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DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY TO EARLY
CHILDHOOD
Courtney SImmelink
Development of the Brain and the Nervous System:
Synaptogenesis Synaptic pruning Myelinization Reticular Formation
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS
Medulla and midbrain are developed at birth
Years one and two cortex develops
Reflexes:
Adaptive Reflexes: Sucking reflex Rooting reflex Stepping reflex
Primitive Reflexes: Moro Reflex Babinski Reflex
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS CONT.
Behavioral States:
States of Consciousness Deep sleep lighter sleep alert wakefulness
fussing
Colic: Intense bouts of crying (3+ hours per day)
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS CONT.
Motor Development
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS CONT.
Age(Months)
Locomotor Skills
Nonlocomotor Skills
Manipulative Skills
1 Stepping reflex Lifts head slightly; follows slowly moving objects with eyes
Holds object if placed in hand
2-3 Lifts head up to 90- degree angle when lying on stomach
Begins to swipe at objects in sight
4-6 Rolls over; Sits with support; moves on hands and knees
Holds head erect while in sitting position
Reaches for and grasps objects
7-9 Sits without support; crawls
Transfer objects from one hand to the other
10-12 Pulls self up and walks grasping furniture; then walks alone
Squats and stoops; plays patty cake
Shows some signs of hand preference; grasps a spoon across palm but has poor aim when moving food to mouth
13-18 Walks backwards, sideways; runs
Rolls ball to adult; claps Stacks two blocks; puts objects into small container and dumps them out
19-24 Walks up and down stairs, two feet per step
Jumps with both feet off the ground
Uses spoon to feed self; stacks 4 to 10 blocksNote. Retrieved from Lifespan Development, Boyd, Johnson & Bee,
2009
Health and Wellness: Research says breastfeeding should be sole source of
nutrition for babies unless they are preterm or the mothers are drug abusers
Infants require immunizations to start at two months old
DTaP Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis Hib Haemophilus influenza PC Pneumoncoccal conjugate vaccine MC Meningococcal conjugate vaccine MMR Measles, mumps, and rubella Hep B/V Hepatitis B
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS CONT.
Vision:Visual Acuity
At birth visual acuity is 20/200 to 20/400 Improves rapidly
Color Vision: Developed one month after birth
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS
Early Visual Stimulation:
Early visual stimulation is critical in early infancy
Lack of stimulation limits visual capability in later years Sleeper Effect
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS CONT.
HearingAuditory Acuity
At a general range of pitch and loudness infants can hear just as well as humans
Smelling and TastingNewborns respond differently to 5 different basic flavors
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS CONT.
Perceptual Skills
Young infants are able to make discrimination among sight, sound, feelings, and respond to patterns.
Habituation a decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has become familiar
Dishabituation responding to a somewhat familiar stimulus as if it were new
PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS
Depth Perception in Infants:
Binocular Cue involves both eyesPictorial Information requires information from only one eye
Kinetic Cue comes from your own motion or motion of another object
PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS CONT.
ERIKSON’S FIRST STAGE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Children learn from interaction
Helps educators: Plan Understand how infants up to adulthood
age develop
RELEVANCY AND PERSONAL IMPORTANCE
Future career goal Gain a better
understanding of how children develop
Once educators understand how children develop, they can plan developmentally appropriate activities
By understanding infant development:Help me plan activities for childrenHelp educate children’s parents on the development of their child
Example: If a child comes to my childcare organization and has been crying for a majority of the day and the mother is asking why, I will be able to
tell her it is Colic and that often moving the babies legs and rubbing the tummy will help soothe the child.
PROFESSIONAL IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATION
Boyd, D., Johnson, P., & Bee, H., (2015). Lifespan
Development (5 th ed.). Ontario: Pearson Canada
Inc.
REFERENCES