small scale biogas digester
TRANSCRIPT
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Household Biogas Digester
An Underutilized Potential
Pramod Pandey
Research Assistant (PhD candidate)
Biological System Engineering Department
Washington State University, Pullman, WA
Supervisor: Prof. Schulin Chen
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 011-509-335-3859
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Objectives
To present the overview of Renewable Energy programme in India
In view of the above to introduce the development and diffusion of
biogas technology in India
To provide the historical perspective and evaluation of biogas
technology in China
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Overview of Renewable Energy Programme in India
Biogas
Wind energy
Small Hydro Power
Solar Energy
Biomass
Energy-fuel cell
Hydrogen Energy
Transprotation-Battery operated
vehicle
Geothermal Energy
Ocean and Tidal Energy.
Biofuels
Other Technologies
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Diffusion of Biogas Technology in India
It is the main programme under rural energy development
Objectives
Provide fuel for cooking purpose
Provide organic manure to rural poor
Reduce pressure on forest
Improve sanitation by linking toilets with biogas plant
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Target and Potential
The Advisory Board on Energy (May, 1985) indicated a potential
for setting up 16 to 22 million small biogas units in the country.
MNES and Ninth Five Year Plan Document have indicated a
potential of 12 million plants based on 1981-82 livestock censusand availability of cattle dung.
A cumulative of 3 37 million biogas plant has been installedwhich is a 25 of potential
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Historical Perspective of Biogas (Gobar Gas) In India
1950 First units constructed. Some research on the process and design
1950-72 Industrial development of India and agriculture. First practical designs
constructed, small projects, mainly one organization involved, one design
disseminated.
1972-1975 Energy crisis attracts attention to the technology, start of national interest.
Fossil fuel dependency identified. Indira Gandhi to power.
1975-1980/81 National interest and research. National programme developed
1980/81-1985 Initiation of large national programme relying on subsidies. Multi
organization, multi-design approach.
1985-1992 Improving designs, improving the organization and results from
dissemination.
1992-1996 Decrease in subsidies, new structures of dissemination and extension
1996-2000 Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) has achieved 97%to 108% of annual target during the five years. At the instance of MNES,
the Programme Evaluation Organisation (PEO) undertook evaluation of
National Project of Biogas Development (NPBD) primarily to examine the
implementation methods.
2000-2003 MNES and Ninth Five Year Plan Document have indicated a potential of 12million plants bases on 1987-82 livestock census and availability of cattle
dung. During the Ninth Plan, a target of installing 12.6 lakh plants has been
fixed, while the proposed Tenth Plan target is 15 lakh plants. Subsidies
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Scope of Biogas Technology in India
India has the largest cattle population in the world.
There are about 75 million farm families 60 percent
families own 4 or more cattle, which are sufficient to operate
a small biogas plant.
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SATNA
Study area
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89%
3%
1.50%1.50%
2%3%
waste land pasture house nala road cultivable land
Land use pattern of Jakhi village
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11.50%
8.30%
15.60%65%
marginal small medium large
Land holding pattern of Jakhi village
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Direct Energy Calculation
DE = 1.96 HLH + 80.7 BPH + 56.31 DC + 11.93 EC
DE = Direct energy input MJ
HLH = Human Power hours used per ha
BLH = Bullock power hours used per ha
DC = Diesel consumption per ha
EC = Electricity consumption per ha, KWH
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Indirect Energy calculation
IE = C x WM x HUM/OA
IE =Indirect Energy calculation MJ/ha
C = Energy coefficient
WM = Weight of machinery used per hour HUM = Hours of machinery used
OA = Operation area, ha
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27452 27465 2853426882
35254
2256 2642268521543295
1557 2142 1423 2762
216405000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
3500040000
L a n d l e
s s
M a r g i n a
S m a l l
M e d i u
m
L a r g e
Cooking Lighting Miscelleeous domestic
Energy consumption in household activities (MJ/year/household)
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0 20 40 60 80 100
Utp to 3000
3000-6000
6000-12000
12000-18000
18000-above
Average
Soft coke (%) Kerosene (%)
Electricity (%) Non-commercial fuel (%)
Rural Area
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Energy use pattern
Rural Area
Most people depends on traditional fuels of wood, cowdung, crop
residues
Often using inefficient and primitive technology
Commercial fuels are used for lighting
Household activities consumes about 74.4% of the total energy
Cooking alone consumes around 85.5% of the total energy
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Organizational Structure of National Programmeon Biogas Technology in India
MNES
NABARD/RBI
National
banks
Statelead
banks
Bank
branches
Regionaltraining and
development
centers
Research
institutions
State offices/
co-operativesDistrict
offices
Block
offices
Turnkey
workers
NGOs
Turnkeys
/workers
NGOs
Support system Implementation
Autonomous
bodies
(KVIC/DIC)
Nodal agencies (state
departments/corporation)Training, feedback research
and development
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Fig 2 Share in achievement of targets by various agency
116352108181
115565125128125608
3642137666
47900
32868 33346
2746 3882 3594 2983 10887
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000
Years
N u m b e r o f B i o g
a s p l a n t
State Nodal KVIC Others
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0
100200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
R u p e e s ( m i l l i o n
)
Reciept Expenditure
Receipt and expenditure of funding under NPBD in Selected States
(MNES, 2002)
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KVIC Model
Pragati Model
Ganesh Model
Ferro cement
FLOATING DRUM
Classification of Biogas Model
Batch Type Continuous typeSemi continuous type
Well mixed typePlug flow type
FIXED DOME
Janata Model
Deenbandhu Model
Janata – II Model
VINCAP Model
Ferro cement
Deenbandhu
Stage type
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Over View of Floating Type Biogas Plant
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Structural View of Digester of Floating Type Biogas Plant
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Biogas Plant in Rural Area of West Bengal (Kharagpur)
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6 MW MSW plant in Lakhnow, UP
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Schematic Presentation of Pragati Type of Biogas Plant
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Schematic Presentation of Janta Type Biogas Plant
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Schematic Presentation of Floating Type of Gas Holder
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Schematic Presentation of Deenbandhu Biogas Plant
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Plug flow digester
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Biogas Development in China
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Biogas Development in China
Initial phase
Mr. Luo Guorui founded the first Chinese company to disseminate
biogas technology in Shantou in the summer 1929
The company has developed along the Yangtse River and more then
10 provinces along the eastern and southern coast
The first specialized technology training material on desing andconstruction and operation of biogas technology was published in
1935
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Second Phase
Second upsurge for promoting the biogas technology in China
initiated in Wuchant City of Hubei province in 1958.
Although new hydraulic biogas digester they have developed
but still Guorui Biogas plant was mostly adopted
More then 100 thousand plants were dismantled due to poorscientific construction and blind construction.
Third Phase
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Third Phase
In the 70 and 80s the energy consumption and fuel supply was poor as
122 kg/capita. 66% of the stalks was used as farmers cooking fuel.
The central Govt. pointed out that dissipation of biogas technology in
rural area could effectively utilize agriculture resource and forest
protection
These leads to professional management organisation and leading groupof biogas development, and professional institute namely, Chengdu
Biogas Institute
Rural Energy Programme in China
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Rural Energy Programme in China
Rural household biogas digesters were widely disseminated some citiesand town in Northern China
Since 1983, China is emphasizing the policy of rural energy in every five
year development plan.
Rural energy development has been arranged into national economic
planning for 20 years. An unique way of China rural energy development
has been explored.
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175
440
160 160 150 160
125
50 55 6080
410
310
100
30 20 15 10 15 8 5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
j i a n g s u
f u j i a n
h u n a n
h e b e i
z h e j i a n g
j i a n g s i
h u b e i
g u a n g d o n g
a n h u i
l i a o n i n g
s
h a n g h a i
s h a n o n g
h e n a n
s i c h u a n
G u a n g s i
C h
o n g q i n g
H a i n a n
S h a n x i
B e i j i n g
J i l i n
T i a n j i n
Medium and large size biogas plant in different part of China
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32000
20000
1200010000
4000
3200
3000
2500
2200
20001200
800
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Sichuan
Guangdong
ChongdingZhejiang
Jiangsu
Fujian
Hunan
Jiangxi
Anhi
HubeiGuangxi
Shanghi
N o o f d e c o
n t a m i n a t i o n b i o g a s s y s t e m s
Cities
No of Biogas decontamination system in China, 2001
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coal , 32
electricity, 9.3
natural gas,
0.005
biogas, 0.40% firewood, 21.3
coal gas, 0.003
stalks, 33.42
LPG, 1.1
Oil, 2
Percentage contribution of energy sources utilized in Rural China
2001
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In 2000, population in China rural areas was 0.82 billion around 65%
of Chinese total population 1.26 billion. In 2001, China rural areas
were 9.57 million households having biogas digesters of which 8.57
million (90%) plants are working.
If those plants work properly they can produce yearly around 2.98
billion Cumec biogas amounting to standard coal 2.13 million tones.
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Positioning ofbottom
hemisphere and
out let for fixeddome type of
biogas plant
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Joining of two hemisphere of biogas plant
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Top view of fixed dome type of biogas plant
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Trainees of biogas training programme (Feb 12-17, 2004), Mechada, Indi
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Trainees with Mr. Pandey in Gadbeta Dairy Farm, Aug12-28, 2003, India
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Mr. Pandey, and Mossa Kareem, owner of a poultry biogasdigester, 26,
June, 2005
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Visit in a kusiari village, May, 2005
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Masson Training for biogas plant designing
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Speech for biogas in National level seminar for farmers, at IIT,
Kharagpur, Feb, 12, 2004
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Prof. T. Nejat Veziroglu, International Hydrogen President, with Mr.Pandey in his laboratery
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Dr. T. Kasturirangan, eminent space scientist, and Mr. Pandey
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Isolated bacteria for anaerobic digestion
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