small hydropower: a tool for rural transformation ... · status of hydropower development in africa...
TRANSCRIPT
THE WEST AFRICAN WATER INUSTRY
CONVENTION
SMALL HYDROPOWER: A TOOL FOR RURAL TRANSFORMATION & SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY
Engr. Mrs Roseline Ada ChengeManaging Director Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority
OUTLINE
• Background
• Benefits of SHP
• Basic components of SHP
• Potential in Nigeria
• Cases
Basics of SHP• 1.0 Introduction
• HP is a renewable energy source that converts the energy of flowing water to generateelectricity.
• HP is the most developed and most efficient source of renewable energy.
• It is estimated that the world technically feasible HP potential is about 14,400TWHr/Yr of which just about 800TWHr/Yr is considered economically feasible for development. HP provides about one fifth (1/5) of the world total electricity generation. (Source: World Energy Council WEC)
• Nigeria as a country has a total HP potential of over 12,000MW out of which only 1900MW is exploited and this amounts to 32% of the total commercial installed capacity of generating plants in the country. (Source: Small Hydropower for Productive Use In Rural Areas pg. 41)
• The identified SHP capacity is estimated to be over 3,500MW out of which we can only boast of the 18MW by NESCO in plateau state and the recently completed pilot projects of 150KW Waya dam Bauchi state and the 30KW Opara coal mine SHP in Enugu State of Nigeria by UNIDO.
Definition of SHP
• Definition varies from country to Country
Depending on the Industrial development of country & percentage of SHP in energy mix
• In Nigeria it is defined as hydro schemes ranging from 1KW-10MW.
• Sub classified as
–Pico ≤10kw
–Micro >10kw≤100KW
–Mini >100KW≤1MW
–Small >1MW≤10MW
SHP Definition And Classification by Country
Name of country Micro (KW) Mini (KW) Small (KW)
China 100 101-500 25,000
Peru 5-50 51-500 501-50000
Philippines 15,000
Romania 5-5000
Sweden 100 101-15000
Thailand 200 201-6000 6001-15000
turkey 100 101-1000 1001-5000
USA 500 501-2000 2001-15000
Nigeria 100 101-1000 1001-10000
Colombia 20000
India 100 101-2000
Malaysia 25 25-500 5000
Nepal 10000
Panama 100 101-1000 1001-10000
Ecuador 50 51-500 501-5000
Bolivia 100 101-1000
Dominica 100 101-1000 1001-5000
Viet Nam 50 51-500 501-5000
Japan 10000
France 500 501-2000 2001-8000
New Zealand 10000 10001-50000
Indonesia 5000
Zimbabwe 5-500 501-5000
Norway 10000
Greece 100 101-1000 1001-15000
Poland 100 101-1000 1001-15000
Finland 200 201-2000
Advantages and benefits of SHP plants.
• The fuel (water) is renewable and not subject to fluctuation in market conditions.
• Environment-friendly: no pollution no exothermic.
• Proven technology. Efficiency can be pre-guaranteed by design & equipment performance
• Short gestation period,
• Easy O&M.
• Low maintenance cost
• Has long plant life span of 30-50 years.(NESCO-1929-Date)
• High energy Pay-back rate
• Develop local economy.
Other Multipurpose benefits of SHP
• Provide irrigation scheme for agriculture
• Domestic and industrial water supply
.Reduction in operation cost of water schemes
• Fisheries
• Recreation
• Flood control and protection
• Discharge regulation down stream for
navigation improvement.
-Note: multipurpose projects reduces the cost per KW
Basic Components of SHP
• A hydro system is a series of interconnected
components: Water flows in one end, and
electricity comes out at the other.
• Not all the components are always found in
every hydropower scheme.
Water diversion or weir & intake DAM: Built to retain water in reservoirs
PenstockDiversion conduit (Power canal)
• Power houseForebays
Electromechanical Equipments
Schematic representation of SHP
Economic & Efficient Ways for SHP
Development
• Diversion scheme: reduce cost & gestation
period
• Multipurpose scheme: reduce cost & create
immediate demand for energy produced
• Use existing dams: maximize the use of
available water resources, reduces gestation
period & enhance the value of the project.
Global Hydropower Potential
In the year 2000 the world-installed capacity of small hydropower was about 37 GW. All regions of the world are experiencing significant increases in small hydro capacity, with China again showing the greatest increase.
Source: European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA), Belgium
Status of Hydropower Development in Africa
• High exploitable hydropower potential, but less than 7%
exploited
• Source: 2001 World Atlas and Industry Guide – International Journal of Hydropower and Dams.
• The total installed hydro capacity in Africa is about 20.3 GW with a total
generation from hydro plants of about 76,000 GWh/year
• A comparison with the Gross theoretical hydropower potential of about
4,000,000 GWh/year indicates that the current production from hydropower
plants in Africa is about 20% of the total potential
>60,000>2,40376,00020,3001,000,0001,750,0004,000,000
Planned Hydro Capacity (MW)
Hydro Capacity under Construction (MW)
Generation from Hydropower Plants (GWh/year)
Installed Hydro Capacity (MW)
Economically Feasible Hydropower Potential(GWh/year)
Technically Feasible Hydropower Potential(GWh/year)
Gross Theoritical Hydropower Potential (GWh/year)
Table 1: Summary of African Hydropower Development
Regional Distribution of Existing Hydropower Developments
Country Sub-Region Installed Capacity(MW)
Egypt North Africa 2,810
DRC Central Africa 2,440
Mozambique Southern Africa 2,180
Nigeria West Africa 1,938
Zambia Southern Africa 1,634
Morroco Northern Africa 1,205
Ghana West Africa 1,072
Total 13,279
•Of the total 20.3 GW of hydropower currently installed in Africa, about 23% is located in North Africa, 25% in West Africa and the remaining 51% located in South/Central/Eastern Africa. From Table 2:
•Countries with installed capacity of more than a 1,000 MW have a total installed capacity of about 13 GW comprising 65% of the total hydropower installed capacity of Africa.
•These countries are Egypt, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zambia, Morocco and Ghana.
•The remaining 45 African countries account for 35% of the total installed hydro capacity. This is shown in Table 2 below:
Table 2: Installed Large Hydropower by Region
Region Installed SHP Capacity % of Total
Asia 32,642 68.0
Africa 228 0.5
South America 1,280 2.7
North & Central America
2,929 6.1
Europe 10,723 22.3
Australasia-Oceania
198 0.4
Total 47,997
Table 3: Installed SHP by Region
Source:The International Journal on Hydropower and Dams, 2004
Status of SHP Development in Africa
Country Harnessed (MW)
Algeria 42.0
Morocco 30.0
Tunisia 15.0
Egypt 10.0
Uganda 0.50
Mauritius 6.70
Kenya 6.28
Burundi 5.17
Somalia 4.60
Zambia 4.50
Tanzania 4.00
Lesotho 3.54
Mali 5.8
Ghana 10.0
Nigeria 33.18
Malawi 1.52
Botswana 1.0
Rwanda 1.0
South Africa 0.4
Swaziland 0.3
Mozambique 0.1
Figure 1: Contribution of hydropower to net electricity generation (2002)
S/NoS/NoS/NoS/NoS/NoS/NoS/NoS/No StateStateStateStateStateStateStateState River BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver BasinRiver Basin Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
SitesSitesSitesSitesSitesSitesSitesSitesDeveloped Developed Developed Developed Developed Developed Developed Developed
(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped Undeveloped
(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)(MW)Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential
Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity Capacity
(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)(mw)
1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.
3.3.3.3.3.3.3.3.
4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.
5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.
6.6.6.6.6.6.6.6.
7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.
8.8.8.8.8.8.8.8.
9.9.9.9.9.9.9.9.
10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.
11.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.
12.12.12.12.12.12.12.12.
Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto Sokoto
KatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsinaKatsina
NigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNiger
KadunaKadunaKadunaKadunaKadunaKadunaKadunaKaduna
KwaraKwaraKwaraKwaraKwaraKwaraKwaraKwara
KanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKano
BornoBornoBornoBornoBornoBornoBornoBorno
BauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchi
GongolaGongolaGongolaGongolaGongolaGongolaGongolaGongola
PlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateau
BenueBenueBenueBenueBenueBenueBenueBenue
Cross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross RiverCross River
SokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokoto--------RimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRima
SokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokoto--------RimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRimaRima
NigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNiger
NigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNiger
NigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNiger
HadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeijaHadeija--------JamaareJamaareJamaareJamaareJamaareJamaareJamaareJamaare
ChadChadChadChadChadChadChadChad
Upper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper Benue
Upper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper BenueUpper Benue
Lower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower Benue
Lower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower BenueLower Benue
Cross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross RiversCross Rivers
2222222222222222
1111111111111111
3030303030303030
1919191919191919
1212121212121212
2828282828282828
2929292929292929
2020202020202020
3838383838383838
3232323232323232
1919191919191919
1818181818181818
8.08.08.08.08.08.08.08.0
--------
--------
--------
6.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0
--------
--------
--------
18.018.018.018.018.018.018.018.0--------
--------
22.622.622.622.622.622.622.622.6
8.08.08.08.08.08.08.08.0
117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6
59.259.259.259.259.259.259.259.2
38.838.838.838.838.838.838.838.8
40.240.240.240.240.240.240.240.2
20.820.820.820.820.820.820.820.8
42.642.642.642.642.642.642.642.6
162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7
92.492.492.492.492.492.492.492.4
69.269.269.269.269.269.269.269.2
28.128.128.128.128.128.128.128.1
30.630.630.630.630.630.630.630.6
8.08.08.08.08.08.08.08.0
117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6117.6
59.259.259.259.259.259.259.259.2
38.838.838.838.838.838.838.838.8
46.246.246.246.246.246.246.246.2
20.820.820.820.820.820.820.820.8
42.642.642.642.642.642.642.642.6
162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7162.7
110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4110.4
69.269.269.269.269.269.269.269.2
28.128.128.128.128.128.128.128.1
TotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotalTotal 277277277277277277277277 -------- 702.2702.2702.2702.2702.2702.2702.2702.2 734.2734.2734.2734.2734.2734.2734.2734.2
Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989Small Hydropower Potential in 12 States of Nigeria, 1989
Source: Draft Renewable Energy Masterplan (2005)
SHP POTENTIAL IN NIGERIASHP POTENTIAL IN NIGERIA
S/NS/NS/NS/NS/NS/NS/NS/N LocationLocationLocationLocationLocationLocationLocationLocation
StateStateStateStateStateStateStateState Installed Installed Installed Installed Installed Installed Installed Installed
Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Capacity [mw]Current StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent StatusCurrent Status
11111111 Kwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall FallsKwall Falls PlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateau 6.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0 IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)
22222222 Kurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra FallsKurra Falls PlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateauPlateau 19.019.019.019.019.019.019.019.0
IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)IPP (Operational)
33333333 BakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakaloriBakalori SokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokotoSokoto 3.03.03.03.03.03.03.03.0 Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. Electro--------mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical
equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment -------- Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.
44444444 TigaTigaTigaTigaTigaTigaTigaTiga Kano Kano Kano Kano Kano Kano Kano Kano 6.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0 Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. Electro--------mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical
equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment -------- Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.
55555555
Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge, Ikere Gorge,
IseyinIseyinIseyinIseyinIseyinIseyinIseyinIseyin
OyoOyoOyoOyoOyoOyoOyoOyo 6.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0 Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. Electro--------mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical mechanical
equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment equipment -------- Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.
66666666 OyanOyanOyanOyanOyanOyanOyanOyan
OgunOgunOgunOgunOgunOgunOgunOgun 9.09.09.09.09.09.09.09.0 Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. ElectroCompleted. Electro--------
mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment -------- Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.
77777777
Waya Waya Waya Waya Waya Waya Waya Waya
DamDamDamDamDamDamDamDam
BauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchiBauchi 150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW150 kW
Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007Completed 2007
Existing SHP Stations
88888888 Mgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo DamMgbowo Dam
EnuguEnuguEnuguEnuguEnuguEnuguEnuguEnugu
30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW30 kW completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006completed 2006
99999999 Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa Challawa
Gorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge DamGorge Dam
KanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKanoKano
7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW7.0MW
Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction Dam construction -------- Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed. Completed.
ElectroElectroElectroElectroElectroElectroElectroElectro--------mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment mechanical equipment --------
Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.Never installed.
1010101010101010 Gurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara DamGurara Dam
NigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNigerNiger
30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW30 MW
IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP IPP –––––––– under constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder constructionunder construction
MANY POTENTIAL SITES ARE YET TO BE IDENTIFIED
Existing SHP Stations………….. Cont’d
Nigeria has about 3500MW potential of SHP
BRIEF OF CHINA’S SHP
• By end of 2006 about 44552 SHP stations with total
installed capacity of 38534MW were completed
• 98% of RE is from SHP
• About 19% of electricity generated is from
hydropower
• Total HP installation by end of 2008 was 172,000MW
• Targeting 300,000MW by 2020 in order to shutdown
some of the coal power station which constitute 70%
of the power supply
BRIEF OF BRAZIL’S SHP
• Electricity Installed capacity of about
90,000MW
• Over 80% of total power generated is by
hydropower-72000MW
• About 2500MW of SHP from 331 SHP
stations
Case studies
30 kW Ezioha Mgbowo SHP Station- ENUGU
STATE
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
UNIDO-RC SHP PILOT PROJECT
EQUIPMENTS
Power house
8 MW SHP KURRA: Built since 1929
KURA DAM POWER CANAL
POWER HOUSE CONTROL ROOM
PENSTOCK
Waya Dam SHP Bauchi Nigeria
• Average head: 12m
• Discharge: 2.4m3/s
• Station Capacity: 150kw
• Scheme type: Reservoir(DAM)
• Unit Capacity: 75kw
• No. of units: 2
• Type of turbine: Horizontal Francis
• Governor type: Manual/Electrical
• Reservoir capacity: 30million m3
• Diam of penstock: 0.5m
• Dam height: 15m
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
• Dam was constructed through direct labour by UBRBDA
from 1994-1999.
• Targeted mainly for irrigation
• Project was Identified for SHP by Engr. Dr A. A. Esan in
February 2003 (UNIDO/ECN)
• Load survey & hydrological studies was done in April,
2003.
• Power house completed August 2007
• Penstock installation completed September 2007
• Mechanical equipment installation in October 2007
• Electrical installation of control panel and accessories
December 2007
PROJECT COST
Civil works (power house & accessories): $116,667 (USD)
Rehabilitation of dam embankment, spill way, & access
road: $2,200,000 (USD)
E&M: $150,000
Transport: $ 3,000
Distribution:$208,333
Waya SHP equipment installation carried out by Nigerians
PROJECT ECONOMIC FEATURES
• Two villages; Kimni and Gilliri within a 5km radius were identified as beneficiaries with peak load demand of 150.5kw
• Estimated project life 30years
• Average Annual Generation at a plant factor of 80% is 1,080,000kwh/yr
• Total investment for power component $ 478,000
• Estimated pay back period of 10yrs
Community Pico Hydro in:Kathamba, Kirinyaga District, Kenya
•Kerugoya town lies 130km north of Nairobi on the southern foothills of Mount Kenya (Kirinyaga in Kiswahili)
•Kathamba is located on the eastern side of the Mukengeria River – 20 minute on unmade road
•There are 65 houses within 550m
Intake and Storage PondDigging the penstock trench
•Designed flow – 8 l/s(lowest 3 l/s fro dry periods)
A wire mesh gabion filled with stones and clay
Storage Pond
Completed intake with storage pond
•Natural storage enlarged 4-5 meters width and 20 meters length
•Extra flow required for 4 hours of evenings when shortfall – 5.5l/s
Shuttering in place during application of cement layer to seal the weir
•Small weir ensures sufficient depth for penstock to be submerged
Penstock
Laying the pipe from the intake to the turbine house.
Digging the penstock trench
•PVC pipe with diameter 110mm, class B PVC (6 bar)
•158 m length required – shortest measured distance
•2 m head loss = 28 m net head
•Trench dug from intake to turbine house – protect penstock
Turbine house
Digging out the footing for the walls.
Collecting hardcore for the foundations
Generator
2kW Generator (6 pole)
Pelton Turbine and Nozzle
Operator Training
Turbine house layout and completed building
Trained pico hydro installers and operators, the ELC enclosure and ballast.
Project Costs
Breakdown Costs Cost (US$)
Civil works 250
PVC Penstock 425
Turbine, generator, Controller 1,200
Distribution system, wiring, LE bulbs
1,750
Labor Costs 163
Total $3788
CONCLUSION
• Africa has a high potential of SHP
• Challenge of reliable and affordable water supply in
Africa can be reduced by exploitation of SHP
• SHP is capable of transforming the rural economy of
Africa
• The transformation agenda of Nigerian Presdident
Mr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan is favourable to the
exploitation of hydropower resources in the country.
• THANKS FOR LISTENING