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History of Manipulative Therapy
❏ Dates back thousands of years ago ❏ Practiced parallel in many parts of the
world: India, China, Japan, Central Asia, Egypt, Americas and Europe.
❏ Treated musculoskeletal conditions including spinal disorders.
❏ Historical reference to Greece is the first direct evidence of the use of spinal manipulation in Europe (400 B.C.)
Manipulative therapy
Three historical played the most significant role in the development of modern medicine:
From different cultures and times, these remarkable individuals even today influence our understanding of cures, treatments and patient care.
Hippocrates(island of Cos, Ancient Greece 460-377? BC)
Considered to be a father of modern medicine, Hippocrates name has long been associated with the the Hippocratic Oath.This document (which Hippocrates did not write himself) sets forth the code of ethics of a physician, as well as their obligations to the sick and to the society.
Hippocrates and Hippocratic Bench❏ Hippocrates designed a treatment
table (Hippocratic bench) with various wheels, straps, and axles enabling traction to be applied.
❏ Therapist’s hand, foot or a seated body weight, or even a wooden lever, could then be applied to impart pressure on the prominent spinal vertebra.
❏ Hippocrates method of manipulation survived him for more than 1600 years.
He was the first to describe spinal manipulation using gravityHe wrote extensively on the benefits and methodology of manual medicineHe suggested exercises to follow the treatments
Claudius Galen (Ancient Rome 131-202 CE)
Born and educated in Greece, at the age of 40 Galen became a personal physician to the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, who described Galen as “...first among doctors and unique among philosophers”.While still a young physician he treated gladiators’ wounds and traumas, believing this experience to be a ‘window’ into the human body, allowing him to see functions of various parts of the human anatomy and organ functions.
Claudius Galen (cont’d)❏ Galen provided evidence of
manipulation including standing or walking on the dysfunctional spinal region
❏ He commented on the works of Hippocrates with illustrations of manual techniques still seen in modern medical texts
18 out of 97 surviviving medical texts written by Galen contain descriptions of the manipulative techniques
Ali Abi Ibn Sina (k.a Avicenna) (Persia, Baghdad 980-1037 AD)❏ great thinker and philosopher
from Persia (modern Iran)❏ known as ‘doctor of doctors”❏ author of 450 tractates and two
important medical texts1. Book of Healing2. Canons of Medicine
Avicenna mentions Hippocrates manipulative techniques in his “Book of Healing”Its Latin translation influenced scholars such as Leonardo Da Vinci as well as the establishment of modern medicine
Renaissance in MedicineAndreas Vesalius (Belgium, 1514-1564)
Vesalius dissected human bodies to learn how they workedHe was not the first to do it, but was the first one to record his observations
He published most detailed anatomical texts “On the Fabric of the Human Body”it became the most influential anatomy book for centuries to come
Abroise Pare, a father of modern surgeryHippocrates’ manual procedures again appear in the writings of the Ambroise Pare, French ‘barber-surgeon’.
His most famous inventions were: - to treat wounds with the simple dressing and a soothing ointment of turpentine and herbs (prior, soldiers wounds were burned with hot oil thought to prevent infections)- the tying of a limb to restrict blood flow in order to prevent haemorrhage during amputations - developing techniques to reposition unborn babies in mother’s womb during difficult childbirth- Pare was an official royal surgeon to serve four French kings -perhaps his biggest achievement was to spread knowledge of his discoveries through numerous books and texts
Johannes Scultetus (1595-1645)
First academically trained German physician and surgeon.
His book The Surgeons Storehouse became the first complete catalog of surgical instruments.
The book contained illustrations of a variety of operative procedures along with described manipulative techniques for the extremities.
It became an invaluable manual for nonacademic barber surgeons.
Bone Setters- In the 16-19 centuries the
majority of world population lived in the rural communities and was too poor to afford the services of the well-educated physicians or surgeons
- Despite the scientific advances
in medicine, most Europeans received their medical care from village healers, frequently also practicing as bone setters.
- A bonesetter is a practitioner of joint manipulation. Bone setter would reduce dislocation and reset bones.
...more facts on bone setters❏ profession was flourishing in
Europe 1600s to early 1900s❏ majority of bone setters had
no formal medical training❏ manipulative techniques
passed down through family generations
❏ clicking sounds believed to be due to bones moving back into places
❏ bone setting profession was a precursor to modern osteopathy, chiropractic and physical therapy
In the The Complete Bonesetter written in 1656, Friar Thomas described manual manipulations.
Watch this fascinating video ‘Anatomy and History of Modern Medicine’
Thank you!
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