small cell lung cancer
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Understanding and Treating Small Cell Lung CancerTRANSCRIPT
Small Cell Lung CancerRobert Miller MD
www.aboutcancer.com
Types of Lung CancerNon-small cell carcinoma (NSCC)
(87%)◦Adenocarcinoma (38%)◦Squamous cell (20%)◦Large cell (5%)
Small cell carcinoma (13%)
Small cell lung cancer is virtually always caused by smoking and as smoking has decreased the incidence of this cancer has declined
Percent of Lung Cancers that were Small Cell:
1978: 20-25%, 1986: 17%, 2002: 13%NCDB Data for 2000-2010 small cell was 15%
Since women have not cut back on smoking as much as men, the frequency of small cell in women has increased
Women accounted for 28% in 1973 and in 2002 it was 50%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40 50 60 70 80
11%
31%
33%
19%
5%
Age Distribution: NCDB 2000-2010 for Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small Cell Lung Cancer
• These are classified as a neuroendocrine cancer
• These are fast growing cancers and only 1/3 are still confined to the chest
• Most patients are treated with chemotherapy and radiation but a small number (2- 5%) with early stage I may benefit from surgical resection
• 95% of small cell cancers start in the lung but 5% arise from outside the lung (e.g. Nasopharynx, gastrointestinal or genitourinary sites
Biopsy - confirm the cancer and determine the type
Bronchoscopy CT directed biopsy
Pathology
• Cancer cells should stain positive for keratin, epithelial membrane antigen and TTF-1
• Since they are neuroendocrine they should also stain for: chromogranin A, neuron specific enolase, NCAM and synaptophysin
“special stains”
Lung Imaging Lung Imagin
g
Lymph Nodes and Lung Cancer
Lymph Nodes in the Lung
Reading a CT Scan
Cross Section Anatomy of the Chest
Nodes on cross section
CT Small Cell
Usually large mass in the mediastinal lymph nodes and may compress the superior vena cava
Stages of Lung Cancer
Stage I – small spot no nodesStage II – larger or nodes on the side of the lung (hilar or N1 nodes)
Stage III – very large tumor or lymph nodes in the middles of the chest (mediastinum or N2 nodes)
Stage IV – metastases to other organs
Stage from NCDB
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 40
10
20
30
40
50
60
NSCLSCL
Stages for Small Cell
Veterans Affairs Lung Study Group defined limited stage (LS disease) as that confined to the ipsilateral hemithorax which could be safely encompassed within a tolerable radiation field and extensive stage (ES disease) as disease beyond the ipsilateral hemithorax, including malignant pleural or pericardial effusion or hematogenous metastases.
Patients with contralateral hilar or supraclavicular lymph nodes were excluded from some studies of LS disease, even though modern RT techniques can allow for high-dose RT to be delivered in selected cases.
Small Cell Stages
•Limited Stage: confined to the chest and regional nodes (1/3)•Extensive Stage: distant metastases (2/3)
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung usually presents with a large central tumor (hilar/mediastinal lymph node mass
Symptoms of Small Cell
• Because of the large lymph node swelling in the chest the patient may have shortness of breath, trouble swallowing, hoarseness, facial swelling (superior vena cava syndrome)
• Many present with symptoms of spread or metastases: headaches (brain met) bone pain (bone mets) or eating problems (liver mets)
• Some present with neurologic or endocrine paraneoplastic syndrome (e.g. low sodium or elevated calcium)
PET scan showing a typical small cell cancer with a large mediastinal mass making it hard to even see the heart on the left side
Small Cell Lung Cancer
NCCN.org
NCCN.com
Treatment for Small Cell Lung Cancer
Limited Stage: consider surgery resection for early stage followed by chemotherapy +/- radiation, otherwise most patients get chemotherapy plus radiation
Extensive Stage: unless very weak consider chemotherapy +/- radiation
The role of surgery in the treatment of limited disease small cell lung cancer: time to reevaluate.J Thorac Oncol. 2008 Nov;3(11):1267-71.
We identified 59 patients who underwent complete resection with nodal dissection for SCLC.
overall survival at 1 year of 76%
and 5 years 52%
Only 2 to 5% are candidates for surgery
Various chemotherapy schemes have been evaluated for SCLC; however, Cisplatin and Etoposide is widely considered as the standard, with observed response rates of 80–85% and approximately 25% of patients obtaining a complete response
However, most patients experience disease relapse. Attempts to improve the outcome using different or more dose-intensive chemotherapy regimens or maintenance chemotherapy have not led to improved outcomes.
Chemotherapy for Small Cell
Carboplatin- or Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy in First-Line Treatment of Small-Cell Lung Cancer: The COCIS Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data
JCO May 10, 2012 vol. 30 no. 14 1692-1698
Radiation for Small Cell
• Adding radiation to chemotherapy will lower the risk of lung relapse by 25 to 30% and increase the survival by 5 to 7%• Radiation dose to the lung can be twice a day to 45Gy or daily to 60 – 70 Gy
Twice-Daily Compared with Once-Daily Thoracic Radiotherapy in Limited Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated Concurrently with Cisplatin and Etoposide
N Engl J Med 1999; 340:265-271
total dose of thoracic radiotherapy was 45 Gy for each patient, 1.8 Gy daily in 25 treatments over a period of five weeks or Accelerated twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy involved the administration of 1.5 Gy in 30 treatments over a period of three weeks.
• Low dose prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) reduced the risk of brain mets from 58% to 33% and increased 2y survival from 15% to 21% and another study showed a decreased risk of brain mets from 49% down to 14% and improved 1 year survival from 13% up to 27%
• Brain dose of 24 to 30Gy
Benefits of PCI (prophylactic cranial irradiation) of extensive stage small cell in lowering the
risk of developing brain metastases
Small cell cancer may shrink so quickly, it may be necessary to adjust the radiation target
Daily CT images on Tomo will allow for the physician to adjust the radiation target if the cancer changes in size or position
Typical CT Changes for Small Cell after Chemoradiation
PET-CT Changes for Small Cell after Chemoradiation
Results with ChemoradiationStage Respons
eSurviva
lSurviva
l
Limited Stage
70 – 90% 14 to 20 months
40%/2y
Extensive
60 – 70% 9 to 11 months
< 5%/2y
Stage 2 Year 5 Year
I 41.1% 21.5%
II 34.4% 17.2%
III 23.4% 9.5%
IV 5.9% 1.6%
Observed Survival for Small Cell Lung Cancer
NCDB Data (cases diagnosed in 2003 – 2005)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
Observed Survival for Small Cell Lung Cancer
NCDB Data (cases diagnosed in 2003 – 2005)
Small Cell Lung CancerRobert Miller MD
www.aboutcancer.com