slip and fall prevention : back to basics readout... · slip and fall prevention: back to basics...
TRANSCRIPT
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Slip and Fall Prevention:Back To Basics
Larry Readout, CSP, ARM
Senior Engineer, Risk Improvement
EMC Insurance Co.
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1. Financial impact of falls
2. Critical same-level fall hazards
3. Slip/Fall prevention best practices
4. Key components of a slip/fall
prevention program
http://www.emcins.com/LossControl/safetyPrograms/slip-and-fall.html
Agenda
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Walking and Working Surfaces, 1910.21
(d) Inspection, maintenance, and repair. (1) The employer shall ensure through regular and periodic inspection and maintenance that walking and working surfaces are in safe condition for employee use.
(2) The employer shall ensure that all hazardous conditions which are discovered are corrected, repaired, or temporarily guarded to prevent employee use. Repairs shall be made in a manner that will restore the walking and working surface to a safe condition for employee use.
(3) Only qualified persons shall be permitted to inspect, maintain or repair walking and working surfaces except for the incidental cleanup of non-toxic materials.
Effective 1/17/2017
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2016 EMC Countrywide Data, work comp
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
# C
laim
s
Tota
l In
curr
ed
Total Incurred # Claims
Top Workplace Injuries
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2016 EMC Countrywide Data, all lines
Top Casualty Losses
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
# C
laim
s
Tota
l In
curr
ed
Total Incurred # Claims
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Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index 2017
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Not Just A Senior Issue
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National Statistics - Falls
Source: CDC
USA is #1Who’s #2?
4 out of 5 falls: No treatment
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1. No program / no one in charge
2. Not performing regular walkway audits
3. Unsure what constitutes a fall hazard
4. Unaware of floor traction and remedies
5. Slow to address hazards
Biggest Mistakes Businesses Make
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Risk Management Process
1. Scan Environment
2. Identify Risks
3. Analyze Risks
4. Treat Risks
5. Monitor
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Uneven surfaces
Slippery surfaces
Obstacles
Why Do people Fall?
#1 Issue
Critical Environmental Hazards
Personal Risk Factors
Complacency
Distractions
Personal health factors
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Not Sensitive To Risks
Dark, Icy, Uneven, Carrying Bulky Load
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Construction/Maintenance Activities
Greatly Increases Risk – Requires Frequent Auditing
Cords, hoses, other obstructions
Wet, contaminated or damaged walking surfaces
Poor quality or inappropriate mats
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Sunken ½”
Obstructions
Maintenance Activity
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Slip, Trips, Falls – Universal Hazards
1. Uneven walking surfaces
2. Slippery floors, wet or oily
3. Ice patches - parking lots/sidewalks
4. Inadequate mat strategy
5. Improper footwear
6. Cords, clutter and obstacles
7. Stairs – condition, handrails
8. Inadequate illumination
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Uneven Surfaces – Obvious?
Slab settled 2”, broken hand
Sunken ½”
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Less Obvious Hazard
½” change in elevation
Snow accumulation is a clue surface is uneven
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Repairs - Mud jacking
Same area after repairs
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Why Wasn’t This Noticed And Fixed?
1” raised edge. Person with walker fell face-first
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Which Is Safer?
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Subtle Risk = Complacency?
5/8” raised edge = broken wrist
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Preventing Trips?
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Eliminating Hazards Is Always Best
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Hierarchy of Hazard Control
Eliminate
Identify/Isolate
Warn
Least Effective
Most Effective
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Hall Of Shame
Sunken ½”
Eliminating hazard is always best!
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Fall Risk? Bank On It!
Customer stumbled at curb when leaving bankBroken collarbone, concussion
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Uneven Surfaces – Urgent Care Clinic
Built-up curb ramps are not recommended
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Is This A Solution?
Repaved and repainted the lot, but…..Same hazard remains!
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Solution - Awareness
Paint or stain sloped surfaces
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Reactive vs. Proactive
1” Raised edge = broken wrist. Painted after injury
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Short Flight Stairs
Stripe each edge and use mineral aggregate
Ramp instead?
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Flared Side Not Marked
Concrete – asphalt transitions often uneven
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You Make The Call
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Ramp Edge Not Marked
5/8” high here. Stumbled face forward.
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Best Practice
Highlight flared sidesUse mineral aggregate for slip resistance
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Missing The Mark
Don’t paint flat section – idea is to highlight flared sides
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Don’t Forget Traction
Low traction, need mineral aggregate
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Slippery Surfaces
Puddles = Wet shoes = Broken femurContributing factor: ceramic tile traction, small mat
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Floor Traction – ANSI/NFSI Standards
✓ ANSI/NFSI B101.0 2011: SCOF ≥ 0.6 high traction, .4 – .6 moderate
✓ ANSI/NFSI B101.3 2012: DCOF ≥ 0.42 high traction, .3 -.42 moderate
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Floor Traction – Senior Campus
Low traction ceramic tile, wiper mat not effective
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Floor Traction – Senior Campus
Simple treatment – now high traction, no mat needed
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Floor Traction – Senior Campus
Showers need more help, recommend SCOF > 0.8
Note water beading
Poor lighting too!
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Floor Traction – Senior Campus
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Floor Traction – More Is Better
Crazy use of a mat
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Floor Traction
Ceramic tile, unknown traction, fell when turningTurns require about 40% more traction
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Variable/Unknown Traction
Abrupt change in traction, turn. Snowy day. Wet soles?Shoulder and head injuries
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Got Traction?
Rainy day but no puddles. SCOF = 0.15
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Traction
Abrupt change in traction at ER entrance
>1.2
0.61
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Slip Resistant Footwear
Studies show at least 50% reduction in slips*
• SNEEZED-BOOT SLIPPED-FELL-DISLOCATED SHOULDER
• WEARNG FLIP FLOPS SLIPPD ON WET FLOOR- DIED
* Liberty Mutual Research Institute: Slips and Falls in Restaurants, 2011
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Poor drainage/water management
Sunken ½”
Slippery algae, neck/back injuries
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Directional Drainage
Sunken ½”
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#1 Seasonal Issue: Snow/Ice Management
• Everyone expects a safe environment
• 100% dry clear pavement hard to achieve
• Timeliness of response is critical
• Best Results: Mechanical removal combined with chemicals and abrasives as needed
Assign someone to oversee programIncrease audit frequency –conditions can change rapidly
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Thaw/Refreeze
37° air temperature at 7:00 am22° pavement temperature
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
30° F -1° F
SCO
F
Ice Traction vs Temperature
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• Have a site plan
• Depth/weather triggers
• Timing. Coordinate parking, plow after hours
• Salt services
• Thaw/refreeze follow up
Snow/Ice Management
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Thaw/Refreeze – Monitor Frequently
Ice not expected, was due to roof melt. No gutters
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$0.12
$0.16
$0.25
$0.28
$0.34
Sodium Chloride (rocksalt)
Sodium & MagnesiumChloride
Sodium, Magnesium &Calcium Chloride
Sodium, Potassium &Calcium Chloride
Calcium Chloride (90%)
15°
-5°
-10°
-20°
-25°
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Top Ice Melt Chemicals
1. Rock Salt. Cheap and readily available. Best in the 20 – 30° F range
2. Magnesium Chloride. High performance and lower environmental impact. Good to -15° F
3. Calcium Chloride. Widely used premium deicer, good to -25° F. Works fast
4. Acetates. No chlorides so low corrosion potential. Expensive.
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Temperature Matters
46.3
8.66.3 4.9 4.1 3.7 3.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30 20 15 10 5 0 -6
Po
un
ds
of
Ice
Me
lte
d
°F
Lbs of Ice Melted per Lb of Salt
Salt’s effectiveness drops off exponentially below 25 °F
Don’t use ice melt to simply melt snow/ice – shovel or plow first
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Salt Brine Pre-treatment
• Prevents snow/ice from bonding to surface
• Allows more efficient, effective plowing/shoveling
• Reduces waste and salt used
• Faster melting
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Salt Brine Pre-treatment
• Apply hours before storm for best results.
• 2.2 lbs salt per gallon of water
• Effective down to 15° F.
• Not recommended for:
• Freezing rain or rain turning to snow
• Very cold temperatures with dry blowing snow
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Too Much Ice Melt?
• Increases floor maintenance costs
• Can cause slippery floors, especially Calcium Chloride
• Environmental impact
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Post Event Cleanup
Residual sand can be slippery and clog storm sewers
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What About New Concrete?
• No chlorides for 2 years
• Use Acetates or abrasives only, or….
• Apply a sealer
• Generally not a chemical attack• Melted ice enters air pockets
and expands when refreezing
Typical spalling damage
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Frequent Site Monitoring – Winter/Early Spring
• Flat areas: Melted snow may pool and refreeze.
• Blowing snow: Windy conditions can undo plowing efforts.
• Handicapped parking spaces: Pay special attention to these
spaces. Users need more traction.
• Sidewalks: Sidewalks tend to freeze faster. Frequent monitoring is
critical.
• Icicles: Remove icicles from buildings - they can melt, drip and
refreeze on the pavement. Falling icicles can also be a hazard.
• North side of buildings: These areas tend to be more shaded and
don’t benefit from direct sun for melting.
OSHA’s new rule on walking-working surfaces requires employers to “inspect walking-working surfaces regularly and correct, repair, or guard against hazardous conditions“ – January 17, 2017
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Review site with contractor or staff before winter
Identify problem areas and obstacles for plows
Snow/Ice Management
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Thaw/Refreeze: Snow Plow Strategy
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Obstacles
Sunken ½”
Anything wrong here?
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Mat Strategy
Outdoor scraper
Dual action: scrape/absorbWalk-off carpet tiles
Wiper action
Wet areas or anti-fatigue
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Mat Strategy
Outdoor scraper
Dual action: scrape/absorb orWalk-off carpet tiles
Outside door
Inside doorway
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Mat Strategy
Wiper action
Wet areas or anti-fatigue
Additional walk off non-slip backing
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Making Mats Safer
Edge taping
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Grippy Mat
Got Mats?
Disposable wiper mats – adhesive backed
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More Harm Than Good?
Got Mats?
Curled edge kicked up - Shoulder and hip injuries
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Putting It All Together
1. Train staff to recognize & correct or isolate hazards✓ Walkway safety basics, floor maintenance
procedures, proper use of signs, spill clean up2. Perform regular walkway audits, include lighting *3. Provide easy way for employees to report hazards *4. Test hard-surfaced flooring for traction. Choose the
right floor type (ANSI B101.5, high traction)5. Written snow/ice management program6. Mat safety program: when/where, inspect/replace7. Require appropriate footwear
Walking Surface Safety Program
* Try EMC’s Walkway Check App
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Empower Staff to Report Hazards
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Putting It All Together
Prevent Slips, Trips
& Falls
Train staff to ID and report
hazards
Perform walkway
audits
Manage snow/ice removal
Manage floor mats
Ensure floors and shoes are high traction
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Addressing Human Factors
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TCNA Updated Test Method: AccuTest
DCOF AccuTest replaces ASTM C1028Uses BOT-3000, 0.42 is high traction threshold (DCOF)Uses sodium lauryl sulfate, a common real world residue
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Safe Walking Tips For Everyone
• Always take the safest route – avoid short cuts
• Don’t rush, especially on slippery surfaces or low light conditions.
• Don’t use your smartphone while walking.
• Walk deliberately on slippery surfaces. Take slow, short, flat-footed steps.
• Inspect shoe/boot outsoles monthly, especially heels
• Wear slip-resistant footwear, especially if exposed to wet environments.
• Look out for "black ice." Often shows up early in the morning, or in areas that are shaded from the sun.
• Use caution when getting in and out of vehicles, use the vehicle for support.
• When entering a building, remove as much snow and water from your boots as you can. Walk carefully on hard-surfaced floors – even if there are no puddles your outsoles may be wet.
• Avoid carrying items. Keep hands empty and outside pockets so arms are free to move for stabilization. If you must carry items, use backpacks.
• When walking on steps, always use the hand rail and plant your feet firmly on each step.
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