sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me?...

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Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October

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Page 1: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

SleepSleep

“… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …”

-Blue October

“… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …”

-Blue October

Page 2: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

SleepingSleeping

Average individuals spend 1/3 of their lives asleep

Sleep is at the lowest level of the hierarchy of consciousness

Sleep allows for near immediate return to the highest level of consciousness through presentation of appropriate stimulus

Average individuals spend 1/3 of their lives asleep

Sleep is at the lowest level of the hierarchy of consciousness

Sleep allows for near immediate return to the highest level of consciousness through presentation of appropriate stimulus

Page 3: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Historical DevelopmentHistorical Development

Little scientific inquiry until late 1800s

1870-1890: Two scientists separately found importance of rostral midbrain legions in lethargy syndromes

Little scientific inquiry until late 1800s

1870-1890: Two scientists separately found importance of rostral midbrain legions in lethargy syndromes

Page 4: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Historical DevelopmentHistorical DevelopmentEncephalitus Lethargica: Commonly

called sleeping sickness, is a degenerative viral inflammation in the brainWorldwide epidemic from 1916-1926Search for pathological basis led to

conclusions of two sleeping centers in the brain:A Waking Center: Turns off sleep when stimulated

(posterior hypothalamus and mesencephalic tegmentum)

A Sleep Center: Turns on sleep when activated (in the basal forebrain structures)

Encephalitus Lethargica: Commonly called sleeping sickness, is a degenerative viral inflammation in the brainWorldwide epidemic from 1916-1926Search for pathological basis led to

conclusions of two sleeping centers in the brain:A Waking Center: Turns off sleep when stimulated

(posterior hypothalamus and mesencephalic tegmentum)

A Sleep Center: Turns on sleep when activated (in the basal forebrain structures)

Page 5: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Historical DevelopmentHistorical Development

1930’s brought about clinical use of EEGs and different sleep brain wave patterns were labeled

1950’s: Generally accepted that regions for both sleeping and waking existed in the pons and medulla, and that sensory input to the brain was not a necessary condition for organisms to demonstrate signs of wakefulness

1930’s brought about clinical use of EEGs and different sleep brain wave patterns were labeled

1950’s: Generally accepted that regions for both sleeping and waking existed in the pons and medulla, and that sensory input to the brain was not a necessary condition for organisms to demonstrate signs of wakefulness

Page 6: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Brain WavesBrain Waves

Differ in Amplitude (height of wave) and Frequency (rate of occurrence)

Desynchronization: patterns of electrical activity in a typical EEG reading. aIrregular low amplitude activity with no particular pattern

Synchronization: EEG produces distinct regular patterns of brain waves of approximately the same amplitude with a regular frequency

Differ in Amplitude (height of wave) and Frequency (rate of occurrence)

Desynchronization: patterns of electrical activity in a typical EEG reading. aIrregular low amplitude activity with no particular pattern

Synchronization: EEG produces distinct regular patterns of brain waves of approximately the same amplitude with a regular frequency

Page 7: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Brain WavesBrain Waves

Beta (14-30 Hz): Parietal and Frontal cortical regions, characteristic of wakefulness

Alpha (8-13 Hz): Individuals who are awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes shut

Theta (4-7 Hz): Commonly seen in children under 10 as well as adults under conditions as simulated diving, chemical intoxication, sleep and meditation

Delta (.5-4 Hz): Deep sleeping adults as well as children

Beta (14-30 Hz): Parietal and Frontal cortical regions, characteristic of wakefulness

Alpha (8-13 Hz): Individuals who are awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes shut

Theta (4-7 Hz): Commonly seen in children under 10 as well as adults under conditions as simulated diving, chemical intoxication, sleep and meditation

Delta (.5-4 Hz): Deep sleeping adults as well as children

Page 8: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re
Page 9: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

How to Study Sleep:How to Study Sleep:

First night effect: the first night spent in a sleep laboratory usually produces abnormal brain waves - unreliable data!

First night effect: the first night spent in a sleep laboratory usually produces abnormal brain waves - unreliable data!

Page 10: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Sleep StagesSleep Stages

Stage 1:Body begins to show signs of relaxation,

muscle tonus diminishes, heart rate slows, and breathing becomes deeper and more regular

Brain wave activity is desynchronous, 12-17 Hz is most prominent frequency

Not difficult to arouse a person in stage 1 sleep

Only happens as you are first falling asleep

Stage 1:Body begins to show signs of relaxation,

muscle tonus diminishes, heart rate slows, and breathing becomes deeper and more regular

Brain wave activity is desynchronous, 12-17 Hz is most prominent frequency

Not difficult to arouse a person in stage 1 sleep

Only happens as you are first falling asleep

Page 11: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Sleep StagesSleep Stages

Stage 2:Sleep Spindles: Sinusoidal wave with

frequency 12-14 Hz. Associated with loss of perceptual awareness and occur in transition between stage 1 and stage 2

K-Complex: Biphasic wave form beginning with an initial, sharp negative wave followed by positive components

Stage 2:Sleep Spindles: Sinusoidal wave with

frequency 12-14 Hz. Associated with loss of perceptual awareness and occur in transition between stage 1 and stage 2

K-Complex: Biphasic wave form beginning with an initial, sharp negative wave followed by positive components

Page 12: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Sleep StagesSleep Stages

Stage 3:Muscle Tonus, heart rate, blood pressure ad

body temperature all show signs of decreasing

Takes relatively large stimulus to awaken someone

Onset and termination defined by percentage of delta wave activity

Consists of the times when 20-50% of EEGs are delta wave

Stage 3:Muscle Tonus, heart rate, blood pressure ad

body temperature all show signs of decreasing

Takes relatively large stimulus to awaken someone

Onset and termination defined by percentage of delta wave activity

Consists of the times when 20-50% of EEGs are delta wave

Page 13: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Sleep StagesSleep Stages

Stage 4Begins when over 50% of EEG activity

is delta wavesVery deep stage of sleep and

extremely difficult to awakenIf allowed to sleep interrupted, will go

from stage 4 to stage 3 to stage 2Night terrors occur during this stage

of sleep

Stage 4Begins when over 50% of EEG activity

is delta wavesVery deep stage of sleep and

extremely difficult to awakenIf allowed to sleep interrupted, will go

from stage 4 to stage 3 to stage 2Night terrors occur during this stage

of sleep

Page 14: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Sleep StagesSleep Stages

REM SleepOccurs ever 30-90 minutes

throughotu the night, sleeping subjets go from stage 2 to REM

Low voltage, mixed frequncies, punctated by occastional bursts of alpha activity

Eyes dart back and forth behind closed eyelids about 50-60 times per minute (gives REM its name)

REM SleepOccurs ever 30-90 minutes

throughotu the night, sleeping subjets go from stage 2 to REM

Low voltage, mixed frequncies, punctated by occastional bursts of alpha activity

Eyes dart back and forth behind closed eyelids about 50-60 times per minute (gives REM its name)

Page 15: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Sleep StagesSleep Stages

REM SleepRespiration and pulse rates increase and

become irregular, blood pressure increasesMale subjects often experience erectionsThis is when dreaming occurs (though it can

sometimes occur in NREM sleep, just unlikely they will be remembered)

Greater right hemispheric involvement in REM sleep while greater left hemispheric activation in NREM sleep

REM SleepRespiration and pulse rates increase and

become irregular, blood pressure increasesMale subjects often experience erectionsThis is when dreaming occurs (though it can

sometimes occur in NREM sleep, just unlikely they will be remembered)

Greater right hemispheric involvement in REM sleep while greater left hemispheric activation in NREM sleep

Page 16: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Age Related ChangesAge Related Changes

Age related changes contribute to the excessive daytime sleepiness observed in the elderly

Total time spent in stage 4 and REM decreases with age

Lack of flexibility in sleep patterns as people age

Age related changes contribute to the excessive daytime sleepiness observed in the elderly

Total time spent in stage 4 and REM decreases with age

Lack of flexibility in sleep patterns as people age

Page 17: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

HypnopediaHypnopedia

Hypnopedia: The possibility of learning during sleepNo study has been able to show

convincingly an ability to learn complex verbal material during sleep

Learning such material when awake appears to be facilitated slightly as compared with the rate that similar (but new) material is learned

Hypnopedia: The possibility of learning during sleepNo study has been able to show

convincingly an ability to learn complex verbal material during sleep

Learning such material when awake appears to be facilitated slightly as compared with the rate that similar (but new) material is learned

Page 18: Sleep “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re dreaming are you dreaming of me? …” - Blue October “… if you’re sleeping are you dreaming, if you’re

Other things in the book:Other things in the book:

Sleep deprivation Sleeping Disorders Theories of Sleep: Answers to why do we

sleep? When do we dream and what is it about? Theories on Dreaming (Freud etc) Day dreaming Sexual fantasies

Sleep deprivation Sleeping Disorders Theories of Sleep: Answers to why do we

sleep? When do we dream and what is it about? Theories on Dreaming (Freud etc) Day dreaming Sexual fantasies