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Figure 12-2Page 225

Passenger pigeon

Great auk Dodo Dusky seaside sparrow

Aepyornis(Madagascar)

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Figure 12-3aPage 226

Grizzly bear(threatened)

Arabian oryx(Middle East)

White top pitcher plant

Kirtland's warbler

African elephant(Africa)

Mojave desert tortoise (threatened)

Swallowtail butterfly

Humpback chub

Golden lion tamarin (Brazil)

Siberian tiger(Siberia)

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Figure 12-3b Page 226

West Virginiaspring salamander

Giant panda(China)

Knowlton cactus

Mountain gorilla(Africa)

Swamp pink

Pine barrens tree frog (male)

Hawksbill sea turtle

El Segundo blue butterfly

Whooping crane

Blue whale

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Figure 12-3c Page 227

Florida manatee

Northern spotted owl (threatened)

Gray wolf Florida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa)

Devil's hole pupfish

Snow leopard(Central Asia)

Black-footed ferret

Symphonia(Madagascar)

Utah prairie dog(threatened)

Ghost bat(Australia)

California condor

Black lace cactus

Black rhinoceros(Africa)

Oahu tree snail

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Characteristic Examples

Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)

Specialized niche

Narrow distribution

Feeds at high trophic level

Fixed migratory patterns

Rare

Commercially valuable

Large territories

Blue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros

Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite

Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish

Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear

Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles

Many island species,African violet, some orchids

Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds

California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

Figure 12-4Page 228

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Fish

Figure 12-5Page 228

Mammals

Reptiles

Plants

Birds

34% (51% of freshwater species)

24%

20%

14%

12%

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Habitat loss

Habitat degradation and fragmentation

Introducing nonnative species

Overfishing

Climate change

Predator and pest control

Pollution

Commercial hunting and poaching

Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants

•Population growth•Rising resource use•No environmental accounting•Poverty

Secondary Causes

Basic Causes

Figure 12-6Page 231

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Range 100 years ago

Range today(about 2,300 left)

Figure 12-7aPage 232

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Range in 1700

Range today(about 2,400 left) Figure 12-7b

Page 232

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Probable range 1600

Range today(300,000 left) Figure 12-7c

Page 232

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Figure 12-7dPage 232

Asian or Indian Elephant

Former range

Range today(34,000–54,000 left)

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Figure 12-8Page 233

Florida scrub jay

Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Blacked-capped vireo Golden-cheekedwarbler

Cerulean warbler

California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler Henslow’s sparrow Bachman’s warbler

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Click to view animation.

Animation

Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction.

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Figure 12-9aPage 235

Purple looselife European starling African honeybee(“Killer bee”)

Nutria Salt cedar(Tamarisk)

Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar(Feral pig)

Deliberately introduced Species

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Figure 12-9b Page 235

Sea lamprey(attached to lake trout)

Argentina fire ant Eurasian muffleBrown tree snake Common pigeon(Rock dove)

Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-hornedbeetle

Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae

Accidentally introduced Species

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Figure 12-10Page 236

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1918

2000 Figure 12-11Page 236

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Characteristics ofSuccessful

Invader Species

• High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species)

• Pioneer species

• Long lived

• High dispersal rate

• Release growth- inhibiting chemicals into soil

• Generalists

• High genetic variability

Characteristics ofEcosystems Vulnerable

to Invader Species

• Similar climate to habitat of invader

• Absence of predators on invading species

• Early successional systems

• Low diversity of native species

• Absence of fire

• Disturbed by human activities

Figure 12-12Page 238

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Concentration of rare species

Low Moderate High

Top Six Hot Spots

1 Hawaii2 San Francisco Bay area3 Southern Appalachians4 Death Valley5 Southern California6 Florida Panhandle

4

5

2

6

3

1Figure 12-14

Page 242

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North American-SouthAmerican flyways

European-Africanflyways

Asian flyways

Figure 12-15Page 246

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What Can You Do?

Protecting Species

• Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species.

• Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics.

• Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild.

• Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild.

Figure 12-16Page 249

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Click to view animation.

Animation

Humans affect biodiversity interaction.

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Click to view animation.

Animation

Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction.