Sleep DisordersTypes & Treatments1 Monday, May 21, 12Primary Sleep Disorders:-Dyssomnias- Insomnia- Narcolepsy- Breathing-Related Sleeping Disorders- Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders -Parasomnias- Nightmares- Night Terrors- Sleepwalking- Sleep Paralysis Sleep DisordersSleep deprivation takes its greatest toll on cognitive abilities. Studies have shown that with enough sleep deprivation the animals will become sick and eventually die. 2 Monday, May 21, 12 Difculty falling asleep & staying asleep.Not due to direct effects of substance use or general medical condition.About 60 million Americans have chronic insomnia. Affects 40% of women and 30 % of men.Acute or ChronicTreatment: medication or behavior modication. Insomnia3 Monday, May 21, 124 Monday, May 21, 12Chronic Causes of Insomnia5 Monday, May 21, 12Medications Chronic Causes of Insomnia5 Monday, May 21, 12Medications Drug or alcohol use Chronic Causes of Insomnia5 Monday, May 21, 12Medications Drug or alcohol use Psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) Chronic Causes of Insomnia5 Monday, May 21, 12Medications Drug or alcohol use Psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) Medical disordersChronic Causes of Insomnia5 Monday, May 21, 12Medications Drug or alcohol use Psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) Medical disordersSleep apneaChronic Causes of Insomnia5 Monday, May 21, 12Medications Drug or alcohol use Psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) Medical disordersSleep apneaRestless leg syndromeChronic Causes of Insomnia5 Monday, May 21, 12Medications Drug or alcohol use Psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) Medical disordersSleep apneaRestless leg syndromePoor sleep hygiene Chronic Causes of Insomnia5 Monday, May 21, 12Insomnia Treatment6 Monday, May 21, 12Insomnia TreatmentLifestyle changes often can help relieve acute (short-term) insomnia. These changes might make it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep.A type of counseling called cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can help relieve the anxiety linked to chronic (ongoing) insomnia. Anxiety tends to prolong insomnia.Several medicines also can help relieve insomnia and re-establish a regular sleep schedule. 6 Monday, May 21, 12Repeated stoppage in breathing during sleep Caused by lack of breathing drive (central) or by blockage (obstructive)Signs/Symptoms: Snoring, headaches, fatigue, poor sleep, chronic congestion, irritability, obesity, sexual dysfunctionSleep ApneaTreatment: Continual Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), Lifestyle Changes, and Surgery. 7 Monday, May 21, 12Medications Albuterol Attention Decit Disorder Meds (e.g. Ritalin) Decongestants (Pseudoephedrine, Phenylephrine) Caffeine Diet pills" Nicotine Thyroid medications Corticosteroids SSRIs (antidepressants) Phenytoin (seizure medication) Chemotherapy (cancer medications) Beta-blockers (high blood pressure meds)8 Monday, May 21, 12Circadian Rhythm Sleep DisorderPersistent pattern of sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to mismatch between sleep-wake schedule.Obvious distress/impairment in social and occupational settings.Delayed Sleep Phase Type An unnatural sleeping pattern created by falling asleep late and waking up late which eventually establishes an inability to fall asleep and awaken at a desired earlier time. 9 Monday, May 21, 12Narcolepsy (NAR-ko-lep-se) is a disorder that causes periods of extreme daytime sleepiness due to trouble sleeping at night and is sometimes accompanied by paralysis and hallucinationsHallucinations: Vivid, life-like dreams that occur while falling asleep or waking up.Sleep paralysis: This condition prevents you from moving or speaking while waking up and sometimes while falling asleep. Last from a few seconds to a few minutes.Narcolepsy10 Monday, May 21, 12Who Is At Risk for Narcolepsy?Narcolepsy affects men and women. Symptoms usually begin during the teen or young adult years. The disorder also can develop later in life or in children, but it's rare before age 5.Narcolepsy CausesPossible factors include:Heredity. Some people may inherit a gene that affects hypocretin. Up to 10% of people who have narcolepsy report having a relative with the same symptoms.InfectionsBrain injuries caused by brain tumors, strokes, or trauma.Autoimmune disordersLow levels of histamine, a substance in the blood that promotes wakefulness.Hypocretin (hi-po-KREET-in), a chemical in the brain that helps promote wakefulness. Most people who have narcolepsy have low levels of this chemical. What causes these low levels is unknown.11 Monday, May 21, 12Cataplexy (KAT-ah-plek-se) This condition causes a sudden loss of muscle tone while you're awake. Muscle weakness can affect certain parts of your body or your whole body. For example, if cataplexy affects your hand, you may drop what you're holding. It may last seconds or minutes.Narcoleptic Cataplexy12 Monday, May 21, 12Sleepwalking (somnambulism)Sleepwalking is a disorder that occurs when people walk or do another activity while they are still asleep.Sleepwalking most often occurs during deep, non-REM sleep, early in the night.Sleepwalking happens most often in children ages 5 - 12. The episode can last from a few seconds to over 30 minutes. Symptoms of sleepwalking include:Confusion/disorientation when woken up.A blank look on their face.Opening their eyes while still asleep.No memory of the episode.Performing a detailed activity of any type while still asleep.13 Monday, May 21, 12In the early stages of sleep.A person suddenly wakes up and is aware of their surroundings, but cannot move. Treated with antidepressants and SSRIsSleep Paralysis14 Monday, May 21, 12Night TerrorsNight terrors (sleep terrors) are a sleep disorder in which a person quickly wakes from sleep in a terried state.The cause is unknown, but night terrors may be triggered by:FeverLack of sleepPeriods of emotional tension, stress, or conict.Frightening movies or TV shows.Most common in children ages 3 - 7 between midnight and 2 a.m.A person may remember the details of the dream and will not be disoriented after the episode.Treatment: Reducing stress may reduce night terrors.15 Monday, May 21, 12NightmaresYoung Adults3%Adults47%3-5 Year Olds50%Prevalence by Age Group Extremely frightening dreams that occur in REM sleep. Less intense then sleep terrors. Person rapidly becomes aware and alert almost immediately after waking up.16 Monday, May 21, 12Restless Leg SyndromeNeurological disorder that is characterized by unpleasant sensations of legs and an urge to move them when at the rest.The unpleasant feelings are described as creeping, crawling, pulling, itching, tingling, burning, aching, or electric shocks.The urges to move happen when the body is at rest and inactive. Thus, being worse in the evening which can cause chronic sleep disturbances and sleep deprivation.Causes: Mostly unknown (idiopathic)Treatment: underlying cause, some meds, and exercise. 17 Monday, May 21, 12Sleep Hygiene18 Monday, May 21, 12!Try to limit caffeine intake.Sleep Hygiene18 Monday, May 21, 12!Try to limit caffeine intake.!Have a light snack before bedtime. (no big meals before bedtime)Sleep Hygiene18 Monday, May 21, 12!Try to limit caffeine intake.!Have a light snack before bedtime. (no big meals before bedtime)!Set your bedroom for a comfortable temperature.Sleep Hygiene18 Monday, May 21, 12!Try to limit caffeine intake.!Have a light snack before bedtime. (no big meals before bedtime)!Set your bedroom for a comfortable temperature.!Minimize light exposure.Sleep Hygiene18 Monday, May 21, 12!Try to limit caffeine intake.!Have a light snack before bedtime. (no big meals before bedtime)!Set your bedroom for a comfortable temperature.!Minimize light exposure.!Try to follow a regular and consistent sleep schedule.Sleep Hygiene18 Monday, May 21, 12Sources19 Monday, May 21, 12