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WESTERN

THEORETICAL

PERSPECTIVES ONEDUCATION

NABILAH ABDUL RAHMAN [0919644]

IFFA NUR SYAFIQAH BT AHMAD FARIS [0910144]

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is a broad perspective in sociology

and anthropology which sets out tointerpret society as a structurewith interrelated parts

structure primarily refers to normativepatterns of behaviour (regularizedpatterns of action in accordance withnorms)

function explains how suchpatterns operate as systems

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was an Englishsocial

anthropologist

attendedCambridge where

he studied moral

earned the nicknameAnarch Brown

because o his political

interests & a liations

conductedieldwork in

AndamanIslands &WesternAustralia

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Society is viewed as :

a complex system of parts(structures) that interact to performvarious necessary functions

macrosociological theory:

focuses on large-scale socialpatterns and social systems

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Structural Functionalism ma es 7 main

assumptions:

1)Systems have a property of order

and an interdependence of parts

2)Systems tend toward self-

maintaining order, or equilibrium

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3)The system may be static or

involved in an ordered process ofchange

4)The nature of one part of thesystem has an impact on the formthat the other parts can ta e

5)Systems maintain boundaries withintheir environments

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6) llocation and integration are two

fundamental processes necessary for agives state of equilibrium within asystem

7)Systems tend toward self-maintenanceinvolving control of boundaries andrelationships of parts to the whole,

control of the environment, and controlof tendencies to change the system fromwithin

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CONFLICT THEORY VIEW OF SOCIETY

Conflict theories are perspectives in social science which

emphasize the social, political or material inequality of a

social group .

Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, suchas class conflict and generally contrast historically dominant

ideologist.

The two main contributors to the formation of the conflict

perspective are :

(1)Karl Marx

(2)W. E. B. Du Bois.

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Karl Marx

(1818-1883) a German

philosopher,politicaleconomist,historian,political theorist,

sociologist, andcommunist revolutionary

Founder of political /economic theory ofsocialism (communism)

Wrote the CommunistManifesto and co wroteDas Kapital(withFriedrich Engels)

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-Karl Marx explained that conflicts between classes of society are

inevitable, since workers will always be exploited as a result of

capitalism.

-societies there are two major social groups: a ruling class and a

subject class.

-The ruling class derives its power from its ownership and control of

the forces of production.

-The ruling class exploits and oppresses the subject class.

-As a result there is a basic conflict of interest between the two

classes.

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W.E.B DU BOIS

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois(February 23, 1868 August 27, 1963)

intellectual leader of the black communityin America. In multiple roles as civil rights

activist, Pan- Africanist, sociologist,historian,author, and editor.

graduated from Harvard

founder and editor of the NAACP's(NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored

People) journal The Crisis. Du Bois contributed to the conflict

perspective by studying society in referenceto blacks and their struggles within society

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-According to Conflict Theory, society is:

-A struggle for dominance among competing social

groups (classes, genders, races, religions, etc.).- When conflict theorists look at society, they see the

social domination of subordinate groups through the

power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups.

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-In the conflict view, the most powerfulmembers of dominant groups create the rules

for success and opportunity in society,

-often denying subordinate groups such success

and opportunities;

- this ensures that the powerful continue to

monopolize power, privilege, and authority.

-many conflict theorists focus on capitalism asthe source of social inequalities

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Interactionist View Of Society

Definition

In sociology, a theoretical perspective that

derives social processes (such as conflict,

cooperation, identity formation) from human

interaction.

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George Herbert Mead

George Herbert Mead (18631931) was an American.

Philosopher, sociologist and psychologist

He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychologyand the American sociological tradition in general.

George Herbert Mead is most often credited with foundingthe interactionist perspective.

Mead was a professor at the University of Chicago, and hefocused on the analysis of one-to-one situations and othersmall groups.

He paid particular attention to body language such as afrown or nod,and he also asked the questions of how other groupmembers effectedthese gestures.

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The interactionist view of society is that weinfluence each other'severyday social interactions.

the interactionist perspective studies societyon a microsociological level.

In other words they study on a small scale inorder to understand the large scale.

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Interactionists believe that an individual creates theirown social world through his or her interactions, and itis thought that social order is maintained when peopleshare their understanding of everyday behavior.

Interactionists say that social change occurs when thepositions and communication with one anotherchange.

The main idea of an interactionist sociologist is to studynonverbal communication and small groups payingparticular attentions to objects and symbols