sm2222: information design and visualization public information symbols 4 november 2005
TRANSCRIPT
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SM2222: Information Design and Visualization
Public Information Symbols
4 November 2005
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A symbol is essentially a picture or visual representation which depicts one or
some of the features of referent (real-world object or concept) it represents.
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Advantages of using symbols
• They can be identified at a greater distance and more rapidly
• They can be identified more accurately when seen at a glance
• They can be can seen better under adverse viewing conditions
• They can be understood by people who do not read the language of the country
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Advantages of using symbols
• They can be detected more readily than can word signs
• They can be represented information in a spatially condensed form
• They can be multi-dimensional, incorporating such features as color, shape and size, as well as combination of these, into the basic symbol message
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Categories of symbols
• Industrial and occupational (in the workplace)
• Representing methods (machines, instructions)
• Management of public places (transportation, museums, hospitals)
• Knowledge
• Particular activities (sports)
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Criteria for effective symbols
• It must command attention or be easily detected by the person who needs the information
• It must be legible at the appropriate distance and must often be legible when seen for a very brief time (e.g. a highway sign) or under adverse viewing conditions (e.g. low illumination, glare)
• It must also be quickly identified, as drivers often have only a second to interpret and respond to the message
• It must be clearly understood and the action to be taken in response to the message should be immediately obvious
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Criteria for effective symbols
• Comprehension
• Conspicuity
• Reaction Time
• Legibility Distance
• Learnability
• Potential users
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A model of the relation between signal, sign and referent
SignalPicture/ Abstract Drawing
Sign RelationIconic or Symbolic
ReferentWorld Object/ Abstract Concept
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Classifications of symbols
• Form - includes resemblance, or use of an analogous image (e.g. the ‘falling rocks’ road sign symbol)
• Exemplar - use of a typical example for a class of objects (e.g. a book to represent ‘library’)
• Symbolic - an image represents a higher level of abstraction than the image itself (e.g. cracked wine glass to show ‘fragility’)
• Arbitrary – use of an image that has no relationship to the referent (e.g. the symbol for ‘biohazard’)
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Understanding symbols
• The psychological processes involved in recognizing and understanding pictographs
• Abstract ones invoke referents at conceptual level (e.g. computer command), whereas concrete ones invoke specific objects or exemplars
• Cultural experience and context play a role in the understanding of symbols (e.g. railway train sign)
• A warning message indicate either the nature of the hazard or its consequences
• It will also be determined its ease of design and effectiveness
• Early development of icons for computer (e.g. papers, folders, mail boxes), but many operations now just do not have pictorial representations
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Choice of symbols
Should drivers be told what they can (or must) do, OR what they cannot do on the road?
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Problems with symbols
• Many are too small to be seen from a distance, even at reading distance (e.g. on maps and brochures)
• They have very small or unnecessary detail
• Some are very similar to others, leading not only to confusion between symbol images, but also to misunderstanding of the messages
• The meaning of graphic symbols are not always obvious to the user
• It cannot communicate with people who do not read the language of the country
• Many symbols differ not only by style, but among cultures and over time within a culture (e.g. knife and fork vs. chopsticks depict restaurant)
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Methods for evaluating symbols
• Field and laboratory evaluation of symbols
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Methods for evaluating symbols
• Psychological methods - reaction time, glance legibility, legibility distance, comprehension, preference ratings and signal detection.
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Methods for evaluating symbols
• Comprehension Test (the standard ISO procedure – write out the symbol’s meaning)
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ISO procedure for the development of public information symbols
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Methods for evaluating symbols
• Semantic Differential Method – a series of selected bipolar adjectives (e.g. beautiful – ugly, strong – weak), then write out the symbol’s meaning
Ugly Beautiful
Weak Strong
Complex Simple
Meaning:
Meaning:
Meaning:
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Telephone
Telephone
Telephone
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ISO 1979
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Methods for evaluating symbols
• Comprehension Estimation Procedure – The correlations score of symbols between estimated and actual comprehension level
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Methods for evaluating symbols
• The effects of context and familiarity on comprehension
With full context – 2 sentence descriptione.g. You are walking in an international airport. This symbol is located on a sign extending from the wall overhead
With partial context – 2 word descriptione.g. international airport
No context information
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Guidelines for the image content of symbols
• Standardize the image content description in the early stage
• But it permit slight variation in the graphical image for cultural differences, corporate identity requirement, changes in technology and creativity from the designer
• Fundamental design criteria of symbols for ‘comprehension’ and ‘legibility’ must still be met
• Symbols must be meaningful, legible, learnable, memorable and used consistently
• Emphasize the distinguishing features which are more easily recognized even than photographs
• It may involve ‘stylization’ or the portrayal and exaggeration of the useful and essential elements of an object relevant to its identification
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Guidelines for the graphic design of symbols
• Uniformity of design – both within and between symbol system aids understanding
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Guidelines for the graphic design of symbols
• Complexity and detail – symbols should be as visually simple as possible and involve an easily discriminated figure with few details
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Guidelines for the graphic design of symbols
• 2 types of details in symbols – those necessary for adequate visibility at a greater distance and those desirable for understanding of the message
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Guidelines for the graphic design of symbols
• Specific symbol elements – it is most appropriate to use side views of certain components
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Guidelines for the graphic design of symbols
• Legibility
– feature size
– feature separation / gap size
– feature familiarity
– contrast
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A Design Case Study
Visual alerts to machinery hazards
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The demands a visual message with characteristics:
- It should be in the immediate vicinity of the hazard- It should be contrast with the background- It should instantaneously identify the nature of the hazard- It should indicate the consequences which can result if precaution are not taken- It should indicate the level of intensity or seriousness of the hazard- It should indicate instructions on how to avoid the hazard
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