for reducing air pollution from

greenhouse gases.


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2. The national and local framework

2.1. National goals and strategies

There are several national strategies that should be considered for the topic of

this Case Study profile and the Local Strategy and Action plan of the City of

Skopje:

1. Energy Law Official gazette of RM No.16/2011

2. Strategy for energy development of Macedonia until 2030

3. Energy efficiency strategy of Macedonia until 2020

4. Strategy for using renewable energy sources in Macedonia until 2020

5. Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia (2008-

2020)

6. National Waste Management Plan (2009-2015)

7. Waste Management Law ("Official Gazette of RM" No.68/04, 107/07,

102/08, 143/08 and 123/12)

The Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia, as the most

important along with the Energy Law for the commercial and public buildings

and for setting of the goals, describes in detail the measures and instruments

necessary to realize the energy policy of Macedonia, and specifies the

required investments and commitments to be made by the Government. The

EE Strategy further estimates the energy saving potential, which can be

realized under current economic circumstances.

The projections and simulations of the possible measures and instruments are

in accordance with the realization requirements of the energy policy principles

laid out in Strategy for energy sector development.

The present document is designed to assist the Government of Macedonia,

particularly the Ministry of Economy to meet a requirement under Article 125

of the Energy Law to prepare Implementation Plans for the energy efficiency

programs and measures contained in the Energy Efficiency Strategy and, by

extension, the NEEAP.

This way it will be possible to achieve a 14.35% objective of energy savings

by 2020, comparing to the average consumption in the 5 year period (2002-

2006), through continued promotion of energy efficiency, monitoring and


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verification. This is an important task for Macedonia in the way to sustainable

development of the countrys economy, and to fulfill commitments in the way

of EU accession.

According to the Energy Sector Development Strategy, without integration of

energy efficiency, the energy consumption in the Republic of Macedonia will

reach the level of 2703 ktoe by the year 2020. The two scenarios of energy

efficiency penetration can bring to either 3.14 % (under limited integration of

energy efficiency), or 8.8 % (strong intervention of energy efficiency scenario)

less energy consumption compared to business as usual - BAU).

2.2. Local energy and waste management strategies and

policies

1. Sustainable Energy Action Plan of the City of Skopje (SEAP) 2011

The required energy parameters were collected for the stated energy

consumption sectors and subsectors in the City of Skopje for the year 2008,

and detailed energy analyses of the sectors were conducted on the basis of

those parameters. The analysis of the buildings sector showed that 81.45% of

total energy is used in residential buildings, 15.28% in the commercial and

service sector whereas buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje

accounted for 3.27% of total consumption. In the transport sector, 88% of fuel

is used by private and commercial vehicles, 10% by the public transport, and

2% by vehicles owned and used by the City of Skopje. For the purposes of the

public lighting system, 51,155 MWh of electricity were used in 2008.

According to the results of the energy analyses for the buildings, transport and

public lighting sectors, energy efficiency measures were identified, the

implementation of which would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions in the

City of Skopje by 23% in 2020, compared to the baseline year 2008.The total

emissions reduction potential of all identified measures is approx. 640824t

CO2 or more than 23% reduction, which, in part, is 2% more reduction than

the planned target of 21% reduction compared to year 2008.Therefore, not all

analyzed measures have to be implemented in order to achieve the target;

instead, a certain number of measures may be selected on the basis of ease

of implementation (from the aspect of time, organization and financing).

In the Citys Action plan for public buildings energy efficiency 2012 2013 is

foreseen renovation of roofs, installation of high energy efficient windows and

new lightning system in 21 public schools and 8 cultural institutions. In the

past 2 years in 10 public schools a few energy efficient measures have been

implemented like roof isolation, installation of windows, faade isolation or


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new lightning system. Activities aimed to make the public schools and culture

institutions energy efficient buildings will continue in the next 2 years.

Taking advantage of HABITAT II funds together with incentives from

municipalities in the City of Skopje it has been possible to start the

reconstruction of private buildings based on energy efficiency requirements.

Thanks to that it has become more and more popular among citizens to

require that kind of funds to improve and reconstruct their flats turning them

into energy efficient ones.

2. Study on energy efficiency of buildings owned by the City of Skopje

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the energy consumptions in

the buildings owned by the City of Skopje. The Council of the City of Skopje in

November 2012 adopted the Program for energy efficiency in which the

promotion of renewable energy sources was also included.

3. Waste Management Plan for the City of Skopje (2010-2015)

The Waste Management Plan proposes practical and financially viable

solutions to solve the main problems affecting municipal waste management,

taking into account local characteristics, advantages and opportunities.

4. Program for Waste Management for the City of Skopje 2013

The City of Skopje through the Program for Waste Management for the City of

Skopje defines the types of waste and the way they need to be managed,

identifying also measures and activities for the realization and funding of the

Program.

2.3. Weakness and mapped improvements in existing SEAP

The main reasons for setting up an improvement of the existing SEAP of City

of Skopje dealt mainly with, the need to take into account more sectors as well

as new legislations etc. The main barriers and weaknesses that were met

during the preparation of the previous SEAP still exist (ex. lack of data) and

will be and in the chapter 10. Conclusion SWOT.

The first SEAP of City of Skopje was created in 2011. The main reason for

creating the Local Strategy and Action plan was to refresh the previous SEAP

with updated data on the energy consumption and waste production.

Moreover, part of the planned measures have been already implemented

whereas other measures still needs to be implemented according to the new

environmental situation in the City of Skopje.


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The previous version of the SEAP was created according to the guidelines

provided by the Covenant of Mayors. The sectors that were analyzed were

Buildings sector, Transport sector and Public lighting. After several public

discussions and considerations, conclusion was made that the sectors should

be broadened by waste and electro mobility.

The biggest problem concerning the implementation of the measures foreseen

in the previous SEAP was the residential buildings. In the period spanning

from the previous SEAP until now, a new legislation has been introduced was

created and the process can be more easily accomplished (certified energy

auditors were trained, the reconstruction of buildings must include energy

efficiency measures etc.).


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3. The city case study

3.1. General information about the city/municipality

Skopje is the capital of the Republic of Macedonia covers 1818 square

kilometers, 23 kilometers in length, 9 kilometers in width and located at an

average altitude of 245 meters. The coordinates of the capital of the Republic

of Macedonia are: North latitude 42 00' and East longitude 21 26. Skopje is

surrounded by mountains and water like Jakupica-Karadzica, Osoj, Zheden

and Skopska Crna Gora. Beside the main river Vardar, in and around Skopje

are flowing the rivers Treska, Lepenec, Pchinja, Kadina reka, Markova reka as

well as Patishka reka.

The climate is modified continental with certain Mediterranean influences with

hot, dry summers and cold winters.

The average temperature in Skopje, Macedonia is 12.2 C (54 F).

The range of average monthly temperatures is 22 C.

From demographic point of view, The City of Skopje has positive population

trend. The City's population is continuously increasing, mainly because of the

migration from the province of the country, but also because of the rate of

population growth. It has to be underlined that in Skopje (as in the whole

country) the birth rate has decreasing trend during last years, but still the

number of new births is highest in the Metropolitan area. In comparison, in

1948 Skopje had a population of 151290 growing to 448229 in 1991.

Population (census 2002): Skopje - 506,926 populations (total)

The Skopje region is at major crossroads of the Republic of Macedonia, with

the most favorable traffic infrastructure. The availability of the resources from

the entire Skopje region to the City of Skopje especially applies to the

population, most of who naturally migrates, on daily basis, within the capital of

the Republic of Macedonia and it represents the largest migration area in the

country. That is why the data on the resources of the City of Skopje and the

population have been presented on the level of Skopje region.

The Skopje region is the home to the largest share of the industrial,

commercial and service capacities in the Republic of Macedonia and that is

why it forms a major share of the Gross Value Added of the country. In 2007,

the Skopje region formed 48.5% of the Gross Value Added. In some activities,

the Skopje region contributes nearly two thirds of the total value of the

countrys GVA. Civil engineering (61.0%), trade, catering and transport


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(63.9%), financial services and real estate (61.3%), and there is a high share

of other service activities (51.3%) and the imputed banking services (49.8%).

GDP per capita in the Skopje region is the highest in the country. In 2007 it

equaled MKD 289,622/4.709 EUR. During the period, the GDP per capita in

the Skopje region is growing faster than the GDP per capita in the country, so

in 2007 it was two thirds higher than the GDP per capita on the level of the

Republic of Macedonia.

Number of business entities in the City of Skopje:

Type of legal entity Number of business entities

Joint-stock companies (JSC) 278

Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) 6,301

Limited Liability Companies (LLC) 17,162

OTHER 4,764

Public Commercial Companies (PCC) 2

Limited Partnership 2

SUBSIDIARY 41

ECONOMIC INTEREST ASSOCIATION 23

Trade Company (TC) 1,465

Total 30,038

The bodies of the City of Skopje are Council and Mayor of the City of Skopje.

The City of Skopje is financed from its own sources of revenue, tax revenues,

revenues from the Budget of the Republic of Macedonia and the budgets of

funds, revenues from loans in accordance with the law and other revenues as

determined by law.

In the City of Skopje there are 16 Departments. To achieve a goal to provide to its citizens to live in ecologically and energy efficient friendly City, Skopje had started first with reorganization of its structure by establishing a Unit for energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Tasks of the Unit is to create measures and implement activities that will encourage the authorities and citizens to save electricity, use renewable energy sources, use public transport, build energy efficient private and public buildings, use of energy efficient lighting. For successful realization of activities the Unit works closely with Spatial Planning and Organization Department, Nature and Environment Protection Department, Traffic Department and Communal


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Affairs Department in the Citys administration, Department for NGO and international cooperation.

3.2. Mission and objectives

The residential sector is the second largest energy end-user in Macedonia,

with a 29% share in the total final energy consumption, based on the 2006

data. Furthermore, the households are the largest electricity consumers

among the sectors.

The reduction of the significant energy consumption in the residential sector

requires the taking of the following steps:

Implementation of the Directive on energy performance of buildings;

Proposal for an extended role of the public sector in demonstrating new

methods and technologies;

Change of the minimum energy performance requirements during large

renovations;

Energy performance objective of buildings to render passive" houses;

Consideration of the prospect to implement mandatory requirements

regarding the installation of technologies for passive heating and

cooling;

Introduction of energy efficiency aspects from the Construction

Products Directive, where relevant.

Concrete measures to be applied in the residential sector in the City of Skopje

are as follows:

Individual thermal central heating distribution in Skopje - BEG;

Integration of energy efficiency in the social housing;

Implementation of energy code and labeling of buildings;

High-performance wood-burning stoves;

EE promotion campaign;

Central heating boilers;

Solar heaters for the supply of warm water in households;


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EE-related building modernization.

3.3. Key stakeholders

In the context of public participation, a stakeholder can be defined as any

person, or group, who has an interest in the project or could be potentially

affected by its delivery or outputs.

Potential stakeholders are chosen by different type of organization and/or

professional background.

Municipalities

The local strategies and action plans are mainly for the Skopje area. That is

why as key stakeholders are identified the City of Skopje and its municipalities

on the territory of Skopje region. But other municipalities are not excluded.

The process of creation of local strategies can be reproduced and other

municipalities are welcomed and invited.

Municipal bodies and organizations

This target stakeholder group is consisted of organizations, associations and

bodies of several/all of the municipalities. Example of that kind of association

is ZELS which is representing all of the municipalities in Macedonia, so the

results can be disseminated and replicated on large scale.

Public Enterprises

The public enterprises are directly controlled by the city or the municipalities.

The work of the public enterprises is addressed in the documents (strategy

and action plan) that will be produced by the project. Also, significant part of

the data that is needed for creation of the documents will be provided by these

organizations. Because of the topic of the documents, energy and waste,

mainly that type of public enterprises are targeted as key stakeholders.

Private Enterprises

The type of private enterprises that are targeted as key stakeholders for the

results of the RE-SEEties project and the local strategies and action plans are

energy and waste related companies, like energy utility companies, local

transportation companies etc.

Agencies and other governmental bodies

All of the ministries and agencies concerning energy and waste are important

stakeholders and key actors for the local strategy and action plan. These


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kinds of stakeholders are essential for successful creation and adaptation of

the mentioned documents.

Financial institutions

The financial institutions are essential for the (financial) sustainability of the

local strategies and action plans. The identified stakeholders include banks,

loan companies, as well as other facilities that are available in Macedonia and

the wider region, in correlation with the implementation and sustainability of

the local strategic documents.

Education and knowledge providers

Taking into account the specific topic of the documents (energy and waste),

the educational institutions and other knowledge providers must be taken into

account in the identified stakeholder. Their professional opinion will be

seriously taken into account in the creation of the strategic documents.

NGOs, associations and other focal groups

This target group includes non-governmental institutions, associations and focal groups that are important for this purpose and are willing to participate on the process.

Table 3-1 Relevant Stakeholders

Municipalities City of Skopje

Aerodrom

Kisela Voda

Butel

Cair

Centar

Gazi Baba

Gjorce Petrov

Karpos

Saraj

Municipal bodies and organizations ZELS


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MOMEE

Centre for development of Skopje planning

region

Public Enterprises Communal Hygiene Skopje

Public Transport Company JSP Skopje

PE Water Supply and Sanitation

PE Parks and Greenery

Landfill Drisla (PE for waste disposal)

PE Streets and Roads

Private Enterprises ADKOM Association of providers of utility

services

Makekspres Prevoz Skopje

Sloboda Prevoz

EVN Makedonija

Pakomak

Duropack AD Skopje

Osram

Rehau

Knauf Insulation

Viro energy

Agencies and other governmental

bodies

Ministry of Economy

Ministry of Environment and Physical

Planning

Ministry of Transport and Communication


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Energy Agency

Spatial Planning Agency

Waste Management Agency

Financial institutions Komercijalna Banka

Stopanska Banka

NLB Tutunska Banka

Uni Banka

Pro Credit Bank

Halkbank

Macedonian Bank for Development

Promotion

Finance in Motion

GGF Green for Growth Fund

GIZ

Education and knowledge providers University Sv. Kiril and Metodij

University Sv kliment Ohridski

University Goce Delcev

Other institutions KOR Sustainable development coalition

Regional Business Centre

Economic Chamber of Macedonia

Macedonian Chambers of Commerce


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4. Application of the common RE-SEEties methodology to

the local case study

4.1. Building the data input at city level

The base year for calculation in this document is 2008.

The energy data for the City of Skopje was gathered mainly from the State

Statistical Office. All necessary data was not represented in the statistical

documents. Other national and local strategic documents were used to

determine the missing data. Main source for data was the Sustainable Energy

Action Plan of City of Skopje, but the data presented in that documents were

from 2008. Other data was gathered from relevant institutions like Toplifikacija

AD Skopje; EVN Macedonia; ELEM Energetika; State Statistical Office; PE

Makedonski Shumi; Municipalities in the City of Skopje. The data presented

here was mainly gathered in the process of creation of the Sustainable Energy

Action Plan for the City of Skopje and the process of data collection from

Work Package 3 from the RE-SEEties project and its methodology.

In the process of the strategy development, MACEF and City of Skopje

organized debate in order to define the base year. City of Skopje has SEAP,

and the main justification for new local strategy was to refresh the current

SEAP. That is why, it was decided that it is best to keep the base year and the

CO2 inventory defined in the previous version of the Action Plan.

The collected data were divided into three categories according to reliability:

Fully reliable data data obtained by collecting calculations for

buildings in the individual categories (e.g. at least 90% of total data

for the category covered) or the data is collected from at least two

sources and overlap with an accuracy of at least 90%;

Reliable data data extrapolated from a representative sample of

collected calculations (e.g. at least 70% of total data for the whole

category covered);

Estimated data (in the absence of relevant data, data are estimated

on the basis of previous experiences and/or extrapolated from

existing data).

The main gap and problem during the data collection was the division of the

energy consumption for different sectors. The data couldnt be divided

separately for heating, cooling, lighting, cooking etc. and is given in the tables

as one category.


25

The data for waste was collected from various sources. Because the previous

Sustainable Energy Action Plan didnt contain analysis of this sector, the

collected data has referent year of 2012.

The main data input was from the following sources:

State Statistical Office

Annual Reports of the local public enterprise Komunalna Higiena

Waste Management Plan of the City of Skopje 2010-2015

The data that was collected is resent and reliable. However, the main gap and

problem that was encountered was the lack of key data. There is no statistical

information for most of the required data for the purpose of the forecast and it

need to be assumed.

Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011

In order to determine the effect from the previous SEAP, as well as the

changes from the base year of the Local Strategy and Action Plan, this

chapter will provide comparison between 2008 and 2011.

2011 is chosen because of the full statistical coverage that was at disposal.

The data for 2011 is taken from the Programme for Energy Efficiency (2012-

2015) of City of Skopje, while the data for 2008 was taken from the previous

SEAP and the Local Strategy and Action Plan.

From the table can be seen that the heat energy in the secondary schools is

significantly lowered, while the rest of the data is similar, or slightly increased

from 2008 to 2011. That is natural as the number of dwellings, registered

vehicles, enterprises etc. is increased

Table 4-1 Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011

Sector: Buildings

Buildings owned by City of Skopje

MWh MWh MWh MWh

Indicator * - 2008** H* - 2008** * -

2011*** H* -

2011***

Schools 2087 17422 2088 11691

Culture 853 2498 862 2827

Administration 372 778 372 778

Public Enterprises 3962 6997 3891 6667

TOTAL 7274 27695 7213 21963

Households 1275724 1216437 1336025 1444351

Commercial 242754 412682

TOTAL BUILDINGS 1525752 1656814 1343238 1466314


26

Sector: Mobility

Car pool owned by City of Skopje

Diesel Consumption (l) 1516095 1804762

Gasoline consumption (l) 209724 248810

Public transport

No. passengers 63199000 66060000

Diesel Consumption (l) 10178823 12117857

Natural gas consumption (mn3) 307894 308000

Private and commercial vehicles

Registered vehicles 135193 144508

Gasoline consumption (t) 38117 38117

Diesel Consumption (t) 32196 32197

LPG consumption(t) 775 776

Sector: Public lighting

Electricity consumption (kWh) 51000 51000

* - Electricity; H-Heat Energy

** 2008 - According to SEAP of City of Skopje, 2011 ***2011 - According to Programme for energy efficiency of City of Skopje, 2012

4.2. Applying the toolkit

In every phase in the creation of the local strategy and action plan, the RE-

SEEties methodologies were used.

As preparation for the development of the strategy, every city that participated

in the RE-SEEties created Case Study, using the defined methodology for this

document. The aim of the case study was to determine the needs of the city

and to become basis for further development of the strategy.

The Case Study went through extensive quality control that included Peer

Review and utilization of indicators.

In the peer review, the participant was relevant stakeholders, knowledge

providers and professional organizations that provided remarks and

comments. Also the Assessment and Support Group (ASG) from RE-SEEties

used common key issues and indicators to support the quality control process.

The result of these activities was ASG Report with Recommendation. The

recommendations were implemented. The finalized document is incorporated

in this strategy and it is basis for further development of it.

For the data presented in this document, the previous SEAP was used, but

updated for the results from the data collection process and the deliverable

under WP3 from the RE-SEEties project Resource Consumption Forecast


27

Report City of Skopje. The methodology and templates for data collection

from this work package were used.

This strategic document also used the Feasibility Study for Renewable energy

sources potential that was produced during the implementation of the RE-

SEEties project and with the methodology created there.

The RE-SEEties project developed methodology for the creation of the Local

Strategy and Action Plan which was used in this document.

In order to finalize the Local Strategy and Action Plan, the stakeholders took

active participation in the development of the strategy. City of Skopje and

MACEF organized 6 stakeholder meetings that supported the development of

the strategy in every step from the beginning.

Also the Assessment and Support Group (ASG) from RE-SEEties used

common key issues and indicators to support the quality control process

similar to the Case Study. The result of these activities was ASG Report with

Recommendation. The recommendations were implemented in the finalization

of the strategy.

For several chapters of this document, the Step-By-Step Methodology with

Initial Criteria for assessment was used, in the policy recommendation, the

state-of-art technologies etc.

4.3. Getting results

The potential for reduction of the CO2 emission if all measures are

implemented is 601 ktCO2. The estimated energy savings is 1024191MWh.

The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the

transport sector in City of Skopje is 342934 MWh. These measures will have

estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of

121 ktCO2.


buildings sector in City of Skopje is 211610 MWh. These measures will have


108 ktCO2. There are several horizontal measures that effect the energy

consumption and CO2 emission. Some of these measures in this analysis are

considered in other sectors (e.g. raising awareness).


lighting sector in City of Skopje is 288828 MWh. These measures will have


28


259 ktCO2.

The total estimated energy effect from the proposed measures in the Local

Energy Production from RES in City of Skopje is 9608 MWh electrical energy

and 50119 MWh of heat energy. These measures will have estimated effect

on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of 42 ktCO2.


Citizens involvement in City of Skopje is 121092 MWh. These measures will

have estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2

emission of 71 ktCO2. As mentioned before, these measures are mostly

horizontal measures.

The total energy saving can be estimated to 1024191 MWh and the total

reduction of CO2 emission is 601 ktCO2.

The implementation of measures will also have significant effect in the

improvement of the living and working conditions, creation of green jobs, on

the economy etc.

Most of the measures have long period of implementation. The

implementation of the measures is from 2011 until 2020. The implementation

period of the individual measures is given in the next chapter.


29

5. Technological measures for improvements of local

infrastructure

Before discussing on the introduction of the measures, a brief overview of the

energy consumption and waste statistic in the different sectors is provided in

this chapter.

Building Sector

For the purposes of this analysis, the buildings sector was divided into the

following subsectors:

Buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje;

Residential buildings;

Public and commercial buildings;

The relevant data used in this analysis were gathered from the following

sources:

Toplifikacija AD Skopje / BEG;

EVN Macedonia;

ELEM Energetika;

State Statistical Office;

PE Makedonski Shumi;

Municipalities in the City of Skopje.

On the basis of collected data, the following data shall be presented for the

individual subsectors:

General information about the subsector;

Total subsector area (m2);

Subsector buildings number;

Total subsector electricity consumption (kWh);

Specific subsector electricity consumption (kWh/m2);

Consumption of heat from the district heating systems (MWh);


30

Specific consumption of heat from the district heating system of each

enterprise (kWh/m2);

Total firewood consumption;

Specific firewood consumption;

Total light fuel oil consumption (l);

Specific light fuel oil consumption;

Total heavy fuel oil (mazut) consumption (t);

Specific heavy fuel oil (mazut) consumption (t);

Total heat consumption (MWh);

Specific heat consumption (kWh/m2).

The collected data were divided into three categories according to reliability:

Fully reliable data data obtained by collecting calculations for

buildings in the individual categories (e.g. at least 90% of total data for

the category covered) or where data are collected from at least two

sources and overlap with an accuracy of at least 90%;

Reliable data data extrapolated from a representative sample of

collected calculations (e.g. at least 70% of total data for the whole

category covered);

Estimated data in absence of relevant data, data are estimated on the

basis of previous experiences and/or extrapolated from existing data.

Categorisation of buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje

The subsector buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje are

divided into two categories:

Buildings owned by the City of Skopje;

Enterprises owned by the City of Skopje;

The buildings category is divided into three subcategories, based on the

building purpose:

Educational institutions;

Cultural institutions;

Administrative buildings of the City of Skopje.


31

The public enterprises category is divided in:

JUCOP Universal Hall;

Fire Fighting Brigade;

PE City Parking;

Public Transport Enterprise Skopje;

PE Parks and Greenery;

PE Communal Hygiene;

PE Water supply and drainage;

PE Streets and roads.

The process of collecting the required data on buildings and enterprises

owned by the City of Skopje is a very complex and long one. One of the

reasons for the complexity of data collection is the large number of buildings

and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje. Another, not less important

reason, is the lack of systematized data for the City of Skopje, which results in

the lack of certain relevant data, and situations in which data collected from

different sources are often not identical.

Educational buildings owned by the City of Skopje

Pursuant to the categorisation of city buildings in the area of culture,

education and sports, the educational buildings category is divided into three

subcategories:

Elementary schools;

Kindergartens;

Secondary schools.

In Skopje there are a total of 71 elementary schools with a total area of

242,517 m2, 61 kindergartens with a total area of 82,623 m2 and 20 secondary

schools with a total area of 115,790 m2.The total number of educational

buildings is 152, and the total area 440,930 m2.

Total electricity consumption in the educational buildings category for 2008

was 8,525,461 kWh, and the specific consumption 19.34 kWh/m2. The

electricity consumption structure by subcategories is shown in Figure 5-1; the

heat consumption parameters according to the use of energy sources in

heating days are shown in Table 5-1, and the heat consumption structure in

the educational buildings category is shown in Figure 5-2.


32

Figure 5-1 Structure of electricity consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of

Skopje

Table 5-1Heat consumption parameters in the educational buildings category in the City of Skopje

SUBCATEGORY Total heated

area (m2)

Heat consumption

(kWh)

Specific

consumption

(kWh/m2)

KINDERGARTENS 82 623 7 788 874 145

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 242 517 17 422 704 132

SECONDARY SCHOOLS 115 790 11 691 398 101

AVERAGE CONSUMPTION 440 930 36 902 976 122


33

Figure 5-2 Structure of heat consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of Skopje

The analysis of the educational buildings category points to the conclusion

that electricity and heat consumption are within the expected limits and typical

for this type of buildings in the Republic of Macedonia. Furthermore, the

subcategories show a uniform electricity and heat consumption. With a

specific electricity consumption of 19.34 kWh/m2 the educational buildings

category is under the average consumption of 41 kWh/m2.The specific heat

consumption of 122 kWh/m2 is within the expected limits. With the aim of

achieving the set 20% reduction in energy consumption, one of the common

measures recommended for all buildings in this category is to install

thermostatic radiator valves with protective caps.

Cultural buildings owned by the City of Skopje

The cultural buildings category comprises museums, libraries, houses of

culture and other cultural institutions owned by the City. The total number of

cultural buildings is 26, and the total area 21 880 m2.

A total of 853 190 kWh of electricity were consumed in cultural buildings in

2008, resulting in a specific consumption of 36.18 kWh/m2.


34

Figure 5-3 Structure of electricity consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of

Skopje

Table 5-2 Heat consumption parameters in the cultural buildings category in the City of Skopje

SUBCATEGORY Total heated area

(m2)

Heat consumption

(kWh)

Specific

consumption

(kWh/m2)

LIBRARIES 5738 528812 92.16

OTHER INSTITUTIONS 16142 1969752 122.0

Culture Average 21880 2498564 114.19

Figure 5-4 Structure of heat consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of Skopje


35

The heat and electricity consumption in cultural buildings owned by the City of

Skopje is expected and typical for these buildings category. Consistent

application of energy efficiency measures can reduce electricity and heat

consumption by up to 60% compared to current consumption.

Administration buildings of the City of Skopje and the units of local self-

government

For the purposes of presenting consumption data, the buildings in this

category were divided in two subcategories:

Administration buildings of the City of Skopje;

Administration buildings of the local self-government units

(municipalities).

From the total number of buildings in this category, namely 11, the City of

Skopje has one building with a total area of 5 527 m2 and the units of local

self-government have 10 buildings with a total area of 13 618 m2.The total

electricity consumption in administration building of the City of Skopje and of

the local self-government units in 2008 was 875 763 kWh, resulting in a

specific consumption of 45.74 kWh/m2. Electricity consumption by

subcategories is presented in Figure 5-5.

Figure 5-5 Structure of electricity consumption in city council and local self-government buildings

A total of 372 598 kWh of electricity were consumed in administrative

buildings in 2008, resulting in a specific consumption of 67.41 kWh/m2.


36

Table 5-3 shows the heat energy consumption parameters in the category

administrative buildings of the City of Skopje and with regard to the local self-

government units.

Table 5-3 Electricity consumption parameters in city council and local self-government buildings

SUBCATEGORY Total heated area

(m2)

Heat consumption (kWh) Specific consumption

(kWh/m2)

CITY OF SKOPJE 5 527 778 613 140.87

MUNICIPALITIES 13 618 1 927 604 141.55

Administration - Average 19 145 2 706 217 141.35

Figure 5-6 Structure of heat consumption in city council and local self-government buildings

The heat and electricity consumption in administrative buildings owned by the

City of Skopje is high, but also expected and typical for this buildings

category. Consistent and systematic application of energy efficiency

measures can reduce electricity and heat consumption by up to 50%

compared to current consumption.

Public enterprises owned by the City of Skopje

The enterprises category comprises 22 enterprises and institutions (Table 5-

4).


37

Table 5-4 Energy consumption parameters for buildings of public enterprises in Skopje

Enterprise or institution

name

Total

area

total electricity

consumption

(kWh)

Specific subsector

electricity

consumption

(kWh/m2);

Total heat

consumption

(kWh)

Specific heat

consumption

(kWh/m2).

JUCOP Universal Hall 3500 70802 20 330670 94

Fire fighting Brigade 6934 412590 60 1404127 202

PE City Parking 322 51220 159 26119 81

Public Transport

Enterprise Skopje 13221 2388000 178 3137142 237

PE Parks and

Greenery 1175 27649 24 273473 233

PE Communal

Hygiene 4877 576492 118 826681 169

PE Water supply and

drainage 5303 362026 69 883237 166

PE Streets and roads 675 73285 108 116050 171

The specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public

enterprises of the City of Skopje are shown in Figure 5-7.

Figure 5-7 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises of the

City of Skopje


38

Figure 5-8 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises of the

City of Skopje (for each enterprise individually)

All input data on energy consumption by public enterprises have been

obtained directly from the enterprises. The analysis shows significant

deviations in electricity and heat consumption, which may be due to several

root causes: The most obvious and most plausible one is that the data, either

those on energy consumption or those on buildings surface area, submitted

by the enterprises are not correct. Input data on consumption and buildings

area were used to calculate the specific electricity and heat consumption.

Specific electricity consumption varies from 20 kWh/m2 for PE Universal Hall

to 178 kWh/m2 for JSP Skopje.

Taking into consideration all possible factors that might cause such

differences, from different activities to the specific characteristics of electrical

appliances in the buildings, the conclusion is still that the most probable culprit

are the incorrect input data.

The situation with specific heat consumption is similar to that with electricity

consumption. Specific heat consumption varies from 60 kWh/m2 for the Fire

Fighting Brigade to 237 kWh/m2 for JSP Skopje. In this case also, regardless

of the many other factors affecting consumption, such as building age, poor

construction, heating system inefficiencies etc., the analysis leads to the

conclusion that input data, either on energy consumption or surface area, are

incorrect.

Business premises and residential flats owned by the City of Skopje

The City of Skopje and the municipalities in the city do not own business

premises and residential flats.


39

Analysis of electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by the

City of Skopje

The analysis of electricity and heat consumption for 2008 covers the buildings

categories described above in the sector buildings and enterprises owned by

the City of Skopje:

Educational buildings;

Cultural buildings;

Public enterprises;

City administration (city council) and municipality buildings.

Electricity consumption by categories is shown in Figure 5-9, and heat

consumption in Figure 5-10.

Figure 5-9 Specific electricity consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje

Figure 5-10 Specific heat consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje


40

The energy analysis of buildings owned by the City, based on available data

for 2008, shows that there are great potentials for electricity and heat savings

in all subsectors. It is obvious from analysed data that the greatest amount of

electricity and heat is consumed in buildings operated by public enterprises.

Energy consumption analysis for the residential buildings sector in the

City of Skopje for 2008

Data on the total number of households in the City of Skopje and total area as

input parameters for the energy consumption analysis are based on statistical

data from the 2002 Population Census, increased by the number of newly-

build residences in the six-year period between 2002 and 2008 published by

the State Statistical Office (publications for the period 2002 to 2008).

The total number of households in the City of Skopje in 2008 is 164 377,

covering a total area of 11 448 261 m2. According to data from the State

Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia, a total of 1 275 724 MWh of

electricity were consumed in the residential buildings sector, resulting in a

specific electricity consumption of 79.70 kWh/m2.

Data on heat consumption from district heating were obtained from

Toplifikacija AD, and data on firewood consumption from PE Makedonski

Shumi.

Table 5-11 shows heat energy parameters by energy source for the

residential buildings sector in the City of Skopje.

Table 5-5 Heat energy parameters by energy source for the residential buildings sector in the City of

Skopje

Energy source Number of

households

Total heated area

(m2)

Heat

consumption

(MWh)

Specific

consumption

(kWh/m2)

District heating 49157 3423628 381 614 781 111.47

Natural gas 0 0 0 0

Oil 21978 1530701 120 544 862 78.75

Firewood 11056 770000 307 230 000 399

Electricity 56965 3967395 363 300 000 91.57

Coal 5235 364565 43 747 808 120

TOTAL 144 391 10 056 289 1 216 437 451


41

Figure 5-11 shows the categorisation of households in the City of Skopje

according to heating energy source.

Figure 5-11 Percentage of individual energy sources used for heating in the residential buildings

sector in the City of Skopje

The energy consumption analysis for the residential buildings sector in the

City of Skopje shows great potentials for electricity and heating savings.

Existing residences are highly inefficient and numerous and continuous

energy efficiency measures must be undertaken in order to reduce energy

consumption and resulting CO2 emissions.

Energy consumption analysis for the commercial and service sector

buildings in the City of Skopje for 2008

It was not possible to collect all required data for an energy analysis of the

commercial and service buildings subsector. The commercial and service

buildings subsector comprises 9 058 buildings with a total area of 2 427 544

m2.

During the data collection phase, data were obtained from EVN Macedonia on

the total electricity consumption by households and by the commercial sector

in the City of Skopje. Representatives of EVN Macedonia stated that their

software solutions cannot allocate the respective consumption to each of the

two buildings subsectors. Therefore, electricity consumption in commercial

sector buildings in the city can only be estimated. Previous experiences in this

area show that estimates are not accurate, due to the fact that variations in

consumption between the different building categories in this sector are quite

high. For the purposes of this analysis, a value of 100 kWh/m2 was used as

the specific electricity consumption in the commercial sector in the City of

Skopje.


42

The same problem applies to collected data on heat consumption. District

heating plants submitted data based on calculated averages. Available data at

the moment are those on total heat consumption in this sector; however, data

on consumption in the individual subsectors are not available. Therefore, the

value for specific heat consumption was estimated to 170 kWh/m2.

Collected data do not represent sufficient basis for a reliable analysis of the

commercial and service sector in the City of Skopje.

Conclusion

The energy analysis of the buildings sector in the City of Skopje shows that

the largest amount of energy is consumed by households, followed by

buildings in the commercial and service sector, and the contribution of

buildings owned by the City of Skopje is the smallest (Figure 5-12). It is

important to emphasise that, due to incomplete data on energy consumption

in the commercial and service sector, consumption in the individual

subsectors is only an estimate

Figure 5-12 Structure of total energy consumption in the buildings sector in the City of Skopje

The individual subsectors contributions to total electricity consumption are

represented in Figure 5-13.


43

Figure 5-13 Structure of electricity consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors

Figure 5-14 Structure of heat consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors

The main conclusion of the energy analysis in the buildings sector is that

potential energy savings in this sector are very high and that significant

energy savings and environmental impacts can be achieved through

implementation of various energy efficiency measures.


44

Energy consumption analysis for the transport sector in the City of

Skopje for 2008

For the needs of this energy consumption analysis, the transport sector in the

City of Skopje was divided into three subsectors:

Vehicle fleet owned by the City of Skopje;

Public transport in the City of Skopje;

Private and commercial vehicles.

Relevant data for the transport sector energy consumption analysis were

collected from the following sources:

City of Skopje;

Public Transport Enterprise JSP Skopje;

Public Enterprises Owned by the City of Skopje;

State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia.

Based on collected data, the following parameters were determined for each

individual subsector of the transport sector:

General information about the subsector;

Structure of the vehicle fleet according to vehicle type;

Vehicle classification according to fuel type;

Consumption of the different fuel types by subsectors;

Vehicle fleet owned and operated by the City of Skopje

General information

The vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje comprises passenger cars and

commercial vehicles owned and operated by the City and cars owned by the

City but used by the public enterprises. According to available data, the total

number of passenger cars is 176, and the number of commercial vehicles is

374.Commercial vehicles are primarily used for commercial purposes and

comprise the subcategories combined vehicles, freight and utility vehicles.

Commercial vehicles are used for carrying out various work activities.


45

Fuel consumption

The table below shows the various fuel types used for the vehicles owned and

operated by the City of Skopje, as well as fuel consumption by fuel type.

Consumption is presented in litres and kilograms, as well as in energy units,

with the aim of facilitating comparison.

Table 5-6 Fuel consumption for the vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje by fuel type

Fuel type Consumption (l) Consumption (MJ)

Diesel 1516095 53,010,262

Petrol 209724 7,424,722

TOTAL 1 725 819 60 434 984

The structure of fuel consumption by fuel type is presented in Figure 5-15.

Figure 5-15 Fuel consumption by fuel type for vehicles owned and operated by the City of Skopje

Public transport in the City of Skopje

Public transport in the City of Skopje is provided mostly by buses. Public

transport is also available by taxi vehicles, but this public transport category

has not been analysed in detail in this chapter, due to its small contribution to

total passenger transport compared to buses.

Bus and taxi passenger transport in Skopje are not interconnected. Bus

transport is available on the territory of the City of Skopje, as well as in

suburban areas around the city. In 2008 a total of 63 199 000 passengers

were transported by public transport in the City of Skopje.


46

Public transport by bus in the City of Skopje

Public transport by bus is organised on the territory of the City of Skopje and

in some of the citys neighbouring municipalities. The bus network runs

through the main traffic thoroughfares, regardless of city topology, so the

public transport coverage is relatively good. The public transport network

consists of 72 daytime and 7 night-time lines. The bus network operated by

JSP Skopje has 1001 bus stops, 496 of which are located in the city. Bus lines

are managed from the main bus terminal in the citys centre. An average of

241 buses on workdays, 118 on Saturdays, and 86 buses on Sundays and

public holidays circulate on the regular public transport lines. An average of

approx. 63 199 000 passengers are using public transport each year.

The bus fleet in 2008 consisted of 617 vehicles, 357 of which are owned by

the public enterprise JSP Skopje, and the remaining buses are owned by

natural persons who are members of the two associations Sloboda Prevoz

and Makekspres.

The bus fleet of JSP Skopje is renovated and almost all buses are

replaced in 2012.

Public transport fuel consumption by fuel type in the City of Skopje

A total of 10 178 823 litres of diesel fuel and 307 894 mn3 of natural gas were

consumed by public transport in 2008. Consumption of diesel fuel in 2008 was

39.44 l/100 km. The number of transported passengers for 2007 and 2008 is

shown in Figure 5-16, the number of newly procured buses in Figure 5-17,

changes in the number of transported passengers and kilometres travelled in

Figure 5-18, and the number of passengers per kilometre travelled is shown in

Figure 5-19.

The data presented here is from the referent year of the SEAP 2008.

Because the bus fleet is renovated, measures in that direction are not

presented here and the data is just for comparison.


47

Figure 5-16 Number of passengers transported by public transport offered by JSP Skopje for 2007

and 2008

Figure 5-17 Number of newly procured buses by years

Figure 5-18 Passengers transported and kilometres travelled by months for 2007 and 2008


48

Figure 5-19 Number of transported passengers per kilometre travelled

Private and commercial vehicles

General information

A total of 135 193 vehicles were registered in the City of Skopje in 2008. The

number of registered vehicles increases every year, thus contributing to

increasing traffic loads. The rise in the number of private vehicles in the City of

Skopje is shown in Figure 5-20. The largest percentage of registered motor

vehicles in the city are passenger cars with 86% of the total number of

vehicles, followed by freight vehicles, and then by mopeds and motorcycles.

The structure of registered vehicles in 2008 by vehicle type is shown in Figure

5-21. Most motor vehicles (over 78%) are owned by natural persons. The

structure of registered vehicles by vehicle ownership is shown in Figure 5-22.

Figure 5-20 Number of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje for the period 2003-2008


49

Figure 5-21 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008

Figure 5-22 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 by ownership

Fuel consumption for the various vehicle types

Fuel consumption data for private and commercial vehicles were not

available, so an estimate of fuel consumption for these vehicle categories was

made for the purposes of this Action Plan. Consumption was estimated

according to the COPERT III model, a software solution developed by the

European Environmental Agency.

The fuel consumption estimates for private and commercial vehicles in the

City of Skopje is shown in Table 5-7.


50

Table 5-7 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje

Fuel type Consumption (t)

Passenger cars

Consumption (t)

Off-road vehicles

Consumption (t)

Mopeds and

motorcycles

Consumption (t)

TOTAL

Petrol 37155.85 695.20 266.04 38117.10

Diesel 17748.56 14448.26 0 32 196.82

LPG 775.88 0 0 775.88

The contribution of individual vehicle categories to total consumption,

expressed as data on energy consumed is shown in Figure 5-23.

Figure 5-23 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje

Conclusion

Figures show the total fuel consumption for the transport sector in the City of

Skopje. It is obvious that private and commercial vehicles consume the most

fuel. Consequently, recommended measures for greenhouse gas emissions

reduction in the transport sector are focused on public transport, but also on

raising awareness and education about environmentally sustainable transport.


51

Figure 5-24 Share of fuel consumption in the transport sector in the City of Skopje by subsectors

Data on fuel consumption for vehicles owned and operated by the City of

Skopje show that petrol has the largest contribution (approx. 49%), followed

by diesel fuel (approx. 48%).Alternative fuels (natural gas, LPG, bio-fuels)

contribute less than 1% of total consumption, which leads to the conclusion

that there is significant room for improvement in the future. According to

available data, passenger cars are responsible for the largest portion of fuel

consumption in this category, namely approx. 88%.Having this in mind,

special care should be given to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the

passenger car category of the transport sector.

Public transport is an essential part of the transport system of the City of

Skopje, and has significant advantages when compared to the use of

passenger cars, expressed as lower fuel consumption per transported

passenger and smaller environmental impact. Therefore, one of the main

aspects of sustainable transport must be increasing the efficiency of public

transport. One of the main recommendations in this Action Plan aimed at

reaching the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport

sector is to continue the on-going activities for improvement of the quality of

public transport.

Waste statistics

The data for waste was collected from various sources. Because the previous

Sustainable Energy Action Plan didnt contain analysis of this sector, the

collected data has referent year of 2012.

The main data input was from the following sources:

State Statistical Office

Annual Reports of the local public enterprise Komunalna Higiena


52

Wate Manegemet Plan of the City of Skopje 2010-2015

The general data, like population, was gained from the Census in 2002 and

modified with the specific annual growth of the relevant indicator.

The rest of the data was collected from the State Statistical Office and from

the local PE Komunalna Higiena. This data has referent year of 2012 as

stated and justified in the Chapter 5 Waste Forecasting.

The results of the data collection are shown below.


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Table 5-8 Waste Parameters

Data requested Value Unit Notes

study year 2012 year

amount of MSW generated 128850 t/year Annual Report 2012 PE Komunalna Higiena

population 506926 inhabitants Census 2002

Mixed general waste flows 100% ...to Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT1)

%

...to MBT2 composting

%

...to MBT2 anaerobic digestion

%

...to incineration

%

...to landfill 128850 100.00%

Collection of source-separated materials [t] 241.134 100%

Annual Report 2012 PE Komunalna Higiena

...glass [t] 0 % plastic [t] 76.44 31.70%

metals [t] 0.694 0.29%

paper & cardboard [t] 164 68.01%

organic matter [t] 0 %

other source-separated materials [t] 0 %

Destination of residual fraction from MBT 100% to landfill

100%

to incineration

0%

...to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) production 0%

Planned separate collection performance paper and cardboard 16.4 %


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glass

%

metals 0.694 %

plastic 76.44 %

organic waste

%

hazardous waste

%

WEEE %


55

5.1. Energy efficiency measures

5.1.1. Buildings

Public buildings

Table 5-9 Measures for Public buildings

Measure/activity name

Installation of thermometers in every room

of the buildings owned by the City of Skopje.

Implementing body The City of Skopje

Implementation beginning/end (years) 2011

Cost assessment (measure individual or

total assessment) M

1.5 / thermometer, total of 750

Energy saving assessment (ktoe) 2727.7 MWh

CO2-emission-reduction assessment (kt CO2) 0.668

Funding for measure implementation Budget of the City of Skopje

Short description/commentary The installation of walled thermometers in every room

(offices, meeting rooms, etc.) offers insight into the rooms'

temperature and allows for temperature regulation by

properly airing the rooms, and by regulating the

heating/cooling systems.

Besides mounting thermometers to walls, the measure

foresees these initial educational activities:

The thermometer will bear a sign saying: "1 C saves

up to 6% energy."

Upon room thermometer installation, users will be

informed about the aim of the measure and the

ways to its successful implementation.

Preparation and distribution of flyers and the like.

The total investment cost assessment for implementing this

measure in 500 rooms of the City-owned buildings is

estimated at approximately 750 .

Based on international experiences, this measure can render

as much as a 4% reduction of thermal energy consumption in


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buildings owned by the City of Skopje.

The measure may be implemented immediately, since it is

neither financially nor logistically demanding for its

implementers.

Measure/activity name

Installation of thermostat sets in all buildings

owned by the City of Skopje

Implementing body The City of Skopje

Implementation beginning/end (years) 2011- 2020

Cost assessment (measure individual or

total assessment) M

1.07

skopje lsap re-seeties

Documents

action plan of city

city of nitra

city level

creation of local strategy

local energy

local framework

city case study

local case study