smallholders role in green economy: challenges and opportunities
TRANSCRIPT
Smallholders'RolesinGreenEconomy:ChallengesandOpportuni;es
SonyaDewi,AndreeEkadinata,MohammadSofiyuddin,FeriJohanaandMeinevanNoordwijkMaking Green Economy Work: Exploring Potential Mitigation Actions in Indonesia, Indonesia Pavilion, Paris, December 1, 2015
GreenEconomyland-based
Land-usedecisionmakings
Land-usepolicies
Land-useplanning
Landmngmnt Land
govrnc
Landeconomics
Ecosyst.Services
MulF-actors
• Developed by Johann Heinrich von Thunen in the early 1800’s (19th century)
• Based on the layout of Rostock, Germany
INDONESIACONTEXT
ICRAF Unpublished data
ICRAF Unpublished data
Spatial continuum
UF
LOF
AF
Estate
Cropland
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Urban Peri-urban Rural Forestmargin
1990
UF LOF AF Timber_Plt Estate Shrub Cropland Grass Bareland SeZlement
UF
LOFAF
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Urban Peri-urban Rural Forestmargin
Millions
1990
UF LOF AF Timber_Plt Estate Shrub Cropland Grass Bareland SeZlement
UF
LOF
AF
Estate
Cropland
SeZlement
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Urban Peri-urban Rural Forestmargin
2010
UF LOF AF Timber_Plt Estate Shrub Cropland Grass Bareland SeZlement
UFLOFAF
Estate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Urban Peri-urban Rural Forestmargin
Millions
2010
UF LOF AF Timber_Plt Estate Shrub Cropland Grass Bareland SeZlement
• Asdistancefromcitycenterincreases,costoflandgoesdown
• Decisiontogrowcertaincropsincertainplacesisbasedonprofit
• Profit=MarketPrice–ProducFonCosts
• ProducFoncostsincludecostoflabor,equipment,andtransportaFon
Land rent and land use decision making
Hypothesesoflandusedecisionmaking• Thefurtherfromcitycenters,thelessintensivelymanagedlandsare,i.e.,returnstolandislessimportant,sincelandrentislower
• Thefurtherfromcitycenters,asthepopulaFondensityislower,thescarcerlaboris,i.e.,returnstolaborismoreimportant
BUT…
Threeotherfactors• Land-basedeconomicactorsthatmighthindersocial
equiFes– Largescalecompanies:concessionsoverlargeconFguousareas
closetoforests.Managementneedshighcapitalstostartwith– Intermediateinvestors:investorsfromnearbyobentouse
smallholderstograblands– Smallholders:localandmigrantfarmers
• UrgentsocietalneedsforEcosystemservicesclosetocitycenterswherepopulaFonisconcentrated,e.g.,watershedbufferingcapaciFes
• FluctuaFonsinyieldsandprices,thereforeprofitabilitycreatesuncertaintyandmightleadtovulnerabilityofsmallholders
LAND-USEOPTIONS
Spa;alvariability:ReturnstoLandandReturnstoLabor?
SmallholderAgroforestrySystemsinIndonesia
Woodlots on karst landscape
Intercropped teak hedgerows
Timber alley farming Fruit-based multistrata
(Homegarden) SabasFan&Roshetko,2015
RubberAgroforests(RAF)
Rubbermonoculture
Complex RAF
Simple RAF From: Tata, Joshi, van Noordwijk, 2009
Biodiversity: Similarity between RAF and forest
Similarity Index Species Genus Family
Jaccard 0.44 0.68 0.84
Morishita-Horn 0.19 0.34 0.84
Source: Rasnovi (2006)
[RAF is almost similar to forest at family level, but not at species level]
From: Tata, Joshi, van Noordwijk, 2009
Rarityofspecies-theIUCNRedList(Tataetal.,2008)
IUCN status Forest RAF Uses Critically Endangered (ER) 6 species 3 species Timber
Endangered (EN) 6 species 1 species Timber
Vulnerable (VU) 5 species 2 species Timber, resin, food
Lower Risk (LR) 14 species 13 species Timber, food, latex, resin, dye, oil seed,
[Farmers maintain species diversity in RAF, as long as they provide valuable products for livelihoods and cultural purposes]
From: Tata, Joshi, van Noordwijk, 2009
Category Speciesno.iden;fiedinForest
Speciesno.iden;fiedinRAF
Source
Mammaldiversity
10species(4inforestonly)
37species;9endangeredspecies
Calestreme,2004(unpublished)
Batdiversity 4species(3speciesinforestonly)
10species Prasetyo,2007;Joshi,etal.,2008(unpublished)
Primatediversity
2species(1speciesinforestonly)
6species Calestreme,2004;Hariyanto,2007a(unpublishedreport)
Birddiversity 67species(33speciesinforestonly)
167species;28speciesprotected10specieslistedintheCITES
Beukemaetal.,2007(AgroforestrySystem)
DungBeetlediversity
37species(6speciesinforestonly)
33species Hariyanto,2007b(unpublished)
StudiesonfaunadiversityinRAFinJambi:
From: Tata, Joshi, van Noordwijk, 2009
Es;ma;onofannualfamilycash-flowofrubberfarmer(Wibawa,1998)
No. Descrip;onTotal
(ThousandofIDR)
Propor;on(%)
A. Income: Rubber 4,819 (69) Otherfarm 1,424 (20) Off-farm 768 (11) SubTotal 7,011 (100) B. Expenses: ConsumpFon(mainlyfood) 4,344 (68) EducaFon 46 (1.0) Others(cloth,social,etc.) 2,028 (31) Subtotal 6,418 (100) C. Investment 512D. Saving 171
Stabilizingormaximizing?
-150%
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
1 4 7 10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
100
Differences between annual profit with fluctuating price and yield and with constant price and yield
Monoculture rubber Rubber agroforest
- Mean annual profit in Monoculture rubber is higher than that Rubber AF
- The lowest annual profit of Monoculture Rubber is much lower than that of Rubber agroforest
ICRAF Unpublished data
SMALLHOLDERS’ROLESANDAGROFORESTRY
Agroforestryasawin-win-winsolu;on
• Spaceforsmallholderstoplayrolesandgetbenefits
• Ecosystemservices:CCmiFgaFon,watershedprotecFon,biodiversity,soilferFlity,etc
• StabilizingincomeinfluctuaFngpricesandyieldstoreducevulnerability
BUT:diminishinginextent,non-existentindevelopmentpolicies,notrecognizedasESproviders
Smallholders’rolestowardsGreenEconomy
Peri-urban Rural Forest Margin Forest Margin with LO w/o LO
Strategies
E nabling cond
• Maximizingreturnstolandtomeetdemandsforgoods
• MaximizingreturnstolandtomeetdemandsforES
• Sustaininghighreturnstoland
• AvoidingrisksfromuncertainFesinyieldsandprices
• MaximizingreturnstolaborinspiteoflandcompeFFon
• RetainingESinpivotalareasthroughrestoraFonandconservaFon
• Maximizingreturnstolabor
• ConservingandprotecFon
• BestpracFcesinlandmanagement
• BeZervaluechainforproducts
• OperaFonalPES/RESinpivotalareastokeepthelowintensitylanduseopFonaZracFve
• Inclusive,integraFveandinformedland-useplanning
• Agric.Policiestoreducesocialcosts
• DiversificaFonatplotandhouseholdlevels
• BeZervaluechain• CapaciFestoconductbestpracFces
• Land-useplanningandzoning
• LandallocaFonpoliciesthatallowsmallholderstohaveaccesstoland
• Partnershipswithprivatesectors
• EffecFvegovtrestoraFonprograms
• BeZercapaciFes
• Permitissuancethatistransparentandfair
• Partnershipswithgovtforstewardships
• CBFM,Villageforests
Agroforestry as a common land use option across continuum
Opportuni;es• Smallholders’rolesleadstoequity• LandresourceallocaFonpolicy• PaymentorRewardsforEcosystemservicesschemesareexisFng
• RestoraFoninpeatandmineral,aberfireandprevenFon
• BeZertechnologyarewidelyavailable• Partnershipswithprivatesectors• CCmiFgaFonandadaptaFonfunds
Economicgrwoth11%
CommuniFes'wellbeing
18%
LocalWisdoms5%
SustainableEnvironment
17%
SocialEquity7%
CommuniFes'rolesinManagingLand
Resources22%
GoodLandgovernance
20%
ICRAF Unpublished data
Whatcons;tuteGreenEconomy?Aperspec;vefromPapua
Mul;pleSDGsaddressed
THANK YOU
Photo:GerhardSabasFan