slate nuclear
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Energy From Nuclear
Fission and FusionGeorge Hume and Steven Jeckovich
Some Material in This Presentation has been Obtained from The Future of
Nuclear Power: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study, 2003
A Copy of this Presentation can be Found at: www.physics.uci.edu/~silverma/
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Context of the Presentation
The Problem While Electricity Generated from Nuclear Power
(primarily Nuclear Fission for the foreseeable future) isa Very Viable Alternative Source of Energy, We in theUnited States Seem to Have a Very Serious AttitudeProblem
Major Effects
Possible Causes
The Question What must be done to make nuclear power a significant
option for meeting increasing global demand forelectricity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions?
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PresentationOutline
Electricity Generated From Nuclear Fission Current Status and Performance (U.S. and Foreign)
Commercial Power Reactors
Naval Reactors
Overview of Current Plans for Further Development of Reactors
Alternative Reactor Designs and Fuel Cycles Availability of Fuel Resources
Key Problem Issues and Current Status Safety Economics
Waste Management Proliferation Concerns
Forecasts of Useful Power from Nuclear Fusion Overall Fusion History and Description of the ITER Program
Assessment of Future Prospects
Conclusions and Recommendations
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Worldwide Nuclear PowerWorldwide Nuclear Power
Provides 20% of the worlds electricityProvides 20% of the worlds electricity
Provides 7% of worlds total energy usageProvides 7% of worlds total energy usage
Cost is currently similar to fossil fuelsCost is currently similar to fossil fuels
Nuclear reactors have zero emissions of smog orNuclear reactors have zero emissions of smog or
CO2CO2
There are 440 nuclear power reactors in 31There are 440 nuclear power reactors in 31
countriescountries
30 more are under construction30 more are under construction
They produce a total of 351 billion watts ofThey produce a total of 351 billion watts of
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World Nuclear Power Generation(in 2000)
Country No. Reactors Generation, kWh % TotalUnited States 103 754 20
France 59 395 76
Japan 53 305 34
United Kingdom 35 78 22Germany 19 160 31
Russia 29 120 15
So. Korea 16 103 41
Canada 14 6912
India 14 14 3
Sweden 11 55 39
21 Others
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Current Power Reactor Types
Reactor Type Moderator Coolant CommentsGas Cooled Reactor Graphite L. Water CO2 Coolant. Heat Exchangers
(GCR or AGC) Primarily Built in UK
Pressurized Water Reactor L. Water L. Water >50% Reactors in 24 Countries
(PWR) Water Pressure = 2000 psi
Boiling Water Reactor L. Water L. Water 2nd most common, >10% of World
(BWR) Water Pressure = 1000 psi
Canadian Deuterium U. H. Water H.water Uses natural U fuel (
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California Nuclear EnergyCalifornia Nuclear Energy
Each 1,100 megawatt reactor can power one million homes.Each 1,100 megawatt reactor can power one million homes.
Each reactors output is equivalent to 15 million barrels of oilEach reactors output is equivalent to 15 million barrels of oil
or 3.5 million tons of coal a year.or 3.5 million tons of coal a year.
The total 5,500 megawatts of nuclear power is out of a peakThe total 5,500 megawatts of nuclear power is out of a peak
state electrical power of 30,000 40,000 megawatts.state electrical power of 30,000 40,000 megawatts.
The PUC is now faced with a decision to approve $1.4 billion toThe PUC is now faced with a decision to approve $1.4 billion to
replace steam generators in San Onofre and Diablo Canyon.replace steam generators in San Onofre and Diablo Canyon.
The replacements would save consumers up to $3 billion theyThe replacements would save consumers up to $3 billion they
would have to pay for electricity elsewherewould have to pay for electricity elsewhere..
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NavalReactors U.S. Navy
Has about 104 reactors used as primary propulsion and electricpower generation in submarines, aircraft carriers, a cruiser and adestroyer.
Has safely accumulated over 5400 reactor-years of operation
Since USS Natilus got underway on nuclear power in 1955, our
Navy has safely steamed 130 million miles on nuc. Power
Uses more enriched fuel than commercial reactors
Source of trained personnel in reactor operation.
Foreign Navies Russia, France, United Kingdom and China. Approx.
quantities are: Russia ~100; France ~20; UK ~20; andChina ~ 6.
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Soviet Nuclear Weapons toSoviet Nuclear Weapons to
US Reactor FuelUS Reactor FuelWe are buying highly enriched uraniumWe are buying highly enriched uranium
(20%(20% 235235 U) from the former Soviet UnionsU) from the former Soviet Unions
nuclear weapons. The delivery is over 20nuclear weapons. The delivery is over 20years from 19932013.years from 19932013.
We are converting it to low enrichedWe are converting it to low enriched
uranium (3%uranium (3%235235
U) for reactor fuel. It willU) for reactor fuel. It willsatisfy 9 years of US reactor fuel demand.satisfy 9 years of US reactor fuel demand.
It comes from 6,855 Soviet nuclearIt comes from 6,855 Soviet nuclear
warheads.warheads.
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N l P P dN l P P d
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Nuclear Power ProposedNuclear Power Proposed
Solution?Solution?Richard Garwin ,, MITMIT and industry propose:and industry propose:
If 50 years from now the world uses twice as muchIf 50 years from now the world uses twice as muchenergy, and half comes from nuclear power, Needenergy, and half comes from nuclear power, Need
4,000 nuclear reactors, using about a million tons4,000 nuclear reactors, using about a million tons
of Uranium a yearof Uranium a year
With higher cost terrestrial ore, would last for 300With higher cost terrestrial ore, would last for 300
yearsyears
Breeder reactors creating Plutonium could extendBreeder reactors creating Plutonium could extend
the supply to 200,000 yearsthe supply to 200,000 years
Nonpolluting, non-CO2 producing sourceNonpolluting, non-CO2 producing source
Need more trained nuclear engineers and sites, andNeed more trained nuclear engineers and sites, and
Study of fuel reprocessing, waste disposal, andStudy of fuel reprocessing, waste disposal, and
http://www.fas.org/rlg/021119-ans.htmhttp://www.fas.org/rlg/021119-ans.htmhttp://www.mit.edu/afs/athena/org/n/nuclearpower/http://www.mit.edu/afs/athena/org/n/nuclearpower/http://www.mit.edu/afs/athena/org/n/nuclearpower/http://www.fas.org/rlg/021119-ans.htmhttp://www.fas.org/rlg/021119-ans.htm -
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Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor
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Molten Salt Reactor
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Lead-Cooled
Fast Reactor
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Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
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Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor
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Very-High-Temperature Reactor
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Southern California Edison Project
Southern California Edison Project
Controversial Issues A. San Diego Gas and Electric
B. Anaheim Public Utilities
C. Anti Nuclear Activists
PUC hearing 17 May 2005, Oceanside, CA
Decision Process A. Evidence Presented to Administrative Law Judge
B. Commission Prepares Decision
C. Parties Petition for Rehearing
Decision
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Fusion Power Technology-ITER ITER = International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
A Joint Project Conducted by:
European Union Russian Federation
United States Canada Japan
The Purposes of ITER are: Demo that electrical power from fusion is scientifically and technically feasible
Utilize results of a robust R&D Program
Build and Initially test the Demo System
Estimated to cost >$4.5 billion over 10 years
Based on a Tokamak Design. 10 Years were Required to accomplish thereactor Design
Results of Practical Electric Power from ITER are Probably 10-20 years
away
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Fusion ReactorsFusion Reactors
Fusion easiest for Deuterium on TritiumFusion easiest for Deuterium on Tritium in a high temperature plasma.in a high temperature plasma.Replacement Tritium created from a Lithium blanketReplacement Tritium created from a Lithium blanket
around the reactor absorbing a produced neutron.around the reactor absorbing a produced neutron.
Fusion reactorsFusion reactorsInternational ITER in 2012 for research for a decade, costingin 2012 for research for a decade, costing
$5 billion$5 billion
Current stalemate over siting in France or JapanCurrent stalemate over siting in France or Japan
To be followed by DEMO for a functioning plant, takingTo be followed by DEMO for a functioning plant, taking
another 10 years. So not ready for building units until at leastanother 10 years. So not ready for building units until at least2030.2030.
DEMO will cost $50 billion for a similar capacity as a nuclearDEMO will cost $50 billion for a similar capacity as a nuclear
reactor.reactor.
US Lithium supply would last a few hundred years.US Lithium supply would last a few hundred years.
Still would be a radioactive waste disposal problem.Still would be a radioactive waste disposal problem.
http://www.iter.org/http://www.iter.org/ -
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Conclusions and Recommendations
Proven Technology is Available in Generation III and III+ Reactor Designs (such as ABWR,
AP100 0,PBM R) for Deploym ent by 2010 if Political/Attitude Problems can be Altered.
Atti tude Adjustment and some further R&D are Needed to Progress fromOnce Through No
Reprocessing Fuel Cycles to the More Advanced Multiple Pass Cycles Used and Advocated by
other Countries in Gen. IV Designs to Ach ieve:
Efficient Use of Uranium Fuel Resources
ReduceSpent Fuel Impact on Long Term Storage Facilities
Governmental (Political/Attitude) progress is Needed to Activate and Use Long Term Nuclear
Waste Storage
Selected Gen. IV Reactor Designs Should be Funded for Further Definition and Developed for
Deployment by 2020 and Beyond.
Keep Fusion Power Efforts at the R&D Stage with Carefully Controlled Funding Pending
Positive Results from ITER .