skopos and beyond: a critical study of functionalism

7/30/2019 Skopos and beyond: A critical study of functionalism

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Skopos and beyond ccl uy uclm

Cl M LP ch up, Uv L Plm, p

pp l wh h m ul ymc vg (M), upp by ccc ly, h mphcl xpu -Vm () Hlz-M (), w wk h h blh h hcl u m uclm. B h cgv hy mph (Lk Jh , ; Lk; Jh ; Lk 3), h ly l h c wccpul mph h ply cucl l h cul muclm: h TRANSFER mph h TARGET mph. ppcu h m mplc h u h mph h c-c hy c. bg h ucl hcl mwk h pp wh h gl vcmg h cc.

Keywords: l, mph, cg, uclm, hy, ml

1. Introduction

hv f b cb c pgm hf lu, .g. Pu (3: ). ccg Pu, h m vg cbh h hf w m uclm, Dcpv l u, cuc. h ppch my hv cbu h m glpgm hf, c hy h m chcc. xmpl, uclmh cu culu g- (uy : ) wh cp-v u, h hg h uc x wh p-uculm.

O h g ucl l u llgclp l. pul w uc v xm lgcluc by Vm (: 3): (xm ): ll cg gl- : lg cg, .. gl- pcu . h m hcl u m uclm whch b

arget20:1 (2008), 128. doi 10.1075/g.20.1.02m

issn 09241884 / e-issn 15699986 Jh Bjm Publhg Cmpy


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2 Cl M L

xmc hum c. ugh wy lm ub h cc vg h l b (whch clu mbu h uc x bu h g uc), w lck mpcl bu h pychlgcl ly h pccl mplc h xmcpcpl. Wh m y h translators orient themselves toward atarget?Vm xm b ccpul mph h p vy-y l (Jh : 3), ccg whch c ph hbjcv h phycl bjcv h ph. Ju , by , ll phhv g ( c bjcv), vy c h g, ccg Vm.

l y, h taret mph ply l l h hclucu m uclm. I mply l gum, bu uml ccp h llw c b m bu l h b phycl plcm pc. uy h mph my b g hlp ug h hcl u h ucl p-pch, pclly Vm Skopos Teory(Vm ; ; ; Vm ).

f by ulg h mp l h ccpul mph ply cc cu gl (c ), l u pcul(c 3), I wll cu h m mplc h u w mph (htranser mph h taret mph) ucl cu (c- ), wll h hcl cc lm h . bg h ucl hcl mwk wll h b pp whh gl vcmg h cul (c ).

2. Conceptual metaphors in scientic discourse

y m glly ccp h cgv cc h hwy whch w cuc u ccpul ppu by mphclly x-g u bc xpc h m cmpl bc xpc,llwg h p h cqu lgug (Jh ; Lk ). wll-kw xmpl h mph h llw h ug m b pl . ly ll h lgug vg v m h vcbuly m (clug my vbl m mk) m h m pc l, whch ugg h m glly ccpulz m pc (z w ).

Mph w u ly b, uully uccu m, u-c u ly g. xpm c u by (3) clc xmpl mph h uc hw w pcv


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kp by 3

phm. ubjc h xpm puly u w - lg xpl hw lcc ccu wk: w ccu wh w- ug hugh pp, h c w hg vul ug mh. xpm upgly hw h h ubjc wh pplh lgy w ug hugh pp u xpl hw hlcc ccu wk wh pc wh h b w plc, bu mg mk ly w cc c wh pc h h ccu.Ppl bg h g h c ml, h h ug -vul, ch gcly hgh umb cc c bu hc h ccu, bu w uccul wh cm hkg buh b. xpl by (3) h chmphcl ml qu chm ch cclu bu h w pc. w mph llw ubjc mg h b hy w w p, whch l cc ump bu hlc h b lcc ccu. Hwv, quchm h llw uccul g bu h . mph h hg u llw ubjc h wg h , whch llw hm w cc cclu bu h c -, bu qu ml whch wul xpl hw h buc.

I h g u ly lv p lgly mph h ucuu xpc, w c um h h m wll ccu wh mph u cc cu. I cc x, mph pp l, bu pvv lm, w mgh um h hy my ply mp l cc hkg. I uc cul h m quly u m (lc-cl current, mgc eld, lgh wave, mgc resonance) b cwh h ubquy mph lgy [ cc] (m : ).

Lk Jh () u h ymc chc mphc x-p u ly pch l xpc, hwhw hy bl ubjc cuc cgv ucu b ymcpjc bw w m xpc. Ccpul mph c-m mppg h pjc h l ucu source domain target domain (z : 3).

Ccpul mph ccupy cl p cc g. Oh h, cc cu u vyy lgug, f l pccpul mph h uul gl pch. O h h h, c-c cu g w mph, whch ply l l vlp-g culg cc h (By [] 3: ). mphwk cc ml (Kuh [] 3: 3), whch gu h vg h lb hyph, uch h lgy h l ym u by


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4 Cl M L

uh xpl h m, h mgc hvg u by y xpl lcc c l ( Jzk 3: ).

u mphc ml c v uccully xpl pcc pc phm, bu c l l u p pc l h pc h m phm. ch m-ph u point o view shows u perspective lm xp-c, whl h m m hidingh pblperspectives. I lbl hpc whch m hidden by mph, B () u vul lgy m hm blind spots (tote Winkel).

O xmpl cc mph h h vl bl p vm h h py h ucu h m h b h uc-u h l ym. lgy llw h ump h lc lwym h m b, pl , bu l h pc hhy myjump m b h. u upp, h b ucvly blh h lcjump bw b (Mhu: ).

B h hcl mhlgcl mwk by h cg-v mph ppch, h uy mphc xp cccu llw h ccpul mph c h cu mp m vyy lgug h cc cpl, .. mphh pv cc ch wh c ppcv bjc uy(.g. z-Duqu Jh , Jh , Lk z ). cp h ccl uy h ccpul mph c cc cu my cbu c w ml p-gm u m l xplc wy h cu (B : ). c w, mkg h mphcl cu bvu, hu, hwg m bl p, c l c h pbly c-vly xg myg h mphcl ml (Lb ).

3. Metaphors in ranslation Studies

Ccpul mph ply l l ucug my ppch l. I l u mph pv c ppcv h bjc uy wll, gug h vg lb hyph-, bu hy l lv h pc h k. Pym (), xmpl, u c/b ml lb h hyph m cmmuc. ml uc lgy, whch pjc h lgcl ucu h ucm (cmc c) h g m (m cmmuc-), whch llw h lb g hyph l


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kp by 5

h l m. vhl, h mphc ml l h bl p;mly, ll h pc l h c b ccu m cmc c ( xmpl, c ll h l chc ug hl pc b xpl c/b clcul?).

cgv hy mph pv qu hcl mhlgcl mwk h uy mph h ucu lcu. Dhul pjc () p ju h c: l wh hvlpm m-hcl hgphcl ly lu. xmpl hw h cyg u h hgphcl pjc,Dhul ch h uy l mph m cgv ppcv.

Dhul (: 33), mph ply cucl l h vlpm l h, whch, bwg m l cpl, hv l km hm mphclly ucu ccp. Dhul (: 3) pv xmpl h ccp , mg h, equivalence, system, structure, unction,communication, transer. xc uch ccp b mph-cl pjc m c h ccpul mph u lu ly pv huc h l cuc ml (By [3]), bu l p pcl k cgv pch c b plc by ll xp.

Hm () u mph mg u c l- cu c, gl h hl. ugh h x-plcly p cgv ppcv, Hm c h mph mply c wy vwg ug l. H ppch hw clcgv p vw wh h cb h bc chm whch ul mphcl xp:

ulyg , h vw lgug whch m ubc, w

mg, g g c b p, xp - mphcl pp vlvg u h u vu pcpbl vu mpcpbl, uch by ul, m p, gm by, ck jwl, huk kl, h vl hlqu c , ch c. (Hm : )

mplc cmm ll h mph h, wh lg, pbl p m m lguc c, whch c b hm lm. I h mlgy cgv hy, Hm ()

h bc chm h ontainer, by h -u c (Lk: ) h ucu h ul mphcl xp, lyz m mplc l.

Chm () cb m h m mph vull ppcv, uch l bulg (p. ), l


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6 Cl M L

cpyg (p. 3), l mg (p. ), l g m-g m (p. 33), l mpul (p. 3), lg hkg (p. ). Chm (p. ) c h mph b l-l h h x h hy wy pg h qu whl , h vl ccpul l. ccg Chm(), hwv, h h c b l Ppp . h -, hy c bcm h l u m l hy, ch wul m ccpg h bl p whu qug hm.

Hwv, w lk hugh h pccl pv by gl mph l,w u h k mg gh h wul b cl by m h m-

ph. m hy l w my uch mph.(Chm : )

Lk B (), Chm u vul lgy cb h cgvuc h mph: I w lm l by looking through thelenses gl mph. p w lkg hugh dierent lenses w whch l are worn (uby ). m mplc hml gug h l, h g u pcy hm (ku :). Hc, uyg h mph h ucu l u my b

mp gy ch h w, wll mp l -l hgphy m-hy h h Dhul () pp.

4. Shifs and containers in unctionalism: Remnants o earlier models?

ccpul mph u h x Vm ([]) Hlz-M (), h transer mph, pcc uc-

lm, bu u cmpy ll cu gl vyy l lgug (Chm : ). mph pm mpl ccp h l pc mg c mg x, lgug, culu, h l ccv ontain-ers (Lk : ) wh lm ( gu ). m bl p h transer mph h h cv pcp h l hl pc h uc ul c h cuc h mg.

transer mph my b vw x h ondit m-ph u by y ([] 3) xmpl by m h huxp h glh lgug. B (: ) my xmpl h mph m, Blu (: ) l c-c h mph cpu m julc x. ccg h


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ondit mph, te ind is a ontainer, ideas are entities, cm-muc vlv kg u h m, pug hm w, g hm h ppl (Lk : ).

ccg h ondit mph, w u cmmuc pc whch uc h g l hmch cv. By xg h lgy, w c cb l pclc h pc whch my, h l, xc h cm uclgug x uc hm h p g h lgug , hu, m hm h cv. Muz () Vm (b: ) xplcly ccz h pplc h cmmucml l.

Vm ([] : ) Hlz-M (: ) cczh ppch h l pc cg cg, c-g hmlv m h transer mphcl ccp. Bu h mphclc ch h wk c h transer mph, h c b h plly ucu m h ky ccp, uch ranser(), Inormationsangebot( m), Botschastrger(mgc) Kultur(culu). ll hm c h mph h lgcl uc-u h lhp h ccu h cx h x xm.

ccp message carrier(Botschastrger), c, w vlpby Hlz-M () wh h m bg h l ccp textwhl cg wll h -vbl lm cmmuc, g ju-c h cmplxy cmmucv pc. Hwv, h ccp p-lly ucu by h ondit mph: ccg Hlz-M, h uc- h message carriers c transmittingmg mg lcu.D Bchfg h uk, zu einem Rezipienten eine Botscha so zubermitteln, mm u zu vh uch (Hlz-M :; lc ). Vgug durch Botschastranserh, Botschaen undBotschastrgerkzp, transportieren, rezipieren (Hlz-M : ;lc ). W h cl puc h ondit mph uc-u: h mg c c vhcl h llw mg b p cv cmmuc.

A TRANSFER B

Figure . transer mph chm


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uclm y hv qu ccpul l vlp lvml cmmuc. M pvu ll ppch (.g. , hLpzg chl, , gl, h ppch b h ccp equivalence; Muz : ) w b h mhmcl ml cmmuc(h Wv [] 3), clly ucu by h ondit mph(y [] 3). Dug h , ucl ppch vlp wml l c u mg p mulpl c,whch g h c l cl cx k ccuh ply upcbl u h cuc mg. ppch h pbly transportingmg, .. gg cmplly hxul cp. Hwv, vlp h w ml, uclm h uh m ccpul chm gv x, whch m h hy pc-p h ucug h w ccp ccy wy.

5. Te metaphor o unctionalism: Every action is directed towards a target

taret mph, h c ccpul mph h x Vm ([] ) Hlz-M (), pcc lm ucl hy, whch ply l l ucug hclmwk. ccg h mph (roses are sia oas, Jh: ), h pup c h phycl g ph, c mvm vcg w h gl ( gu ). m h c chv gl u ph wh gl (Blu : ).

Lk Jh (: ) cb h ucu h taret m-ph hugh h uy glh xmpl. Blu (: 3) pv ml uy b cpu m julc x. I c htranser mph, c glz pc h mph h ll cu x. hw by Lk Jh (: ),h taret mph llw cul mg vyy ccp uch action,diculty, means, endh pcvly u roress, ostae,at, taret.

S

SOURCE PATH TARGET

Figure . taret mph chm


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l ly h c h taret mph u Vm ([] ) Hlz-M (), yl h h mphply l l ucug Vm Skopos Teory Hlz-Mranslational Action Teory. pplc h sore-at-oa chm h ccp translation llw m uclm quly h mpc h uc x h l pc ul h mpc h g x uc: ch w c xul puc u w ph c w w g.

uzlch l Pukhlug l H-llug uggx. lglch k l Zwck -

. mu gz kl k w, Bbhlug Zwck, w l f zugchb w, kulupzch gl, k u-ug llgm lh . ( Vm []: 3)

lch Hl h l w W, ch z, ch chx bz, h jm ll: zwck uug Kp- b Kulub hwg ukgch Kmmuk mgl-ch. (Hlz-M : )

hcl mwk llw Vm Hlz-M vlp ll ppch m h ml b cmpv lguc h equivalence. I l hlp hm cu h uy hl pc ul cl cx. Vm Hlz-M- ucl cu l h taret mph cl m h transer mph mplc l ( pcu-l, h pbly g x mg c mg x, lgug culu). taret mph cu xcly h bl p

h transer mph, h pcp h l h cuc mg. hg lgh ul h l ubjcv chc ll c.

W wll h b huhb, Iv zu Whug Kmmukhlug b l ch u Pmp-uz uw. lg, vlmh l gg P- mm: mu Iv zug u ug, u gz: ch lz , b, w, w bz/glmch w.D chug hg v uchzug m Hblck u lchc b. ( Vm [] : )

B h taret mph, ucl ppch hf h c - m h translated objects (, hu, m h xul cmp) h


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whch h ubjc cly w, bu h m h p vg hv pup c.

l ml bhvl p p h lk pychl-gy (uchm ; D ; Hk-J ; ku ). llwgh ml, w l p u w h ppl c l, w pbbly g hgh g pyp-lk h c hm cm h p. Hwv, Vm ([] , )c h ly c bh cy uc clu bhv wh h ccp action, vluy c x c muully xcluv pp. m vy plublm pychlgcl p vw: Cmplx cv clu mml cwhu umc c my v h m pup h cculy cll.

Hg () guh bw wprocessing spaces l mlpc: cll wkpc, ucll wkpc. qul( m g) u cll pc, whch qu h ubjc -, llw hm b cb p, cp cmpbl whh mphcl ucu vcg w gl. Ucll pc(.g. pu c), puc by h ubjc cl, v-blz c b cb m quc. mph u h l cvy u (Kumul ) c h -l chc: hmph ination iination (P ; Ulm ) ug-g u vbl lp m h h, whl h mph atera tinin ( B ) dierent tinin (ul ) mvm w gl vg m l pg. taretmph pp qu cbg pc uch ucllpu c: I h pc, hugh vc pg-vly w gl, bu explores the mental space chg w cc c, ccu cl c v blck h pc by cug vcm w h bjc (Kumul ).

taret mph pv uul m xplg h cllpc h p l, pcul h lb mc-g, bu f wy m ucll pc. ll c hucb pc cll vy mm by h l, h cwh h vblz h l cgv pc hk-lu p-cl, wh ubjc vblz h ccu, cll pc (c m ; Jkl ). uhm, wh vblzg h ml p-c, ubjc uc lgcl-cul p (Hg : 3)b h lk ml ly, whch c l lz cp- h pc. p lk pychlgy bu l h hcl b


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uclm, h ml l c pv h wy llz l pc bh Vm ( Vm []) Hlz-M () ppch, wll hk-lu pcl.

Vm Hlz-M ppch, b h taret mph, qu mwk cbg xplg cll pc ll c, pclly h lb mcg. O hh h, Hg () Kumul () k ccu h ucllc, whu lg gh h gl h l h lb mcg.

5.2 gg gl bjcv ch ll c

taret mph g gl gl ch ph , hu, gl b-jcv ch ll c. Vm kp hy ( Vm[] ) Hlz-M ll c ml () g glpcpl pup ch ll c, whch ll h pup ub. I h c Hlz-M, l cpv - w gl vll pup. ppch g h vy pup h c b g cmplx c l. c- my b uc by h khl, cc my bw h pup. Hc, h cp vly mpl ccu h l pc (Hg ). gb Mg v Zwck (M > ).Zwck hchch g ( Vm [] : ).

Hlug k zu g zummg uf u b-,u- bg . Db w gggbu - Hlugzwck m bg gm mzl ugch.

(Hlz-M : 3) wu b wh, ck x vch kp hbk (vgl. Mchx). I m x u. U. ch ein kpzuzuchb. b j x l z h ch lz bg- kp , uch w l lkp hb. (Vm []: )

ump h x h pup mpl mymcl plcmbw h x uh. I h uh wh g pup h x. pup my wll b m m x, bu hy hx. I h ppl wh f u x wh y chv c bjc-v by m h x (Vm [] : 3). Wh lg, hc gl h pcp cmmuc my b hmz c by h l, wh c, h , wh h pup


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his l . xmpl, h cl c p h pup wyh ch wh h pup h vg cp; hc, h l my hv g h pup wh h cl (Vm: ; Hlz-M : ). pup c b ub h ( xmpl, l puc u chp cc b v p c cg wh h m um h pwh upp h chp), bu hy c l b ml mpc whuhg vll gl ( xmpl, l my hv h pup ch-g w publc whl h m m g c mg minitiated). hchcl ml pup by Vm Hlz-M mplc h x h hy g gl skopos vllpup h l gl m uc h g x. By g, hy k ccu h pbly h vl pup my cx h cc mg hm my .

5.3 ju h m

taret mph llw c pup b c m-g c, ju phycl gl lm h c mvm pc. Iccc wh h h p-mc , Vm kp hycu h uy qu wy chvg c pup. M -M - W: l gl, D Zwck hlg Ml ( V- ( V-m [] : ). wchg, ggb l()zwckch w, l l bmm W uchgh w( Vm [] : ).

m l, h, c h cv chvg pup, whl h m h pup hmlv xclum h l l g h lm by h cp l-hcl cu, uch h l pl hc hculu pcc vlu.

D l (l l) w bjkv l ch Wh-hw Whhw l b (hch)chug, b l bhm wll (z.B. l pl-ch Ppgml) ( Vm [] : )

Vm kp hy pv c vlug h wy whch l c u, .. h qucy h l h pup, bu y hg bu h pbly pplyg h c pm cv vlu h ll m, bu h m h pup h l. (; ) lv h pblm by


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kp by 15

g hcl pcpl kp hy, ummz h ccp loyalty. (), l ju h m, lg h cc h gl uh . p pmp h qu- h pbly mg h , whch h uh mghv b w. O h h h, h loyaltypv by (; ; ) ccy, h mp cmb w gcvw l (h l quvl ccp h cl uc-l ccp; : ) cul u m hcl p vw, whu wg w qu l h juc m by h h l: () I pbl pply h c h cv vlu h ll m? () Hw c h h l b ?

h qu, h ccp eectiveness h m c g c cp h clcl ml ly W cul-ul (l ). h c qu, Vm w () l pcly ch wh ml ly whch ly h m, bu h hmlv, ubjc l c: kp hy lvh cu bu h l h l hc, c c-p h lprivate ph h pl l. cc, ccc wh h ml uml ly, m vlu p m hcl qu.

I hul lk guh l bhv m pl cvc. hyhul b vlu- , h m ppl l cp, h hly h g vly pplcbly c b m, bu whch ppl-c hclly llwbl . (A possible misuse o atomic energy cannot stopthe development o a theory o atomic ssion, nor will the prohibition o a misuse be

part o a general nuclear theory.) Mly / hc (whchv mlgy p) phm ccg pl bhvu. (Vm : 3)

Vm Hlz-M ucl ppch c b c vlu y c . O h h, wh ll kp p- h cv h g x (sociological rule, Vm []: ), h l p wb ump h by hcv, whch clu hcl qu. O h h h, ll c-v, cb Hlz-M () c mwk, clly p

cl m cv (Vm : ). I h , Vm Hlz-M ucl ppch c h c gll m h cv. vhl, llwg h pp cc cu, Vm xclu y xplc cu mv hcl qu m h vg.


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k ll c p b cmmucv cpv c-. cmplxy h glbl c m uc h h vulpc h u whch ccu mu b k ccu. Mg bl pbl y, bu h ul pc p whch mulpl c ply l. I p h p ubjcvy h wy h pcv h u whch k plc. I h , uc-l ppch cvg wh c-g cgv mwk h ccp mg emergingphm (.., p mul-pl vbl h ucllbl cmplly pcbl). Hwv,uclm u lz ml hum c lgcl-cul pg- w pvuly m gl, whch pv uclm mlly vcmg h , m pcg clcl, pgm.

hcl mwk pv by c-g cgv p-gm pv b pmlgcl b ucl ppch,kg ccu pc h l pc bcu ml uc-u by h transer taret mph. u, h hcl cc- cul c h ly Vm Hlz-M uc-l cu my b lv. Blw, h lu h c-gcgv cc lv m h cul ul.

6.1 ml cmmuc cuc

w hv (c ), h transer mph ply p ucugm h ky ccp uclm, cc xplc clmwh g h mpbly g vbl mg. c-c bcm v cl h x h m h ccp, uch h oer o inormation h message carrier, w vlp pcly vw h ll pc c m h ml cg -cg. cul c h xplcly ymclly vl-p hcl ml cmmuc v h b uclll hy.

I h ml pp wh u cg mwk, lgug u b h cl cuc mg, vhcl h m mg (Clk ; Hk-J ). ucg pv qu hcl mwk ml cmmu-c ymc cuc mg, ch wh Vm Hlz-M ucl ppch. Vm (b: ) c bh hpuc h p x cucv k ul hlv chc h cuc mg (.., p h p- h u), Hlz-M () hghlgh h cpv pc


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cmmuc. Wh h ml cmmuc, l my wllb cb cucv k h pp by Hg (): bu pg cg m l vbl mg, bu bu bul-g cl w c mg cuc. I h wy, h cp ll pc g hcl mwk h mg cgu mgg ch pcc cmmucv u,m mulpl pc g j cuc. I g , k ccu h gh c-g cgv ppch, hby p-vg ucl hcl mwk wh mpcl b.

6.2 Culul ml culu

u cg cgv hplgy pv h ubu h ccp culture gg u by h ccp scaolding(Clk) cultural model(Qu Hll ) b clly hc. I h wy, h g ccpg whu cu z g vgc (Muz : ) mg h cv l g-g ypcl chcc bc culul gup lm. Cululkwlg cmpc ccv u ucu by ul bhvl m, bu pv chm h clymuully ch, whch c b ppl g xpc.Hc, h chm lv m lv cuc, cvy, jcuc, g (Kg : 3).

lb hyph bu culul ml vlbl h cv l lm h gv gup culul u. mhcl mwk llw ll hyph b p h ch-cc ch u ch gup cv (Pchhck : ), h lv c ch c b k c. Dcul cmmuc u culul b bu g cmp-bly mg cgv ml um by h l b hl by h h . lv c l l culu h h, bu h pbly mkg u cculul clg h llw h p x gv u. ppcv llw culul c b k ccu, vcby uclm, whu umg culul hmgy y lvl bc- pp by Vm. l c w culu, buw m l gup vul wh my h m cululml bu h. l lb hyph hg h my b cc . mpcl vg h cp l (.g., bu h culul ml whch h cv l


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x b h p , bu h pbl cul p h g qucy h l hyph) mgh pv b vlpg lc ml culul phm, gm wh h h l l u, b h hcl mwk c vc cgv hplgy.

6.3 u mgg ll c

ku (; b) bg gh ucl ppch u hl Situated ranslation, g h plllm bw h -llgy h pgm u cg. Hwv, ku (b: )p u h h b h mwk w l cly bySituated Cog-nition. c hw h h ucl ml l c g xplg h cll pc h p ll c (pcul, h vlpm mcg), bu ll lv h k hucll pc h l p h c. p bml c, by h lgcl-cul chm uml ly, l-lw ch g bh pc h ll pc.

Lk uclm, h u c ml c w h y-mc cp c wh u. Hwv, xply m-wk cp lk pychlgy ccp ly, whch c b h bjc uy (uchm ). I, h ml u c b vluy culul hy, h uy lg (Hk-J ). ccp situated action pv qu mwk cbg ll c whu bg c h l chm l c, whl pyg h -l ml h c c cmmuc (whch gu, xmpl,h wg c bu h pbl cmmuc cu-p). uhm, situated action xpl bh ll pl -g h cyg u ubu pu c m mgg pc, .. bh cll ucll pc. I h wy,h ml gg mwk l cc huy h cgv pc l.

Vm Hlz-M ll c c h p-bly h mulpl bjcv h ub h c bcculy ucculy g l cu cc. C-c u cg ppch pv qu hclmwk h vlpm ymc ml ll c. ml k ccu h pbly mulpl pup ubjc h-chcl bg ppl l ( h lvg h pbl


21/28

kp by 21

cc bw hm). ml l c h cuv mggchc h g bjcv. pl u by cmp p-m mp m bv; hy cuc, h hy mg u, hugh h pmc ucu bu xbl quc cvy(Hk-J : 3).

Vm Hlz-M uclm g gl h-cl mwk ccg whch m ul l clcul -c w chvg h ucl ubly h l puc. pc-c h uc pc h h m, top-down chm. ccg h ccp emergence vlp by h cc u cg- ppch, h pc h gv h mgc h m cly cp p-blh pl. m mg m h jc mulpl, ly pcbl pm, ucl c ju m hm. I xul puc, h lguc m h vk vlbl gv mm c c-m h uc c xullm (D ). xmpl, mm p wg x kw hw cu. xp cm h m whch h g lu, bu w h mu w h x, g h xp ch mwk. uc h jc lm my chg h pc. m uc muully m, c ml cx h lm h g pbl uc. u, xul puc, hppch c top-down wll bottom-up pc.

Wh pc chg, h hcl mwk w ppcv h u ucl chm h xplc vlpm vll -ll g. m h ppcv, h chm cul v clg h g l pcc, bu hy wul b gully h u vlp um qu ymcl g ch u ( xmpl, h pcc h l b cul buc u vc, h u wul b l l k h m ch c). ppch ch wh Kly() ppl pply gh cl cucvm h l uc- ym. ccg Kly, lg c b cb transmission vbl kwlg (whch wul b ch wh h ondit mph), bu pc j construction mg (: 3). ccg h ,h ch ply h l m p-bc uh, bu hh gu wh v uu l h cuc h wmg (b.). u, h uy l h b situated, .. b w h mplm pl k ll h cmplxy.


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22 Cl M L

h h cg kll, kwlg, ucl c y g-, h cucv ppcv hl h lg b uhc p-ucv, lg k m mb h lg, ul cmplx

hum cvy. (Kly : 3)

cmpl pl pjc (b l b) mul p-l pjc c b b ll ml uch uclm, whchpv l h vlpm mcg. Pcc b h mwk h ml v h mgc hb h -c. y, u, pm h c ubu h l ucy hl pc gv xp c h l kwl-

g h xplc chm, mp m p bm, bu l cmpgkwlg whch mg xbl wy m h quc cvy p ch u. ppch wul llw h vlpm cc g c h cc uu l h u, hcv cpbly, p by Hg () Kumul ().

6.4 hc l u

Vm kp hy Hlz-M ll c hy cu g h cv wh whch l chv h pp b-jcv, .. h qucy h m h . pz cv- chcc h ml uml ly W . h , xmc chc (Vm ) ly h cululm. I h , Vm kp hy w vlu. Oh h h, h pbly uccul cmmuc g hl uclm w l hcl pbly cmmu-c w h m m m, h , ch-cl pblm, bu w u wh h m cp (Hlz-M) cl c (W ; ).

xpl (cgv) ppch (.g., Lk Jh ; Vl,mp ch ) pv g vw cc cuh llw h v hcl vwp uclm l h hcl qu clu l hy px. m h p-pcv, kwlg l h m phycl b m clcul, hu c b p m hc; c ccb c cvy vlu. clcl cgv ml hrationalityccp h clcul h m ppp chv cgl ubjc l c. I c, pg xplppch mpl h u b ccp ly h l cluc h pup c. Wh h pmlgcl mwk,


23/28

kp by 23

ucl ppch l c uk h hcl cu h gl l whu lmg l uml l mu pl cv. ppcv pv h ppuy uyg hcl mplc qum ll -cu l pcc, by pg hcl cmphv ppch h l clu mpcl vg bu hcp l h c.

6.5 xplm m vcmg h ubjc/bjc pp

Vm uclm pp lv vw l bjcv ppchcu h cmp x. Hwv, h lvm l vw hubjc y l m h wl (Vm b: 3), ulh pp bw xl, ukwbl ly ubjc whmly p h ly vlbl. Wh h bc uclm h u chc ll c, Vm m-wk llw b c lgcl cclu. l, pcp cmplx pc cmmuc cp, m l m h pc m pv mg c (Hlz-M : ). h, h v cvly hugh h cwh h h pcp h cmmucv pc (cclly xplclyg h cv g h l w h w bjcv;ku : 3). h c l cv bck bu h ucc h wk( xmpl, h cv w l b, h c gu h pvu jbw uccul).

m xpl ppcv, h cgv l h -vul l h wl, c bh h puc lg vluy hcl ch muul c: h kw wh kw hv c-p g (Vl, mp ch ), much lk h cl w h gh g m c h ul lg pc c-p. xplm mp vcm h chmy bwbjcvm ubjcvm, b h phycl u xpc. I l pg l ml h l k ccu b phy-cl xpc. pbly bjcv kwlg p ll xp-c ( bjcv l, p m h l p vw) hu jc, h b ubjcv xpc, whch hp byvluy culul hy, , hc, cp g clly h p. I l, l chg pcul, ugg h kg ccu h phycl xpl b hcpbl bugh ply l, .g. lgcl hkg.


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24 Cl M L

cquc uclm pg h hcl mwk c-g cgv mwk p lly w c. Oh h, h hcl ump b lk pychlgy hml uml ly cll qu. O h h h, hvlpm ml l u c pp h k ccu vluy, hcl, ucl c. I l g h pc ll xpc, cg phycl c whh cl vm. mpcl vg h ch cvg m l mh c ply l l bh pug hhcl pcpl h vlpg ucl ml situ-ated translation.

Notes

1. I hv hw lwh (M ), h l ppch gu by u([] ) xplcly c l m h cc-cc ml cmmu-c. Hwv, ll m h lm h clcl cgv pgm m pcg. c, u ml, h cx uc ju l

lm h mbguy x, bu ymc vm h c pucmg, ully pcbl ul ( Lch Ll 3 Mclh ).

2. Muz (, hcmg) pp g l pl ( lguc culul) phm.

Reerences

Blu, Ch. .Metapher und Kognition: Grundlagen einer neuen Teorie der Alltagsme-tapher. ku m M: P Lg. [pch llchf, .]Bch, . . Consciousness emerging: Te dynamics o perception, imagination, action,

memory, thought and language. mm: Jh Bjm. [vc Ccuch.]

By, ch. [] 3. Mph hy chg: Wh mph mph ?Oy [] 3. 3.

B, l. . Mph pch u Kmmuk llg u W-chf. Diskussion Deutsch :. .

Chm, w. . Memes o translation. mm: Jh Bjm. [Bjm

l Lby, .]Clk, y. . Being there: Putting brain, body, and world together again. Cmbg:

MI P. B, w. . Laterales Denken: Ein Kursus zur Erschlieung Ihrer Kreativittsreser-

ven, . Mg Cux Wlgg m. bk b Hmbug: whl.D, Dl. . Consciousness explained. B: Ll, Bw Cmpy.


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kp by 25

Dhul, Lv. . u l l mph uclg cmp. arget:.33.

c, K. Hb . m. . Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. Cm-

bg: MI P.z-Duqu, Dg Mk L. Jh. . Cu c h :

l ccpul mph. Review o general psychology. :. 3., Hw. . Te minds new science: A history o the cognitive revolution. w Yk:

Bc Bk., D Dl . . 3. lwg w mg cw: Ml m-

l lccy. D .L. v, .Mental Models. Hlll (J): Lw-c lbum c, 3. .

, D Mchl Jzk. 3. hf m mph lgy Wcc. Oy [] 3. .

ugh, W H. . Culul hplgy lguc. Dll Hym, . Languagein culture and society: A reader in linguistics and anthropology. w Yk: Hp & w,. 33.

ul, Jy P. . Cvy: qu cuy pg. I.. yl J.W. z-l, . Perspectives in creativity. Chcg: l, . 3.

u, -ugu. [] : ranslation and relevance: Cognition and context. Mch/B: . Jm.

Hlly, , . .Metaphor and analogy in the sciences. Dch: Kluw cmcPublh.

Hlv, . . ul cgv hy l. ES Congress 2001. Cphg Bu chl. 3..... Cphg, .

H, l. . Kommunikative Handlungskonzepte, oder: Eine Mglichkeit, Handlungs-abolgen als Zusammenhnge zu erklren, exemplarisch an Teatertexten. bg. [hmch Lguk, .]

Hk-J, H. . Catching ourselves in the act: Situated activity, interactive emer-gence, evolution, and human thought. Cmbg: MI P.

Hm, . . Img l: Mph mgy h c -cu l. Hm, . Te manipulation o literature: Studies in literary

translation. L: Cm Hlm, . 33.Hll, Dhy m Qu, . . Cultural models in language & thought. Cm-bg: Cmbg Uvy P.

Hlz-M, Ju. . ranslatorisches Handeln: Teorie und Methode. Hlk: uml- km. [l cm cum c B .]

Hlz-M, Ju. [] . vlu lh. up l Mu-l Dlp, . Die Evolutionre Erkenntnistheorie im Spiegel der Wissenschaen. W:W Uvvlg. p EXconEX:. .

Hg, H . . W bz glch, w u? Lebende Sprachen :..

Hg, H . . V zwug lbmug bz B Ju Hlz-M. EXconEX:. .

Hg, H . . Konstruktives bersetzen. bg: ubug.Jkl, . . cu mhlgy hk-lu u lg. j

kk-C Jkl, . apping and mapping the processes o trans-lation and interpreting. mm: Jh Bjm, . .
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/external-references?article=0924-1884()4:1L.33[aid=8316668]http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/external-references?article=0924-1884()4:1L.33[aid=8316668]http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/external-references?article=0924-1884()4:1L.33[aid=8316668]http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/external-references?article=0924-1884()4:1L.33[aid=8316668]http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/external-references?article=0924-1884()4:1L.33[aid=8316668]


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26 Cl M L

Jh, Mk. . Te body in the mind: Te bodily basis o meaning, imagination, and reason.Chcg: Uvy Chcg P.

Jh, Mk. . Mph-b vlu cc ml. Lz Mg -

cy J. , .Model-based reasoning: Science, technology, values. Dch: Kluwcmc/Plum Publh, . .

Kg, g M. . Ml, lk culul: Pgm g? Hll Qu. 333.

Kly, Dl C. . A social constructivist approach to translator education: Empowermentrom theory to practice. Mch: Jm.

Kk, K. . h culu?: c c l u.arget:. 3.

Kuh, m . [] 3. Mph cc. Oy [] 3. 33.Kumul, Pul. . Kreatives bersetzen. bg: ubug. [u zu l,

.]Lch Ll, Ch. . l l ccp cx l l lvc.

J Lu Cu Hub, . Estudios de lingstica cognitiva. lc: Uv lc, . 3.

Lk, g. . Women, re, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind.Chcg: Uvy Chcg P.

Lk, g. 3. cmpy hy mph. Oy [] 3. .Lk, g Mk Jh. .Metaphors we live by. Chcg: Uvy Ch-

cg P.

Lk, g Mk Jh. . Philosophy in the esh: Te embodied mind and its chal-lenge to Western thought. w Yk: Bc Bk.

Lk, g l . z. . Where mathematics comes rom. w Yk: BcBk.

Lb, Wl-. . Mphbch vlgch chug. Lexicology. .

M L, Cl. . Contenedores, recorridos y metas: Metoras en la traductologa un-cionalista. ku m M: P Lg. [u zu mch pchwchfu kulull Kmmuk, .]

M L, Cl. . Ml c-bc uclg. Wjk ..Mclh, Kh . . m w c: uc lguc h up

ml l.Journal o translation :3. .Mhu, Jk. . lgcl g cv pblm lvg pc: Lgc-phl-

phcl ppcv. Hlly . 3.Muz M, c. . Lingstica para traducir. Bcl: .Muz M, c. . C : cpl y mulculul. Per-

spectives :: Hispanic ranslation Studies, u c Muz M -c Chum Vl. . 3.

Muz M, c. hcmg. Bchmkg cgv llg. (I) clplgm. pp ranslation and Interpreting Studies.

Muz M, c. . uclg cgv y uclg mpc. Wjk ..

wll, ll Hb . m. . Human problem solving. glw Cl: Pc-Hll.
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skopos and beyond: a critical study of functionalism

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