small wind energy appalachian state university affordable, clean energy for homes, farms &...
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Small Wind EnergySmall Wind EnergyAppalachian State UniversityAppalachian State University
Affordable, Clean Energy
for Homes, Farms & Businesses
Small Wind EnergySmall Wind EnergyAppalachian State UniversityAppalachian State University
• Small Wind Introduction
• Beech Mountain R&D Site
• Wind Resource Assessment
Small Wind Intro
Why Wind?
•Renewable•Clean•Widely available•Produced locally•Reduced price volatility•Allows energy independence•SUSTAINABLE!
A Valuable, Widely-Available Resource
Small Wind Energy Systems
Value of Power = 6-18¢ / kWh
Installed cost of $2-$3/Watt is 1/3 to 1/2 that of solar technologies
Require less wind to operate than utility-scale wind energy applications
Factors to Consider
• Good wind resource: Class 2 or better
• Home or business located on 1 acre or more of land
• (depending on site) Average monthly electricity bills >$100 for 10 kW system, >$50 for 5 kW system
• Zoning restrictions, economic incentives
• Utility-Scale Wind Power600 - 1,800 kW wind turbines
– Installed on wind farms, 10 – 300 MW
– Professional maintenance crews– 13 mph (6 m/s) average wind speed
• Small Wind Power300 W - 250 kW wind turbines
– Installed at individual homes, farms, businesses, schools, etc.
– On the “customer side” of the meter, or off the utility grid entirely
– High reliability, low maintenance
– 9 mph (4 m/s) average wind speed
Small Wind Turbines Are Different
1,500 kW
10 kW
Small Wind Turbines
Bergey EXCEL, 10 kW
• Configuration: 2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind by the tail
• Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics
• Over-Speed Protection: Furling (rotor turns out of the wind), no brakes
• Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation
• Controller: Electronic device that delivers - DC power for charging batteries- AC power for utility interconnection
• Result:– Simple, rugged design– Only 2–4 moving parts– Little regular maintenance required
Small Wind Turbine Towers
Guyed Tower Tilt-Up Tower Self-Supporting Tower
Over-Speed Protection During High Winds
• Upward Furling: The rotor tilts back during high winds
Over-Speed Protection During High Winds
• Angle Governor: The rotor turns up and to one side
• Or do a 360 degree spin out , from commentator Jeff Lauckhart….
The Small Wind Market
Southwest WindpowerFlagstaff, Arizona www.windenergy.com
AIR-X400 W
WhisperH40
900 W
Whisper H801000 W
Whisper1753 kW
BWC Excel10 kW
Bergey WindpowerNorman, Oklahoma www.bergey.com
1 kW
African WindpowerAbundant Renewable Energy, Newberg, Oregon
www.abundantre.com
AWP3.61 kW
Proven Engineering Products, Ltd. Scotland, United Kingdom www.provenenergy.com
WT600600 W
WT2500 2.5 kW WT6000
6 kW
Wind Turbine Industries, Inc. Prior Lake, Minnesota www.windturbine.net
Jacobs 31-2020 kW
Atlantic Orient Corp.Norwich, Vermont www.aocwind.net
AOC 15/5050 kW
FuhrländerLorax Energy Systems, Rhode Island
www.lorax-energy.com
FL 3030 kW
FL 100100 kW
FL 250250 kW
AeromaxAeromax Incorporated Chino Valley, AZ
www.aeromaxenergy.com
OB1KWComing soon
Lakota900 W
Lakota M1900 W
Types of Systems
Options: On or Off the Grid?
Stand-Alone System
• Batteries to store excess power
• Charge controller
• Inverter (DC to AC)
• Back-up power source for complete energy independence
Grid-Connected System
• Inverter (DC to AC)
• Annual wind speed >10 mph (4.5 m/s)
• Customer motivated by high utility prices, self sufficiency, or environmental concerns
Connecting to the Grid• PURPA requires utilities
to connect with and purchase power from small wind systems
• Utility acts as a big “battery bank”
• Safety - Must stop supplying power to grid during power outages
• Power Quality - Must match utility’s voltage, frequency, and quality
Supplementing Grid Power
• Connected to utility grid through house/farm wiring
• 3 kW, 15-ft rotor, 23-ft tower*
• Produces ~ 5,000 kWh/yr
• Offsets ~ 3.8 tons CO2/yr
• Costs ~ $10,000* due to zoning restrictions
(not recommended)
Typical Applications Farms, Homes, Businesses
Off-Grid Water Pumping with Wind
• Produces ~ 2,000 kWh/yr
• Offsets ~ 1.5 tons CO2/yr
• Costs ~ $4,000 installed
• Supplies water for 120 head of cattle
• 1 kW, 9-ft rotor, 30-ft tower
Hybrid Systems
Solar and Wind Resourcesare Complimentary
Hours of sunshine/month
400
350
300
250
200
150
100Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ho
urs
of s
uns
hin
e o
r av
era
ge
win
d p
ower
(W
atts
/m2)
Average wind power
Data from SE Iowa
02770324
Hours of Sunshine
The Effect of Seasons onHybrid Power Systems
02770322
PV modules and wind turbine(no generation)
Battery(storage)
Loads(utilization)
PV modules and wind turbine(active generation)
Summer
Winter
Battery(storage)
Loads(utilization)
SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC
SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC
www.wind.appstate.edu
SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC
Research•Acoustic•Power Curve•Energy
Workshops•Intro/tours
•Wind assessment•Experts
•Installations
Demonstration•Students
•Public•Always open
www.wind.appstate.edu
SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC
Problem Solving•Tower raising•Grid connection•Hurricanes•Configuration
www.wind.appstate.edu
SWI Research & Demonstration SiteBeech Mountain, NC (class 5)
www.wind.appstate.edu
SWWPAirX400W
33 kWh/mon
SWWP Whisper
H40900W
155 kWh/mo
BergeyXL.1
1000W
185 kWh/mo
AfricanAWP3.6
1500W
362 kWh/mo
SWWP Whisper
1753000W
697 kWh/mo
Jacobs31-2020kW
3991 kWh/mo
Wind Resource Assessment
The United States Wind Map
North Carolina
The North Carolina Wind Map
Watauga County
Initial Site Assessment
• Flagging of vegetation
• Open view to prominent wind direction
• Hill or ridge perpendicular to prominent wind direction
• Funneling effects
Importance of “Micro-Siting”
Measuring Devices and Parameters
• Anemometer– Best indication of energy production– Indicator of turbulence– Provide information on wind shear
• Wind Vane– Wind rose– Siting
• Temp Sensor– Identify icing events– Air density
• Barometric Pressure – Air Density
• Pyranometer– Effectiveness of hybrid system
Estimation of Annual Energy Production
PowerCurve
Frequency of Occurrence(Rayleigh Distribution)
Annual Energy Production
SWI Anemometer Loan Program
SWI Anemometer Loan Programwww.wind.appstate.edu
SWI Anemometer Loan Programwww.wind.appstate.edu
•Four systems
•Application process
―15 this year
•One year
•Final Report
•Small wind information
Thanks, For More Information
• www.wind.appstate.edu
• www.homepower.com
• www.nrel.gov/wind
• www.awea.org/smallwind.html
• www.eren.doe.gov/erec/factsheets/wind.html