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Small Fruit Small Fruit ProductionProduction
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Teryl R. RoperDept. of Horticulture
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Small Fruits for Small Fruits for WisconsinWisconsin
• Strawberry• Raspberry
• Juneberry• Currants
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• Blueberry• Cranberry• Lingonberry
• Gooseberry
Soils for berriesSoils for berries• Well drained loamy soils• High organic matter
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• Amend with compost, etc.
• pH between 6.0 and 7.0• Except blueberries & lingonberries
(4.5 to 5.5)
Site preparationSite preparation• Begin the year before planting• Soil test & add P, K fertilizer if needed• Adjust pH (if needed & possible)
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• Adjust pH (if needed & possible)• Control perennial weeds
• Cultivation• Non-residual herbicides
• Add organic matter• Manure, green manures, compost
Obtaining PlantsObtaining Plants• Purchase plants from a reputable
nursery• True to name
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• True to name• Disease free• Virus indexed
• Don’t save, don’t share• Arrange for spring delivery
Strawberry PlantStrawberry Plant• Crown• Leaves
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• Stolons (runners)• Roots• Trusses (flowers and fruit)
• Plantings last 3-5 years
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25-40%
25-40%
Flower Truss
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25 40%
Stolon orRunner
Crown
Roots
50-10%
Tertiary
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PrimaryPrimary
Secondary
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Daughter Plant
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Stolon
Stolons or Runners
Anther
Petals
Strawberry FlowerStrawberry Flower
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Stigma
Style
Achene
Receptacle
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3
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Fruiting HabitsFruiting Habits• June bearers Short Day• Everbearers Long Day• Day Neutral Insensitive
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• Day Neutral Insensitive
Day Neutral Day Neutral StrawberriesStrawberries
• Based on a collection of F. virginiana made in Utah’s Wasatch mountains by Royce Bringhurst, Breeder at UC-Davis.
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y g ,• Incorporated into breeding program.• Is now the basis for the strawberry
industries in California, Florida and other warm climates.
PlantingPlanting• Spring after danger of frost
pastP d th
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• Proper depth• Spread roots• Firm soil around crown
PLANTING DEPTHPLANTING DEPTH
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ShallowShallow CorrectCorrect DeepDeep
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Strawberry planting Strawberry planting systemssystems
• Matted Row• 12 to 18” between
plants
• Spaced Plant• 6” between plants• 36 to 40 row spacing
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• 36 to 40” row spacing• Beds 12-18” wide• Runners encouraged
p g• Single plant row• Runners removed
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Spaced Plant System
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5
ant S
yste
m
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Spac
ed P
l
Remove blossoms Remove blossoms the first yearthe first year
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Promotes vegetative growth
IrrigationIrrigation• Strawberry is shallow rooted• The soil must not dry out
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• Require 1 to 2 inches per week
Winter MulchWinter Mulch• Straw 2-3”• Apply when soil freezes (late)
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• Remove in spring as leaves emerge (early)
• Spun-bonded polyester row covers
Winter ProtectionWinter Protection
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3 to 4 inches of clean straw
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Avoid weedy straw
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Remove mulch when new leaves emerge
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Place mulch between rowsPlace mulch between rows
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Alive ☺Dead
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Frost ProtectionFrost Protection• Proper site is important• Tarping is the best and easiest
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solution in home gardens• Tarps• Blankets• Row cover material
RenovationRenovation• Begin immediately after harvest• Control weeds
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• Mow leaves if leaf diseases serious• Narrow rows• Place soil around crowns• Incorporate mulch• Fertilize
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Rows vs. PatchRows vs. Patch• Linear feet of row edge Yield• Square feet covered ≠ Yield
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FertilityFertility• Amend soil before planting• Do Not add fertilizer before
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harvest• Get leaves, not fruit
FertilityFertility• Year 1 when runners form apply:
• ¾ to 1 ½ lbs ammonium sulfate OR• ½ to 1/3 lbs urea per 100 feet of row
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• Bearing years at renovation AND one month later apply:• ½ lb ammonium sulfate OR• 1/3 lb urea per 100 feet of row
• Water thoroughly
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CultivarsCultivars• June bearing• Earliglow• Honeoye
• Day neutral• Tribute• Tristar
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• Honeoye• Cavendish• Jewel• Sparkle
• Tristar• Seascape
Questions?Questions?
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RaspberriesRaspberries
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Raspberry PlantRaspberry Plant• Woody perennial
• CrownR t
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• Roots• Canes Primocanes & floricanes• Leaves• Flowers
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Raspberry PlantRaspberry Plant• Biennial growth and fruiting habit
• PrimocanesFl i
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• Floricanes
• Plantings last 8-10 years
Tips Floricanes
Primocanes
Side Branches
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Crown
Roots Crown Buds
ImmatureBuds
Fruit buds70%
20%
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Leader BudRoots
6%
4%
StigmaStyle
AntherFilament
Ovule
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Receptacle
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Raspberry Fruiting Raspberry Fruiting HabitsHabits
• Summer Bearing• Fruit on one year old floricanes
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Fruit on one year old floricanes• Fall Bearing
• Fruit on primocanes
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Planting RaspberriesPlanting Raspberries• In the spring after danger of
frosts is past
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• Just lower than in the nursery
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Planting SystemsPlanting Systems• Rows
• Plants 2-3 feet apart in rowsR 6 10 f t t
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• Rows 6-10 feet apart
• Hills• 4 X 4 feet apart
Hill System
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Hill System
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Hill SystemHill System
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Pruning RaspberriesPruning Raspberries• Summer
• Remove fruited floricanes• Thin out new shoots
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• Thin out new shoots
• Dormant• Head floricanes by ¼• Remove weak or damaged wood• Thin canes to 4-6 per foot of row
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BEFORE AFTER
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BEFORE
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AFTER
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FertilityFertility• 4 to 6 cups high N fertilizer
per 100 feet of rowTi i
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• Timing• Early spring (early May)• Late spring (early June)
HarvestingHarvesting• Red, yellow, & black raspberries
• The cap pulls clean leaving the receptacle
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receptacle
• Blackberries• The receptacle is removed along with
the fruit
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Other BramblesOther Brambles• Black raspberries R. occidentalis• Purple raspberries R. neglectus• Interspecific hybrids:
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• Interspecific hybrids:• Boysenberries red x blackberry• Tayberries red 4 x black 8
• Blackberries Many species
Raspberry CultivarsRaspberry Cultivars• Summer Bearing• Boyne• Nova
• Fall Bearing• Autumn Britten• Autumn Bliss
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• Killarney• Reveille• Titan
• Ruby• Heritage
Raspberry CultivarsRaspberry Cultivars• Yellow• Goldie
• Purple• Brandywine
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• Kiwigold• Fall Gold
• Royalty
GrapesGrapes• Vitis labrusca
• Blue grapes also known as fox grapes. Native to western hemisphere. Hardy.
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p y
• V. vinifera• Wine grapes native to Europe. Not hardy
• French-American hybrids• Hybrids are marginally hardy
Grape PlantGrape Plant• Roots. Root readily from cuttings• Trunk. May be single or split• Cordon. Horizontal permanent stems
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p• Canes. One year old wood. Current season
growth, too.• Spurs. Canes pruned off short. 2-3 buds• Tendrils. Twining structures borne opposite
leaves or clusters. Helps hold vines to trellis
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One year old cane
Current season cane
Cluster
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Tendril
Primary Bud
Tertiar
Seconda
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ry Bud
ary Bud
HardinessHardiness• French hybrids
• -10F bud and trunk injury20F kill b d d t k
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• -20F kill buds and trunks
• American types• -20F would cause crop reduction
Grape trainingGrape trainingPruning
Spur Cane
g
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Cordon Cordon trained, spur pruned
Cordon trained, cane pruned
Head Head trainedspur pruned
Head trainedspur pruned
Trai
nin
g
Cordon/SpurCordon/Spur
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Cordon/CaneCordon/Cane
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Head/SpurHead/Spur
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Head/CaneHead/Cane
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Cane Cane vs.vs. SpurSpur
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Labrusca types bear fruit at the second to fifth cane nodes
Vinifera types bear fruit at the second and third canenodes
J system forcold climates
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Spur pruned roseSpur pruned rose
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Balanced pruningBalanced pruning• American types
• 30 plus 10 system30 buds for first pound of prunings
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• 30 buds for first pound of prunings• 10 buds for each additional pound
• French hybrids• 20 plus 10 system
• Don’t exceed 40-50 buds98
PollinationPollination• Grapes with perfect flowers are self
fruitfulS ild t h l d
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• Some wild types have male and female plants. Male plants produce flowers, but never produce fruit.
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PropagationPropagation• Cuttings root easily• Cut canes with three nodes (bud)
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• Put two buds below ground one above
• Vines will readily root and grow• Can also tip layer
FertilityFertility• Annual nitrogen application in
springM d dditi l t i
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• May need additional potassium• Micronutrients rarely needed• Tissue testing based on petioles
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Questions?
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Bush FruitBush Fruit• Blueberries• Juneberries• Gooseberries
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• Gooseberries• Currants
• Red• Black
• Culture is very similar
ReviewReview• Correct Site• Correct Species
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• Correct Cultivar• Correct System• Pre-plant preparations• Careful Culture