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FASTMUN Study Guide March 8 2014 Committee Director: Mohammad Kamil Jamshed Assistant Committee Director: Owais Akbani Disarmament and International Security Committee

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Page 1: Small Arms Proliferation

FASTMUN Study Guide

March 8

2014 Committee Director: Mohammad Kamil Jamshed Assistant Committee Director: Owais Akbani

Disarmament and International Security Committee

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Table of Contents Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 4

Definitions ............................................................................................................................................... 5

Small Arms....................................................................................................................................... 5

Small Arms Trade ............................................................................................................................. 5

Small Arms Market .......................................................................................................................... 5

Small Arms Proliferation .................................................................................................................. 5

Weapons and Markets ............................................................................................................................ 5

Products .............................................................................................................................................. 5

Small Arms....................................................................................................................................... 5

Ammunition .................................................................................................................................... 6

Less-lethal weapons ......................................................................................................................... 7

Light Weapons ................................................................................................................................. 7

MANPADS ........................................................................................................................................ 7

Producers ............................................................................................................................................ 7

Industrial Production ....................................................................................................................... 8

Craft Production .............................................................................................................................. 8

Transfers ............................................................................................................................................. 8

Exporters ......................................................................................................................................... 8

Importers......................................................................................................................................... 9

Authorized Trade ............................................................................................................................. 9

Illicit Trafficking ............................................................................................................................... 9

Stockpiles .......................................................................................................................................... 10

Armed Actors ........................................................................................................................................ 10

State Security Forces...................................................................................................................... 10

Civilians ......................................................................................................................................... 11

Private Security Companies (PSCs) ................................................................................................. 11

Armed Groups ............................................................................................................................... 11

http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/M-

files/Armed%20groups'%20guided%20missiles%20-%20March%20update.pdf ............................. 11

Gangs ............................................................................................................................................ 11

Armed Violence ..................................................................................................................................... 12

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Conflict Armed Violence ................................................................................................................ 12

Non Conflict Armed Violence ......................................................................................................... 12

Gender and Armed Violence .......................................................................................................... 12

Levels of Action ..................................................................................................................................... 12

Control Measures .................................................................................................................................. 13

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISARMAMENT AFFAIRS (UNODA) .................................................. 14

Small Arms Survey ......................................................................................................................... 14

IANSA – International Action Network on Small Arms .................................................................... 14

Others ................................................................................................................................................... 15

Unplanned Explosions at Munitions Sites ....................................................................................... 15

Gun Rights Issues ........................................................................................................................... 15

References and Further Readings .......................................................................................................... 15

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Topic A: Proliferation of Small Arms

Overview The proliferation of small arms and light weapons represents a grave threat to human security. The

unchecked spread of these weapons has exacerbated inter- and intra-state conflicts, contributed to

human rights violations, undermined political and economic development, destabilized communities,

and devastated the lives of millions of people.

Consider, for example, the following:

Modern conflicts claim an estimated half a million people each year. 300,000 of these are from

conflicts, and 200,000 are from homicides and suicides.

Over 80 percent of all these casualties have been civilian

90 percent of civilian casualties are caused by small arms. This is far higher than the casualty

count from conventional weapons of war like tanks, bomber jets or warships.

Estimates of the black market trade in small arms range from US$2-10 billion a year.

Every minute, someone is killed by a gun

At least 1,134 companies in 98 countries worldwide are involved in some aspect of the

production of small arms and/or ammunition.

Civilians purchase more than 80% of all the firearms that are currently manufactured worldwide

each year.

There are at least 639 million firearms in the world today, of which 59% are legally held by

civilians.

The future success of efforts to deal with small arms and light weapons depends in large part on the

development of accurate information concerning the global flow of these weapons and on reliable

analyses of the causes and consequences of their proliferation.

Effective governmental or non-governmental action depends on a correct diagnosis of the problem, yet

policy-makers, analysts, and activists around the world often lack basic information concerning the

production, transfer, stockpiling, and use of small arms and light weapons. The strengths and

weaknesses of various policy instruments (such as gun buy-back schemes, strengthening of export

controls, codes of conduct, firearms, or ammunition marking) also need to be assessed on an ongoing

basis so that best practices can be disseminated from region to region.

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Definitions

Small Arms

Revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines, assault rifles, sub-machine guns and light machine

guns.

This term also refers to Light weapons which are: heavy machine guns, hand-held under-barrel and

mounted grenade launchers, portable anti-aircraft guns, portable anti-tank guns, recoilless rifles,

portable launchers of anti-tank missile and rocket systems;portable launchers of anti-aircraft missile

systems (MANPADS); and mortarsof calibres of less than 100 mm.

And this term also refers to the ammunition, parts and accessories of these weapons.

Small Arms Trade

Small arms trade refers to both authorized transfers of small arms and light weapons (and their parts,

accessories, and ammunition), and to illicit trade in such arms and weapons that occurs globally but is

concentrated in areas of armed conflict, violence, and organized crime.

Small Arms Market

The small arms market includes legal and illegal transfers. Legal transfers are generally defined as those

approved by the involved governments and in accord with national and international law. Illegal

transfers clearly violate either national or international law and take place without official government

authorization.

Small Arms Proliferation

This term is used to describe the growth in both authorized and illicit markets.

Weapons and Markets

Products

Small Arms

Small arms include revolvers and self-loading pistols, rifles and carbines, assault rifles, sub-machine

guns, and light machine guns.

Pistols and revolvers are the most widely dispersed and numerous of small arms. Law enforcement and

military personnel now favor semi-automatic pistols instead of revolvers. The world’s most popular

military-style handgun, in terms of sheer numbers, is the Makarov 9mm pistol, produced by the Izhmash

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plant in the Russian Federation for at least 50 years. However, the 9mm Browning Series pistol,

produced by FN Herstal (Belgium), is the most widely distributed handgun. Glock (Austria), Beretta (Italy

and US), Sturm, Ruger & Co (US), and Smith & Wesson (US) are some of the world’s largest suppliers of

handguns.

Bolt-action rifles are progressively being replaced by semi-automatic versions in law enforcement and

specialist military units. ‘Carbines’ are short-barreled variants of standard rifles. 12GA shotguns, such as

the ones manufactured by Mossberg (US), are very popular in the military, law enforcement and

commercial markets.

Automatic assault rifles are predominantly used as infantry weapons. The market is dominated by three

weapons—the Kalashnikov AK series (The Russian Federation), the M-16 series (US), and the FN-FAL

(Belgium). Market rivals include the following rifles: G3 (Germany), SIG 540 Series (Switzerland), AUG

(Austria) and the Galil (Israel).

Sub-machine guns (SMGs) are small, light automatic weapons that fire pistol-calibre ammunition to

short ranges. The 9mm Sterling SMG, although no longer in production in the UK, has been produced

under license in India and Canada and is in service in more than 90 countries. The 9mm MP5 SMG is

produced by Heckler & Koch (Germany) and is in service in over 50 countries. The standard 9mm Uzi,

produced by IMI (Israel), is in service in at least 50 countries, with estimates of total global licensed and

unlicensed production ranging as high as 10 million since the model was introduced in 1953.

Light and general-purpose machine guns are crew-served infantry weapons used to provide supporting

fire.

Ammunition

Small arms and light weapons ammunition includes a wide variety of products wich makes detailed

categorization difficult. One useful way of classifying small arms ammunition is by cartridge case length.

Larger calibre ordnance is usually recognizable by generic type, and normally marked with the calibre

and other inscriptions that usually allow basic identification. Small arms ammunition is primarily

cartridge-based. Described in military terms as a 'round' of ammunition, it comprises of a cartridge case,

bullet, propellant and primer. Non-cartridge ammunition are typically developed for various light

weapons. Though exceptions exist, they loosely fall into 4 sub-categories: rocket propelled, non-rocket

propelled, guided or unguided. Non-rocket propelled projectiles are fired from recoilless rifles, mortars

and rifle grenades. Unguided rocket- propelled projectiles, known commonly as rocket-propelled

grenades (RPGs), are fired from launchers and boosted to the required flight velocity by an internal

rocket motor towards the selected target. The most sophisticated type, guided projectiles or guided

missiles such as those used in MANPADS and modern anti-tank guided weapons (ATGWs), have self-

sustaining power sources and are able to change their trajectory during flight.

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Less-lethal weapons

These are designed to incapacitate people without causing death or permanent, irreversible injury. The

traditional club, or baton, are the oldest non-lethal weapons known to man. All less-lethal weapons can

be lethal if they are used indiscriminately and without proportionate use of force. Today's mass-

produced less-lethal technologies were developed by private companies with strong marketing skills and

support from government funds.

Light Weapons

Light weapons are mortars up to 120 mm in calibre; hand-held, under-barrel, and automatic grenade

launchers; heavy machine guns; portable anti-tank and anti-aircraft missile systems; anti-materiel rifles,

recoilless rifles, and guns; portable rocket launchers and portable rockets fired from rails. As of 2008, at

least 51 countries manufactured light weapons, with 45 producing one or more complete systems and 6

additional countries producing components or providing upgrades for existing systems. Light weapons

are used by militaries around the world and have proliferated widely among armed groups. The latest

generation of light weapons is more lethal, more portable, and generally more capable than older

systems, raising concerns about their uncontrolled proliferation.

MANPADS

Man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS) are light-weight surface-to-air missile systems designed

to be operated by a single individual or a small crew. Most MANPADS consist of a launcher (gripstock), a

battery, and a missile packed in a launch tube that rests upon the shoulder of the operator. Most

feature a guidance system that locks onto and tracks the target’s infrared (IR) signature. The US

government estimates that more than one million MANPADS have been produced in at least 20

countries since the 1960s; of these, approximately 500,000–750,000 remain in the global inventory.

MANPADS have proliferated widely among governments and armed groups and are a threat to all types

of aircraft, including civilian passenger planes. More than 40 civilian aircraft have been hit by MANPADS

since the 1970s, resulting in at least 28 crashes and more than 800 deaths worldwide.

Producers

More than 1,000 companies from some 100 countries produce small arms and light weapons and their

ammunition. Only about a dozen countries produce advanced guided light weapons.

Procurement analysis suggests that within a 50 year period, world production of military assault rifles,

carbines, pistols, and light and heavy machine guns would range between 36 million and 46 million

units, with an annual production of small arms alone (firearms, rather than light weapons) averaging

700,000—900,000. Research suggests that close to 80 countries currently produce small arms

ammunition for pistols, revolvers, rifles, carbines, sub-machine guns, and machine-guns. Producers with

the capacity to make the equipment necessary to manufacture small arms ammunition are far less

numerous, however.

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More than 60 countries currently produce complete light weapon systems or components. More than

half of them are known to manufacture either parts or entire man-portable air-defence systems

(MANPADS) or anti-tank guided weapons (ATGWs).

The granting of licenses and production rights and the spread of technology have enabled many

countries to produce small arms and light weapons without undertaking expensive or time-consuming

research and development programmes. The Small Arms Survey estimates that 530,000 to 580,000

military small arms are produced annually either under licence or as unlicensed copies.

Industrial Production

Most of the top manufacturing countries are also the top exporting countries. Some countries, however,

such as India, Pakistan, and North Korea, also have substantial small arms industrial production

capacities to accommodate sizeable domestic markets.

Craft Production

Craft production of small arms refers principally to weapons and ammunition that are fabricated largely

by hand in relatively small quantities. These weapons, produced in dozens of countries across the globe,

are often used in crimes and against government targets.

Transfers

The trade in small arms, light weapons, and their parts, accessories, and ammunition involves every

country in the world. The Small Arms Survey 2102estimated that international small arms trade is worth

at least USD 8.5 billion. This estimate is significantly higher than the Survey’s previous estimate of USD 4

billion (in Small Arms Survey 2009), reflecting both an absolute increase in the value of transfers of

certain items and a more complete accounting of these and other transfers.

The global trade in small arms and light weapons consists of both newly produced weapons and surplus

arms that their owners no longer need. Trade in sporting shotguns, sporting rifles, pistols, and revolvers

is much greater than that in firearms made to military specifications. A small number of countries

dominate this trade; 18 countries are known to have exported at least USD 100 million in a single year

between 2001 and 2010.

Exporters

Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Italy, and the United States routinely report annual exports of small

arms, light weapons, their parts, accessories, and ammunition worth USD 100 million or more. The Small

Arms Survey estimates that China and the Russian Federation also routinely achieve this level of activity

although the reporting by Beijing and Moscow is particularly incomplete. Between 2001 and 2010, the

Survey has documented 10 other governments that have exported USD 100 million or more in small

arms at least once: Canada, France, Israel, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and

the United Kingdom.

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Importers

An analysis of customs data suggests that for the period 2001 to 2007 five countries—Canada, France,

Germany, Saudi Arabia, and the United States—routinely imported mall arms, light weapons, their parts,

accessories, and ammunition worth USD 100 million or more per year. Customs data also suggests that

eight additional countries imported at least USD 100 million or more in at least one year during this

seven-year period: Australia, Cyprus, Egypt, Japan, the Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, and the United

Kingdom. A review of customs data shows that Italy routinely imported more than USD 50 million per

year from 2001 to 2007.

Authorized Trade

The authorized transfers of small arms, light weapons and their parts, accessories, and ammunition are

worth at least USD 8.5 billion annually. Ammunition for small arms and light weapons accounts for

roughly half of this total (USD 4.266 billion), followed by small arms (USD 1.662 billion), parts (USD 1.428

billion), light weapons (USD 811 million), and accessories (USD 350 million).

Illicit Trafficking

The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons occurs in all parts of the globe but is concentrated in

areas afflicted by armed conflict, violence, and organized crime, where the demand for illicit weapons is

often highest. Arms trafficking fuels civil wars and regional conflicts; stocks the arsenals of terrorists,

drug cartels, and other armed groups; and contributes to violent crime and the proliferation of sensitive

technology.

Black market trafficking usually takes place on a regional or local level; publicly available data suggests

that the multi-ton, inter-continental shipments organized by the ‘merchants of death’ account for only a

small fraction of illicit transfers. Among the most important forms of illicit trafficking is the ‘ant trade’—

numerous shipments of small numbers of weapons that, over time, result in the accumulation of large

numbers of illicit weapons by unauthorized end users. Data analyzed in the Small Arms Survey

2013 indicates that thousands of firearms seized in Mexico are traced to the United States annually.

These weapons are often purchased from gun shops in small numbers and then smuggled over the

border. While individual transactions occur on a small scale, the sum total of the weapons trafficked into

Mexico is large.

While most arms trafficking appears to be conducted by private entities, certain governments also

contribute to the illicit trade by deliberately arming proxy groups involved in insurgencies against rival

governments, terrorists with similar ideological agendas, or other non-state armed groups. These types

of transfers, which are prevalent in Africa and other regions where armed conflict is common, are often

conducted in contravention of UN arms embargoes and have the potential to destabilize neighbouring

countries. In recent years, governments have covertly delivered tens of thousands of small arms and

light weapons to various armed groups in Somalia despite a long-standing UN arms embargo. As

revealed in the Small Arms Survey 2012, these weapons range from Kalashnikov-pattern assault rifles to

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third-generation SA-18 MANPADS, one of which was used to shoot down a Belarusian cargo aircraft

delivering supplies intended for peacekeepers in March 2007.

Stockpiles There are at least 875 million combined civilian, law enforcement, and military firearms in the world.

The majority of global firearms, roughly 75 per cent of the known total, belong to civilian owners.

State Stockpiles Government-owned small arms inventories are a major small arms category, covering some 200 million

military small arms and about 25 million among law enforcement agencies. These also are the largest

category stored in coherent stockpiles.

Civilian Inventories

Most of the world's 875 million small arms are firearms in civilian hands, which total approximately 650

million. They range from collectible antiques to state-of-the-art automatics. Civilian ownership is the

fastest-growing category, as consumers buy more guns and as former military and law enforcement

weapons gradually shift into civilian hands.

Armed Actors

A variety of actors, including state security forces, civilians, private security companies, armed groups,

and gangs, use small arms. The quantities and sophistication of the weapons they possess can differ

widely, however. Similarly, armed actors do not exercise the same levels of controls over their

armaments, resulting in varying levels of threats to human security – whether illegitimate firearm use or

unplanned ammunition depot explosions. Analysing small arms-related concerns through the lens of the

actors holding them therefore brings policy-relevant nuances to the discussion.

State Security Forces

State security forces—militaries and law enforcement agencies—hold about one forth of the global

small arms stockpile. The diversion of state-owned weapons to unauthorized or controversial entities,

the excessive use of force and firearms by state agents, as well as deadly explosions at large ammunition

depots are some of the issues raised by state held weapons.

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Civilians

Private ownership of firearms, both legal and illegal, accounts for about 75 per cent of the global small

arms stockpile. The extent to which the availability of firearms to the general population influences

levels of armed violence is subject to a heated debate. Levels of regulation and control vary greatly, as

civilians are able to procure fully-automatic firearms in several countries.

Private Security Companies (PSCs)

While private security companies (PSCs) are falling under increased scrutiny due to the roles they have

played in Afghanistan and Iraq, their holdings and use of arms remain insufficiently documented,

especially in countries considered to be at peace. Some PSCs have been involved in the illegal acquisition

and possession of firearms, have lost weapons through theft, and have used their small arms against

civilians.

Armed Groups

Armed groups are armed organizations that challenge the state’s monopoly of legitimate coercive force.

They include a variety of actors, including opposition and insurgent movements, pro-government

militias, and community-based vigilante groups. Even though armed groups possess less than one per

cent of the world’s small arms, they can often procure sophisticated types of weaponry. Roughly 60

armed groups have reportedly accessed man-portable air-defence systems (MANPADS) and anti-tank

guided weapons between 1998 and 2012, for instance. Some armed groups are also reported to

deliberately use their small arms against civilians during armed conflicts, in contradiction with

international humanitarian law.

Guided light weapons (portable systems able to fire missiles directed toward a target after launch,

whether man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS) against aerial targets, or anti-tank guided

weapons (ATGWs) against armoured and ground targets) present security challenges for both their

adversaries and the international community. While some armed groups receive these weapons directly

from states as a matter of official policy, many of the actors listed here obtain such systems through

seizure, corruption, and the black market.

See for Guided light weapons reportedly held by non-state armed groups 1998-2013 :

http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/M-files/Armed%20groups'%20guided%20missiles%20-

%20March%20update.pdf

Gangs

Gangs are armed groups that are involved primarily in criminal behaviour and tend to operate in urban

environments. Gang activities are often directed at economic pursuits, gang (and sometimes

community) security, and providing a familial network for members. While gangs control less than two

per cent of the world’s small arms, they often find access to military-style automatic firearms and other

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sophisticated types of weaponry. Gangs are key protagonists in non-conflict-related armed violence,

which claims an estimated two-thirds of global violent deaths.

Armed Violence

Every year, armed violence kills around 526,000 people, more than three-quarters of whom die in non-

conflict settings. Armed violence includes:

Conflict Armed Violence

Armed conflict destroys lives and livelihoods. Small arms and light weapons are responsible for the

majority of direct conflict deaths. Between 2004 and 2007, at least 208,300 violent deaths were

recorded in armed conflicts—an average of 52,000 people killed per year.

Non Conflict Armed Violence

By far the largest human burden of armed violence is caused by deaths and injuries that occur in non-

conflict and non-war settings. Non-conflict armed violence includes homicides, suicides, extrajudicial

killings, and other forms of death or injury, such as those resulting from domestic violence or gender-

based armed violence, social cleansing, or disappearances and kidnappings.

Gender and Armed Violence

Armed violence affects women, men, girls, and boys in different ways—as both perpetrators and targets

of armed violence. Across cultures, most acts of violence are committed by men, and men and boys also

account for the majority of firearm-related deaths and injuries.

Levels of Action

Small arms regulations and controls have been adopted at the national, regional, and international

(global) levels. As reflected in the UN Programme of Action and existing practice, these different levels

of action reinforce one another. While national regulation constitutes the foundation of broader control

efforts, the transnational nature of the small arms problem necessitates some degree of harmonization

of small arms controls, combined with inter-state cooperation in their implementation.

At the national level, small arms control measures typically take the form of laws, regulations, and

administrative procedures. Multilateral measures may be legal or political in nature (such as treaties or

politically binding documents), but corresponding legal rules are usually adopted (if not already present)

at the national level when such commitments result in concrete action.

A wide variety of actors are involved in national, regional, and international attempts to strengthen

controls over small arms. Civil society helps to build support for such efforts and to shape and

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implement specific policy initiatives. Yet the principal role in small arms control belongs to those entities

with responsibility for the security of their citizens, namely, states.

A Brief history of the steps taken at Regional, International, and Governmental Efforts to Combat the

Illicit Traffic in Small and Light Arms

UN Small Arms Conference 2001

A UN Programme of Action on small arms and light weapons was finalized which provides the

framework for activities to counter the illicit trade in small arms.

The Arms Trade Treaty

On 2 April 2013, the General Assembly adopted the landmark Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), regulating the

international trade in conventional arms, from small arms to battle tanks, combat aircraft and warships.

The treaty will foster peace and security by putting a stop to destabilizing arms flows to conflict regions.

It will prevent human rights abusers and violators of the law of war from being supplied with arms. And

it will help keep warlords, pirates, and gangs from acquiring these deadly tools.

UN Review Conference 2012

A review conference on UN Programme of Action on small arms and light weapons was conducted

between 27 August to 7 September 2012.

See:

http://www.fas.org/asmp/campaigns/smallarms/illicit.html

UN Meetings on Small Arms

Control Measures ‘Control’ in this context means ensuring that weapons and ammunition are held for approved purposes

by individuals or groups which, in the judgement of relevant authorities, can be trusted not to misuse

them. Control efforts confront a series of problems. One is the remarkable longevity of small arms. If

stored carefully, several decades may pass before the original weapon becomes unusable, but its

component parts—recycled in newer weapons—may last even longer.

Small arms often pass through many hands before the end of their lives, further complicating control

efforts. This life cycle begins with manufacture and moves on at some stage to possession, but need not

end with first possession. Domestic and international transfer, storage (stockpiling), and final disposal

(destruction) may all feature in the small arms life cycle. Most regulatory regimes are designed to

maintain control over weapons and ammunition during a specific part of this cycle, but measures such

as marking, record-keeping, and tracing intervene at several different stages.

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A list of different types of control measures taken:

Manufacturing Controls

Stockpile Management and Security

International Transfer Controls

Brokering Controls

Weapons Collection and Destruction

Marking, Record-keeping and Tracing

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DISARMAMENT AFFAIRS (UNODA)

UNODA was established in January 1998 as the Department for Disarmament Affairs. It promotes:

Nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation

Strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction,

and chemical and biological weapons

Disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons, especially landmines and small arms,

which are the weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts.

Small Arms Survey

The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at theGraduate Institute of

International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. It serves as the principal international

source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence and as a resource for

governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activists. The project has an international staff with

expertise in security studies, political science, international public policy, law, economics, development

studies, conflict resolution, criminology, and sociology.

IANSA – International Action Network on Small Arms

The International Action Network on Small Arms is the global movement against gun violence, linking

civil society organisations working to stop the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons.

IANSA supports efforts to make people safer by reducing demand for such weapons, improving firearm

regulation and strengthening controls on arms transfers. Through research, advocacy and campaigning,

IANSA members are promoting local, national, regional and global measures to strengthen human

security.

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Others

Unplanned Explosions at Munitions Sites

Unplanned explosions at munitions sites (UEMS) are a global problem. A single UEMS incident often

results in dozens of casualties and millions of dollars in damages to nearby buildings, infrastructure and

homes.

Gun Rights Issues

Gun rights organizations like the National Rifle Association and the Jews for the Preservation of Firearms

Ownership argue each non-criminal person has a right to self-defense, and the most effective way of

doing so is by the individual keeping and bearing of arms. These organizations point out warlords and

governments in conflict areas will always have access to weapons, and disarmament efforts only serve

to disarm the population, creating more defenseless victims

References and Further Readings http://www.globalissues.org/article/78/small-arms-they-cause-90-of-civilian-casualties

http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2013.html

http://www.un.org/disarmament/

http://www.iansa.org/home