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Page 1: Slide 1 of 38 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 10-2 Cell Division

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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10-2 Cell Division

Page 2: Slide 1 of 38 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 10-2 Cell Division

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10-2 Cell Division

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• In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major stages.

The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called mitosis.

The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm, is called cytokinesis.

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10-2 Cell Division

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Chromosomes

Chromosomes

• Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next on chromosomes.

• Before cell division, each chromosome is duplicated, or copied.

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10-2 Cell Division

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Chromosomes

Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids.

Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the centromere.

Sister chromatids

Centromere

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10-2 Cell Division

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Chromosomes

When the cell divides, the chromatids separate.

Each new cell gets one chromatid.

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10-2 Cell Division

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The Cell Cycle

What are the main events of the cell cycle?

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10-2 Cell Division

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The Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle

• The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

• Interphase is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions.

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10-2 Cell Division

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The Cell Cycle

During the cell cycle:

• a cell grows

• prepares for division

• divides to form two daughter cells, each of which begins the cycle again

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10-2 Cell Division

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Events of the Cell Cycle

Events of the Cell Cycle

• During Interphase the cell:

increases in size

synthesizes new proteins and organelles

chromosomes are replicated

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10-2 Cell Division

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Cell Cycle

Events of the Cell Cycle

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

What are the four phases of mitosis?

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

Mitosis

Biologists divide the events of mitosis into four phases:

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

Mitosis

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10-2 Cell Division

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Section 10-2ProphaseSpindle

forming

Chromosomes (paired

chromatids)Centromere

Click to Continue

Mitosis

Prophase

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

Prophase

• Prophase is the first and longest phase of mitosis.

• The centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus.

Spindle forming

Centromere Chromosomes(paired chromatids)

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

• The centrioles lie in a region called the centrosome.

• The centrosome helps to organize the spindle, a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes.

Spindle forming

CentromereChromosomes(paired chromatids)

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

• Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

• The centrioles separate and a spindle begins to form.

• The nuclear envelope breaks down.

Spindle forming

CentromereChromosomes(paired chromatids)

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10-2 Cell Division

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Centriole

Centriole

Spindle

Mitosis

Click to Continue

Metaphase

Metaphase

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

Metaphase

• The second phase of mitosis is metaphase.

• The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.

• Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle.

Centriole

Spindle

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10-2 Cell Division

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Individual chromosomes

Anaphase

Mitosis

Anaphase

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

Anaphase

• Anaphase is the third phase of mitosis.

• The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes.

• The chromosomes continue to move until they have separated into two groups.

Individualchromosomes

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10-2 Cell Division

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Nuclear envelope reforming

Telophase

Mitosis

Telophase

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

Telophase

• Telophase is the fourth and final phase of mitosis.

• Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shape.

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10-2 Cell Division

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Mitosis

A new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes.

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10-2 Cell Division

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Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

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10-2 Cell Division

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Cytokinesis

• During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm pinches in half.

• Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.

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10-2 Cell Division

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Cytokinesis

• In plants, a structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei.

Cell wallCell plate

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10-2 Cell Division

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Cytokinesis

• The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane.

• A cell wall then begins to appear in the cell plate.

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10-2 Cell Division

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Phase Identification

Onion Root Tip - Interactive

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10-2 Cell Division

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PLANT CELL MITOSIS

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1. Why is it more accurate to call mitosis "nuclear replication" rather than "cellular division"?2. Draw a plant cell in each stage of Mitosis. 3. What role does the spindle play in the cell dividing?4. When and where does the cellulose wall (cell plate) form in the mother cell?5. How can you differentiate prophase from metaphase?6. What cellular events occur during interphase?7. How do the poles of the animal cell spindle differ from those of the onion root tip?8. Compare cytokinesis of animal cells with that of plant cells.9. What do you call the genetic information in each phase of Mitosis?10. Compare and contrast prophase and telophase.

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