smallislaisfinalfullbook

U r b a n E c o t o n eU r b a n E c o t o n e

Islais Salt MarshIslais Salt Marsh

H E A L T H E E A R T H

I S L A I S M A R S H D E V E L O P M E N T S A N F R A N C I S C O , C A L I F O R N I A

S E N I O R P R O J E C T S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 S H A R O N M U C Z Y N S K I

I S L A I S S A LT M A R S H - U R B A N E C O T O N EHARNESSING THE POWER OF THE MARSH TO HEAL

by

Sharon Muczynski

Course Instructor: Professor Parker

Design Advisor: Professor Spooner

A Senior Design Projectpresented to the

School of Environmental DesignThe College of Environment and Design

University of Georgia

in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of

Bachelor of Landscape Architecture

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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Quotes

Site

History

Inventory and Analysis

Design Goals

Concepts

Plan

Works Cited

Acknowledgments

1

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Q u o t e s

S A N F R A N C I S C O , C A L I F O R N I A

S E N I O R P R O J E C T S H A R O N M U C Z Y N S K I

H E A L T H E E A R T H

“Salt marshes are among the most productive ecosystems on earth. The position of salt marshes on the landscape and their productivity makes them important not only as a part of the natural world but also to humans.”

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H E A L T H E C H I L D R E N

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“There’s an increasing amount of evidence supporting the contention that attaching kids early and well to nature is effective prevention in all areas. The natural world serves as a restorative environment, outside experiences calming a person both physically and mentally, replacing substance abuse and violence as strategies to deal with stress. With nature as part of a daily routine, kids stay in better health, and when nature is brought into the classroom as environmentally-based education, students perform better and more enthusiastically. Excerpt from- Nature is Good for Kids

H E A L T H E C H I L D R E N



S O N G O F T H E N A T I V E I S L A I S M A R S H I N D I A N - T H E M U W E K M A O H L O N E

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“We have walked these hills and valleys long before your time, When the waters ran clear, the forests stood tall, The earth gave us all we could ever need, And we lived our lives in dignity”

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S i t e



San Francisco

San Francisco, CA

Los Angeles

Western US

San Francisco

SF Bay Area 0 1 2 3 M i l e s

Islais Channel San Francisco

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Marin Street

Old Cannery Junkyard

Auto Body

Vacant Lot

MaintenanceYard

Granite & Tile

Warehouse

Canoe Launch

Tour Bus Yard

Caesar Chavez

Ind

ian

a St

ree

t

Thir

d S

tre

et

Ligh

t R

ail

Cal

tran

Light Rail Stop Condominiums

S i t e

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T H E S I T E



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Islais Channel is located in the Bayview Section of San Francisco. The population here is predominantly disadvantaged and largely African American and Latino. This section of town has the highest rate of home ownership in the city. Bayview has long been the site of heavy industry, with dense residential development to the south, and mixed-use residential along 3rd Street. 3rd Street has recently been the catalyst for growth in the city. San Francisco is land-locked on three sides so the potential for expansion is limited, and growth must come from either infill development or an increase in building height. With population in San Francisco

expected to swell by 161,000 new residents by 2035, plans need to be in place to accommodate growth. Bayview is at a critical junction as the urban population is poised to move into this southeastern region of the city. The city planning department anticipated this growth and built a light rail system along 3rd Street, the most heavily travelled street in the vicinity. Historically, urban planners have used light rail premeditatively to logically guide the growth of urban and mixed-use development. Along with the light rail, street improvements enhanced the area with new sidewalks, paving, and street trees.The proximity of Bayview to

T H E S I T E



downtown San Francisco makes it especially attractive to planners and developers, with 3rd Street delivering traffic directly into the heart of the city, approximately three miles away. Growth from the center of San Francisco along 3rd Street actually started several years ago with the construction of the AT&T Baseball Stadium, and more recently, southward, to condominium complexes further south in Mission Bay, and a new UCSF Biomedical Campus with surrounding housing and hotels. Bayview has long been ignored and hassuffered from lack of many of the amenities that the northern and western parts of the city have taken for granted. Parks and natural areas are in short supply in Bay-view, and views of dere-lict factories with graffiti and broken windows are pervasive. Residents have health problems from tox-ins in the environment.Residents of Bayview rely heavily on mass transit because many of them do not own cars. Bicyclists and pedestrians are a common sight in the city, and bike paths and side-

walks are actively used.

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T H E S I T E



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VEHICULAR CIRCULATION

Proposed Caltran Stop

LegendFreewayCaltranMajor RoadSecondary Road

Light Rail

N

3rd StreetLight Rail Stop

Islais Channel is conveniently located near both major freeways and Caltran, the local train, as well as the 3rd Street Light Rail Line.

Legend

BIKE & PEDESTRIAN TRAIL

THIRD STREET LIGHT RAIL

80 FREEWAY

101 FREEWAY

280 FREEWAY

CALTRAN TRAIN

TRAIN STOPS

LIGHT RAIL STOPS

PLANNED OR EXISTING GREEN SPACE

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T R A N S I T P O S S I B I L I T I E S A T I S L A I S C H A N N E LFisherman’s WharfPier 31

Ferry Terminal

Bay Bridge

Ballpark

Condominiums

Caltran

Islais Channel

Third Street Light Rail

UCSF Campus & Housing

Transamerica Pyramid

101Freeway

80Freeway

280Freeway

San Francisco Bay



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Looking North from Islais Channel towards downtown San Francisco 3 miles away

T H E S I T E



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S I M P L I F I E D Z O N I N G M A P

RESIDENTIAL UNIVERSITY

MIXED USE LIGHT INDUSTRIAL

PUBLIC HEAVY INDUSTRIAL

LEGEND

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3

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H i s t o r y



H I S T O R Y

The Muwekma Ohlone are the native tribe from Islais Marsh. They were a peaceful people and knew the bounty from the productive marsh. They harvested mussels, clams, and shrimp on its shores long before the Europeans arrived in 1769. Islais Creek is named for the hollyleaf cherry and favorite Indian treat. An Indian word “islay,” meaning wild cherry, suggests the origin of the name. Their cultural practices fostered thriving wildlife and supplied them with ample food. For hundreds of thousands of years, Islais Creek supplied habitat and sustenance for herds of elk, many California grizzly bears, mountain lions, and countless species of wildlife. Native iris and wildflowers blanketed the grassy hillsides in Spring, and elk grazed the fresh grass along the banks of Islais Creek.The Coastline of the San Francisco Peninsula looked very different when the Muwekma Ohlone Indians lived there. Islais Creek flowed from the largest water shed in San Francisco into a large marsh known for its bounty of species and striking physical beauty. The site was an incredibly diverse habitat and rich with fish, crustaceans, and shorebirds. Over 90 percent of the original saltwater marshes around San Francisco Bay are now gone. The creek remains visible at its origin, but never reaches its original marsh location. It is soon encased in a

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H I S T O R Y

culvert, combined with secondary waste water and thrown into the bay. A half-mile section of the creek still runs its original above ground course, and is protected in Glen Canyon Park. Many of the species that lived in the verdant Islais Marsh are now extinct and many more are gravely endangered. The marshes were filled at a time when their value was not known and when industry flourished. Today we know that marshes provide many valuable functions, effectively acting like the earth’s kidneys to clean pollutants from water. Once considered useless, wetlands are among the richest and most diverse of the wildlife habitats. Wetlands stabilize the soil, sequester carbon dioxide, soak up and store excess water, replenish the aquifers, protect the shoreline from the ravages of storm action, and store nutrients and sediment. In the words of the Ecological Society of America, “Functioning natural ecosystems perform services that are fundamental life-support systems upon which human civilization depends.”Marshes, particularly those with freshwater input, have a large supply of nutrients replenished twice a day with ocean tides and continually by the flow of the stream. The richness of the estuary and its cover of reeds makes it an ideal and essential nursery for birds and fish.In the late 1800s Portuguese and Italian farmers used water from Islais creek for drinking and irrigation of their crops. By 1871, more than 100 buildings and stables were built on piles over Islais Creek, Southwest of Kentucky Street in San Francisco’s “New Butchertown.” The earthquake of 1906 changed everything. Islais Marsh was used as a dumping ground for all of the city’s debris and demolished buildings. The Gold Rush brought in many squatters to the area who camped out on the banks of Islais Marsh. The sheer number of new people polluted the waters of the creek. Butchertown grew up out of the necessity of feeding a hungry mass of new immigrants to the city of San Francisco.

Islais Creek 1880

Islais Creek 1928

Islais Marsh 1904



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H I S T O R YIn the late 19th Century Islais Creek was treated as little more than a disposal system for the many butchers who worked upstream. Islais Creek came to be known as “S- Creek” for therotting smell of offal wafting from its waters.Later, the marsh was filled in and a shipping channel formed offshore, that would guide ships into the burgeoning industry along its length. Coconut meat, also called copra, was loaded onto ships from a massive crane structure, visible for miles. The crane operated until 1974. A busy sardine cannery across the channel cleaned and loaded waiting ships with a seemingly, unending supply of fish from the cornucopia of the bay. Industry along the channel thrived in the early 1900s for about 50 years. In the fifties, Islais creek was culverted so roads could be built. Recently, the culvert was expanded and redirected to include 80 million gallons of secondary waste water, per day, which now flows directly into the bay. Today the west side of Islais Shipping Channel is quiet; all industry along its banks, inside of 3rd Street, has ceased operation. The cannery is a graffiti-covered, blasted shell and the rusty coconut crane is all that remains of the copra industry.Skateboarders perfecting their moves along the concrete promenade is the only activity evident today. On the weekends families will take canoes out into the channel as there is very good bird-watching there. Cormorants and migrating water birds rest in the channel. The city recently planted some native Islais cherry trees along the channel where the boaters meet , and this is a popular spot to find nesting birds. Copra Crane Islais Channel

Sardine Boat at the Cannery- early 1900s



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H I S T O R Y

Recently, a group of local neighbors thought a park honoring the native Muwekma Indians should be built on the banks of the channel. They received tacit approval from the city, and received grants and funding to create the park. A group called, “Friends of Islais Creek” formed and they worked to get additional greenspace in this area of town that had none. They sought mitigation funds to create public access, recreation facilities, and open space where it is sorely needed. The park was planted in 1988 with native plants, and tended by children from local schools, many of whom had never been given a chance to be close to nature. They planted to encourage nature and nature responded and has become a habitat and stop over for many birds, insects, butterflies in the vicinity The park swelled to one acre with two ponds and a one and a half acre wetland. The endangered Pacific Chorus Frog, long silent, filled the air with its calls. A Muwekma Healing Pole Totem was due to be installed as a memorial to the native indians. Two years ago the sewage culvert under the park started leaking. The city destroyed the park trying to fix the seepage. The city promised to restore the park and has never fulfilled its obligation.

David Erickson artist, activist, and long-time advocate for Muwekma Ohlone Park



HISTORICMARSHLOCATION

PRESENTSHORELINE

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H I S T O R I C C O A S T L I N E

THE PRESENT SHORELINE IS COMPOSED OF MANY FEET OF UNSTABLE LOCAL FILL SOIL AND DEBRIS



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H I S T O R I C W A T E R S H E D M A P

San Francisco Bay

H i s t o r y

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4

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I n v e n t o r y a n d A n a l y s i s



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N O R T H - F A C I N G S I T E P H O T O S

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P h o t o s1

North Side of Channel with view of bus maintenance building, concrete promenade, and overhead freeway South Side of Channel with views of derelict cannery and tour bus facility



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S O U T H - F A C I N G S I T E P H O T O S

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South Side of Channel with views of derelict cannery and tour bus facility

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3 4

3. The Channel gets very shallow to the west. The banks and water are filled with trash. A fenced-off vacant lot and field occupy the northwest portion of the site.

4. Views to the south are marred by graffiti and the ruins of the can-nery. The site is littered with trash.

W E S T - F A C I N G S I T E P H O T O S

P h o t o s

3 4



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S O U T H A N D E A S T - F A C I N G S I T E P H O T O S

5 6

5. The large copra crane, copra is a term used for coconut meat, looms over the skateboarders at the promenade. It is emblematic of the historic industry that used to take place here at Islais Channel.

6. The large and sterile-looking promenade. It is an uninterrupted expanse of concrete which is very unattractive, and uninviting, except for the skateboarders who have adopted the promenade as a skate park. They have been adding their own ramps with bagged concrete, and can be found, “catching air” at all times of the day.



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N O R T H - F A C I N G S I T E P H O T O S

87

P h o t o s

7 8

7. Busy Third Street Light Rail is conveniently located within one block of the site. Trains travel frequently into downtown.

8. This ADA-designed boat ramp is unused because the rails do not allow anyone in a wheelchair to carry a canoe. The design does not work, except for the homeless people who carve off pieces of the aluminum structure to sell at the recycling center, so it remains locked.



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W E S T A N D E A S T - F A C I N G S I T E P H O T O S

10. This grassy area is where canoeists put in their boats. The shallower western part of the channel has very good bird watching and attracts boaters on the weekend. Encouraging bird species by providing habitat would enrich the present environment for the native species and for the people who visit them.

9. The remains of pier pilings punctuate the channel with staccato shapes. Birds, fish, and crustaceans tend to congregate on or close to the pilings because they provide some cover and a vantage point to look for food.

910

9 10



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E A S T - F A C I N G S I T E P H O T O S

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12

11

P h o t o s

11 12

12. Degradation of Muwekma- Ohlone Park. Water-filled holes are all that remains of a natively- planted and nature-filled park installed by the citizens who saw a need for the solace nature provides.

11. Family canoe outing on Islais Channel. Instead of an unused eyesore, the site could become an attractive wildlife habitat and eco-destination right in the heart of the city.



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E C O T O N E

A U N I Q U E H A B I TAT C R E AT E D B Y T H E J U X TA P O S I T I O N O F D I S T I N C T LY

D I F F E R E N T H A B I TAT S O R W H E R E T W O E C O S Y S T E M S M E E T

E C O T O N E :



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N A T U R A L A R E A S I N S A N F R A N C I S C O

E c o l o g y

The Southeastern area of San Francisco is devoid of natural areas, and could benefit from accessible green space. The disadvantaged in Bayview have little political power to make positive changes in their environment. Children lack the benefits that come from exposure to nature. Reintroducing a marsh to Islais Creek has the additional benefit of reducing the toxins present in Bayview. Marshes are powerful remediators of pollution .



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California Clapper Rail

California Clapper RailPacific Chorus Frog

California Black Rail

Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse

Some images from East Bay Regional Park District

Some of California’s Endangered Species

The remaining 10% of unfilled marshland in the San Francisco Bay is the largest stopover for migrating birds in the western United States. Over one million birds and around 300 species visit here twice yearly. Additionally, nearly half of all endangered species make their home in marshes. By reconstructing a marsh at Islais Channel, and by returning the flow of Islais Creek into the marsh a valuable habitat can be created. Studies show that a reconstructed marsh are as successful as natural marshes in cleaningwater of toxic runoff and other pollutants.

P A C I F I C F LY W A Y



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B A Y T R A I L

400 Mile Bay Trail

After many years in planning and development, the 400 mile Bay Trail is nearing completion. This new bike / pedestrian trail will encircle the San Francisco Bay and hug the coastline, and give a scenic ride to the thousands to people who will use it.



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B L U E - G R E E N T R A I L I N S A N F R A N C I S C O

3rd StreetLight Rail Stop

The city of San Francisco is planning an extension of The Bay Trail with green space and parks. The trail will run down 3rd Street across Islais Channel. Logically a connection can be made with the Islais Project to make it a convenient and desirable destination for any mode of transportation available.

Third Street,Light Rail and Pedestrian Traffic

Planned Bike Way

Planned Green Space



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A N A LY S I S

I-280

Light Rail Stop

Davidson Ave

Ca

ltra

n

Granite & Tile Warehouse

JunkyardVacant Lot

Condominiums

Tour Bus Facility

Autobody Shops

Canoe Launch

Ind

ian

a S

tre

et

Th

ird

Str

ee

t

Lig

ht

Ra

il

Junkyard

Caesar Chavez

Ranki

n St

reet

Challenge #1

Challenge #7

Challenge #2

Challenge #4Challenge #3

New condominiums have no greenspace

Brown vacant lots need vegeta-tion. Trash needs to be removed

Marin Street

Junkyard adding pollutants to bay. Brown areas need vegetation.

Graffiti-covered dilapidated building is an eyesore

Challenge #5Concrete promenade is not aesthetically pleasing and onlyattracts skateboarders

Challenge #6New Light Rail will attract new residential development, but area has no greenspace or connection to bay bike trail

Brown areas needs vegetation & canoe launch needs improvement

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5

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D e s i g n G o a l s



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3rd StreetLight Rail Stop Expand and

Connect BikeTrail and Green Space

ConnectPeople with Marsh by Providing Boardwalks.

Provide Plaza Space and Farmer’s Market, Orchard, Vegetable Beds,Plus Outdoor Restaurant

ReintroduceNative Plant Community in Park Honoring Indians Providing Much-Need-ed Natural Areas& Daylight Islais Creek into Vacant Lot to form Marsh. Vegetate Marsh to Integrate Site with Water

This project seeks to honor and foster nature, yet does not negate people. Islais Marsh invites them to celebrate the natu-ral processes of remediation and growth. Kids acquainted with nature will create a healthier world in the future. The San Francisco Bay, the people who live there, and their environment will all benefit from the improvements to Islais Marsh.

Project Goals

P R O J E C T G O A L S



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P r o g r a m

Ur

ba

n

Ec

ot

on

e

5 A c r e M a r s h

Dayl ight Is la is Creek

Park honoring Indians

Boardwalk and Signage

Connection with Bay Trail

Farmer’s Market, Plaza, Restaurant,

Orchard, and Vegetable Garden

Skatepark

Living Structure for Viewing Marsh

Mixed Use with Living Space

P R O G R A M E L E M E N T S



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P r o g r a m

D E S I G N I N T E N T

D e s i g n I n t e n t :

T o R e f o r m a n d R e m e d i a t e -I s la is Marsh, I s la is Creek, and the land, by p lant ing the nat ive p lantsT o H o n o r -the Muwekma Ohlone Indiansby us ing indigenous p lantsT o A t t r a c t -the widest var iety of species and ent ice people to v is i tT o H a r n e s s -the power of the Marsh to c leansecondary sewage and runoffT o E n a b l e -interact ion by bui ld ing boardwalks and Marsh v iewing p latformT o R e u s e - exist ing infrastructureT o E d u c a t e -vis i tors about the h istory, ecology, b ioremediat ion, hydrology,and ra is ing food crops

Ur

ba

n

Ec

ot

on

e



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I M A G E B O A R D

Ur

ba

n

Ec

ot

on

e

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6

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C o n c e p t s



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C O N C E P T O N E



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C O N C E P T T W O

N

U r b a n E c o t o n e

0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

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Concept Two

Maximize Green Space

0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’

Farmer’s Market

Canoe Launch

Skateboard Park

Concept Two-

+Fosters Wildlife

+Skateboard Park close to parking

+Canoe Launch close toparking

+Extensive greenways connect to Bay Trail

-Park and Marsh need “eyes” for safety-Needs waterfront viewing area for visitors- Plan does not addressneed for housing

Mixed Use

Condominium

Parking

Existi ng

Plaza

Marsh

Park

Boundary

Major Road

Vehicular

Bike/Ped

Light Rail Stop



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C O N C E P T T W O

N


0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’ 1 , 0 0 0 ’

Concept Two

Maximize Green Space

0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’

Farmer’s Market

Canoe Launch

Skateboard Park

Concept Two-

+Fosters Wildlife




-Park and Marsh need “eyes” for safety-Needs waterfront viewing area for visitors- Plan does not addressneed for housing

Mixed Use

Condominium

Parking

Existi ng

Plaza

Marsh

Park

Boundary

Major Road

Vehicular

Bike/Ped

Light Rail Stop



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C O N C E P T T H R E E



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C O N C E P T F O U R

N


0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’ 1 , 0 0 0 ’

Concept Four-

-Park is disjointed.

-No direct linkage to

transit stop.

-Parking near plazaconvenient but not aestheti cally pleasing.

+Bike Trail links up with plaza and Bay Trail

+Parking convenient to

canoe launch.+Large Park and Marsh+Extensive boardwalk for viewing marsh

Mixed Use Concept Four

Skateboard Park

Farmer’s Market

Canoe Launch Mixed Use

Condominium

Parking

Existi ng

Plaza

Marsh

Park

Boundary

Major Road

Vehicular

Bike/Ped

Light Rail Stop



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C O N C E P T F I V E

N


0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’ 1 , 0 0 0 ’

Concept Five

Synthesis

Concept Five-

+Fosters Wildlife




+Park and Marsh have “eyes” for safety+Waterfront has Plazaon sunny south+Direct access to Farmer’s Market for pedestrians walking from Light Rail

0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’

Farmer’s Market

Skateboard Park

Canoe Launch

Art

Mixed Use

Condominium

Parking

Existi ng

Plaza

Marsh

Park

Boundary

Major Road

Vehicular

Bike/Ped

Light Rail Stop



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C O N C E P T S I X

N


0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’ 1 , 0 0 0 ’

Develop North and South Concept Six 0 ’

1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’

Mixed Use

Condominium

Parking

Existi ng

Plaza

Marsh

Park

Boundary

Major Road

Vehicular

Bike/Ped

Light Rail Stop

Canoe Launch

Farmer’s MarketConcept Six-

-Small greenspace

limited wildlife value

+Direct linkage to transit stop.



-Parking inconvenient to canoe launch.

+Plenty of Mixed Use

Skateboard Park



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C O N C E P T S I X

N


0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’ 1 , 0 0 0 ’

Develop North and South Concept Six 0 ’

1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’

Mixed Use

Condominium

Parking

Existi ng

Plaza

Marsh

Park

Boundary

Major Road

Vehicular

Bike/Ped

Light Rail Stop

Canoe Launch

Farmer’s MarketConcept Six-

-Small greenspace

limited wildlife value

+Direct linkage to transit stop.



-Parking inconvenient to canoe launch.

+Plenty of Mixed Use

Skateboard Park



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N


0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’ 1 , 0 0 0 ’

Concept Seven

Linear Plaza

0 ’ 1 0 0 ’

2 0 0 ’

Mixed Use

Condominium

Parking

Existi ng

Plaza

Marsh

Park

Boundary

Major Road

Vehicular

Bike/Ped

Light Rail Stop

Farmer’s Market

Skateboard Park

Canoe LaunchArt

Monument

Concept Seven-

+Park is large.

+Skateboard Park and Canoe Launch have close parking.

+Parking near plazais convenient.

+Extensive Bike Trails that link up with plaza

+Minimum vehicular traffi c

+Linear plaza invites strolling and food vendors+Plaza at waterfront provides dining with a water view

C O N C E P T S E V E N

This concept accomplishes the major design goals. Primarily keeping vehicular traffic on the outside, and maximizing green space while accommodat-ing housing needs. Skateboard Park and Canoe launch are separate and have convenient parking.



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M A T R I X

D E S I G N G O A L S Concept One

Concept Two

Concept Three

Concept Four

Concept Five

Concept Six

Concept Seven

U r b a n E c o t o n e Matrix

Convenient Parking for Farmer ’s Market

D e s i g n G o a l s

Marsh and Park Large Enough to Support Wi ldl i fe

Parking on the Per iphery

Park and Marsh have Continuity

Canoe Launch C lose to Parking

B ike Paths L ink Up with Bay Trai l

Green Space Extends Out Into Community Surrounding L iv ing Spaces Keep Park Watch P laza Easi ly Access ible f rom Mass Transit

SkateboardersAccomodated & Separate

One Two Three Four Five Six Seven

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

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7

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P l a n



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0 ’ 20’

4 0 ’ 2 0 0 ’

Pedestrian and Bicycle Paths

Historic Crane& Signage

Orchard &Native Meadow


Light Rail

Driveway

Reused Brick

Beds of Perennials & Grasses

Water Feature

Greenhouse & Produce BedsCanoe Tie-up

Canoe Launch

Marsh Boardwalk Green Roof

Bike Parking

Skateboard Park

Daylit Stream Wildlife Viewing & Destination

Farmer’s Market

Wildlife Viewing & Signage

Main Bridge

Indigenous Plants

Pickleweed

Cord Grass

Eel Grass

Bridge

Cistern

Cisterns & Aqueduct

Mixed Use

Parking

Mixed Use

Mixed Use

Bioswale

Restaurant

Dining

Indian Memorial Native Garden

Islands

Townhomes Condominiums

0’

20’

40’ 200’

M A S T E R P L A N



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C O N T E X T A N D B I K E P A T H C O N N E C T I O N C o n t e x t

C l o s e u p o f F a r m e r ’ s M a r k e t

I s l a i s M a r s h : U r b a n E c o t o n e

The HealingPower of the Marsh

0 ’ 5 0 ’

1 0 0 ’ 5 0 0 ’

Davidson Avenue

Ten

ne

ssee

Ave

nu

e

Th

ird Stre

et Ligh

t Ra

il

Light Rail Stop

0 ’ 10’

2 0 ’ 1 0 0 ’


Open AirFarmer’s Market

Light Rail Stop

Driveway

Lines of Reused Brick

Wave-Shaped Beds of Perennials & Grasses

Steppable Water Feature

Greenhouse &Produce Beds

Canoe Tie-up

Curved Steps Curved Steps

Marsh Boardwalk

Green Roof

Historic Crane with Signage

Destination with Seating

Bands of Grasses in Cut Local Stone

Bridge

Main Bridge

Orchard and Native Meadow

Bridge

Bridge

Plaza

Bridge

Cistern

Cisterns and Aqueduct

Mixed Use WithDisguised Upper Parking

Bioswale

Restaurant

Dining

Seatwalls Seatwall

Entrance

Th

ird Stre

et Ligh

t Ra

il

The design solution integrates successful features from several of the concepts. All user groups are addressed in the design. Marsh area is maximized, yet area is allotted for living space and mixed-use which gives the park and marsh the protective eyes of dwellers. Skateboarders will be able to reuse the cannery for a skateboard park of their design and will be able to take part in its construction. Canoeists have convenient parking by the launch. The plaza area, produce beds, orchard, farmer’s market, and restaurant will work together to supply fresh food to the community. Water harvesting is visible and used for irrigation and the plaza water feature.

Freshwater Stream Salt Water Marsh

Spartinafoliosa

Cord Grass

Distichlis spicata

Salt Grass

Zosteramarina

Eel Grass

Grindeliastricta

Gum Plant

BaccharisPilularisCoyoteBrush

Lupinus albifronsLupine

Atriplextriangularis

Saltbush

Spartina foliosa

Cord Grass

Salicorniapacifica

Pickleweed

Scirpusacutus

Tule

TyphalatifoliaCattail

Salixlasiolepis

ArroyoWillow

Quercusagrifolia

Coast LiveOak

Burrowing OwlPurple Shore CrabBotta’s Pocket

Gopher

Pacific Chorus Frog

Steelhead Trout

Clarkia franciscana

Tidewater Goby

Barnacles

Bay Shrimp

Brown Pelican

Mission Blue Butterfly

California Quail

California Clapper Rail

San Francisco Garter Snake

Anna’s Hummingbird

Acorn Woodpecker

Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse

Marsh Wren

Innkeeper Worm

Increasing Salinity

High TidalMarsh

SubtidalMarsh

MudflatUpland RiparianHabitat

LowerFresh-waterMarsh

ShallowFresh-waterMarsh

SaltwaterChannel

Coastal Sand Dune ScrubTidal Marsh Plain

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E S T U A R Y W I L D L I F E Z O N E S A N D H A B I T A T D I V E R S I T Y

Habitat richness can be enhanced by creating environments that are appropriate for the largest sampling of species. Knowledge of the environmental requirements of wildlife is essential to planning the landscape. Species vary in the exactness of their cultural requirements. Some species are generalists and live in a wide range of climates and environments, while others have very limited and specific conditions that need to be met for survival. The wonder of the estuary is the extent of creatures that can find a suitable environmental zone for living. Depth of the marsh and the percentage of salinity in the water determines the range of wildlife that lives there. Eelgrass, Pickleweed, and Cordgrass all live at different depths of the marsh. Birds, insects, and other wildlife are associated with specific plants, and there is a linear spectrum of wildlife that share the environment. Even bacteria are specific to the roots of particular plants. One of the keys to the richness of life in the marsh is the ability of diazomorphic bacteria to chemically change nitrogen from the common diatomic molecule to a form that is usable by plants for growth and nutrition. The food chain starts with nutrients coming in with fresh water, continues with nitrogen fixation, and results in the growth of all species who live in the marsh. The marsh is a complex and bountiful environment. Encouraging biodiversity does two things: toxins in the environment are remediated faster, and the widest array of wildlife can be supported. Conservation and protection of species can be enhanced by planning for biodiversity. In this project the marsh will have large areas of stepped depths to accommodate the needs of many species. Native plants suitable for the different conditions will attract the wildlife that has evolved to recognize and utilize those plants. This environmental variety, activity, and beauty will make wildlife viewing at Islais Marsh an exciting experience for the whole family.



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P H Y T O R E M E D I A T I O N



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B I O R E M E D I A T I O N O F I S L A I S C R E E K S I T E

Nature’s power is transformative and healing in ways science is just beginning to understand. The goal of this project is to reveal the healing aspects of nature. Anthropocentrically, nature bolsters human well-being, creates a sense of belonging to the Earth, and reduces feelings of alienation and ennui. Additionally, healthy soils grow nutritionally superior food, and plants that grow in healthy soils foster a bounty of flora and fauna that have evolved over the millenia to work in unison with plants. Phytoremediation refers to the unique capacity of plants to harness the power of the sun to chemically rearrange chemical compounds into new molecules. Bioremediation is the use of all biological organisms to clean toxins. The techniques of bioremediation have been used in Germany for several hundred years, and are beginning to be used in the United States. There is much that is not known about the processes of remediation. Plants do not work alone, some of the most powerful remediation occurs in the rhizosphere, the area just outside the roots of the plant. This zone contains an astounding number of organisms. By attentive soil practices, the number of these organisms can be increased to speed-up the effectiveness of bioremediation. Plants live in symbiosis with the bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, microoganisms, arthropods, and earthworms in the soil. Together these organisms have the ability to change toxic chemicals into innocuous substances, by using elements of the toxins as nutrition. Furthermore, the plants and the associated organisms in marshes and estuaries are effective cleaners of polluted water, and manmade marshes have been installed worldwide to harness this capacity. Urban areas have rarely seen the activity of butterflies, bees, birds, and animals that comes with growing plants in a soil full of life. A study done by a collaboration of California university students (Devinney et al., 2005)experimented with using California native plants to clean-up hydrocarbon soil contamination commonly found in urban areas as a result of runoff from heavy automobile use. The use of California native plants is especially discerning because the root systems of these plants have evolved to withstand the long period of seasonal drought the typically lasts from April to November. The root systems of select California vegetation are longer, deeper, and more extensive than plants from less-arid locations. In bioremediation, the longer depth of roots involves more rhizosphere area, and a larger area of detoxification. Moreover, native plants attract native insects, birds, and soil biota, that have evolved to prefer these plants. Greater diversity of life in the environment equates to faster remediation of toxicity. The study found some native plants are more effective for cleaning hydrocarbons than others. The entomologist involved in the study (Devinney et al., 2005) also registered a heavy increase in the numbers of butterflies and insects in the planting areas. The experiment was done in a blighted area whose citizens have little opportunity for interaction with nature. The study found, unexpectedly, that the residents valued these areas by caring for them, and even by adding new plants. The nurturing behavior of the residents reinforces the idea that nature, even a small planting strip, enhances the lives of people who live nearby.



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G R E E N E L E M E N T S O F T H E P L A N

1

2

3

4 5

7 13

11 10

12

8

9

6

Gabions made from broken concretereused from the promenade will keep the banks of the marsh from erodingNative plants are selected for high wildlife valueGabion Islands will protect species from predationA two-story viewing platform willgive visitors a place to see wildlifeThe historic crane will be preservedas a gateway to the channel. Signagewill illustrate the history of industryDaylighting Islais Creek will reintroduce afreshwater/ saltwater gradientThe ruins of the cannery will be reused as a skatepark. The park will be designed and built with rammed-earth construction and reused tractor-trailer tires, by the local skateboardersBioswale with native vegetationPermeable paving in parking areaReused bricks from cannery line the walkwaysGreen roof on a reused building Cisterns collect rainwater from roofs and visibly transport the water via aquaduct to irrigate plants. Signage shares information about hydrologyMuwekma Ohlone Memorial Garden features educational signage about how the Indians sustainably managed the land. The butterfly/hummingbird garden will introduce the wonder of nature to children.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.9.10.11.12.

13.



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R E M E D I A T I O N P L A N

H e a l t h e E a r t h - H e a l t h e B a y - H e a l t h e P e o p l e The Is la is Marsh Project benef i ts the area res idents with needed green space that can provide respite f rom urban concerns. The soi l on th is s i te contains tox ins . A community-wide program led by sc ient ists can decrease tox ins with b ioremediat ion. P lants se lected to target the tox ins can be grown in a long-range plan to render the soi l su i table for p lant ing. San Francisco has a c i ty-wide compost col lect ion program and the result ing humus, together with local farm manures can create an opt imal ly b io logica l ly-d iverse soi l which is the key to faster remediat ion. The whole process can be a beauti ful hands-on learning experience for the res idents . Later, an orchard of f ru i t t rees and vegetable beds supply the waterfront restaurant and community with fresh, nutr i t ious, and organic food. School k ids and volunteers can learn from ass ist ing the gardeners and chefs .

H e a l t h e W a t e r When the new marsh has stabi l i zed, a port ion of the secondary sewage can be added, and remediated through the natural c leaning act ion of the marsh reducing the City ’s over loaded sewage system . Constructed marshes a l ready effect ively perform this funct ion worldwide, and are an attract ive a l ternat ive to the ugly infrastructure h istor ica l ly used to c lean wastewater. Harvest ing ra inwater and apply ing i t to p lant ing beds wi l l c lean the water, and together with the c leaning act ion of the b ioswales on s i te , return c leaner water to the environment .



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C L O S E - U P V I E W O F F A R M E R ’ S M A R K E T

C o n t e x t

C l o s e u p o f F a r m e r ’ s M a r k e t



0 ’ 5 0 ’

1 0 0 ’ 5 0 0 ’

Davidson Avenue

Ten

ne

ssee

Av

en

ue

Th

ird S

tree

t Ligh

t Ra

il

Light Rail Stop

0 ’ 10’

2 0 ’ 1 0 0 ’


Open AirFarmer’s Market

Light Rail Stop

Driveway

Lines of Reused Brick




Canoe Tie-up

Curved Steps Curved Steps

Marsh Boardwalk

Green Roof


Destination with Seating


Bridge

Main Bridge

Orchard and Native Meadow

Bridge

Bridge

Plaza

Bridge

Cistern

Cisterns and Aqueduct

Mixed Use WithDisguised Upper Parking

Bioswale

Restaurant

Dining

Seatwalls Seatwall

Entrance

Cistern

Bridge

Bridge

Bridge Plaza

Driveway

Restaurant

Curved StepsCurved Steps

Canoe Tie-up Dining

Bridge

Entrance Seatwall

Seatwall Orchard & Native Meadow Light Rail Stop



Pedestrian &Bike Paths

Marsh Boardwalk

Green Roof Lines of Reused Brick

Cisterns & Aqueduct




Open-Air Farmer’s Market

View Destination with Seating

Mixed Use with Disguised Upper Parking

Bioswale Main Bridge

Part of the concept of introducing nature to an urban site is how to integrate it appropriately. In the design, the gradient concept of marsh salinity extends itself to the gradient quality of the introduction of plants and natural forms from the edges of the site into the center. The percentage of plants and nature increases as one moves from the perimeter of the site into the complete natural area of the marsh. Wave-shaped beds of colorful perennials welcome the visitor in a conventional use of plant materials, then, native grasses are introduced flowing through the paving, introducing the idea and vocabulary of the marsh. Further on, views of the marsh grasses in the distance echo the grass forms weaving through the walkway and unify the design. Natural curving forms reminiscent of the flow of water also integrate the design with the natural area of the marsh. Design details recall natural forms, local materials, and the green roof assist in the integration. Bioswales near the main street introduce car traffic to nature, demonstrating that nature is a valued and integral part of the design. The presence and activity of birds and butterflies creates a garden space that is different than a flower garden where plants are chosen just for their aesthetic appeal. The wildlife adds an exciting dimension to the garden.



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M A R S H B R I D G E D E T A I L

BALUSTER WITH 4” MAXIMUM SPACING

METAL PIPE RAIL

FESTUCA CALIFORNICA

DRAINAGE HOLES 1’ OC

WELL-DRAINING POTTING SOIL

PLANTER BOX

SPACER

TWO THROUGH BOLTSAT POST



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M A R S H B R I D G E D E T A I L

BALUSTER WITH 4” MAXIMUM SPACING

METAL PIPE RAIL

FESTUCA CALIFORNICA

DRAINAGE HOLES 1’ OC

WELL-DRAINING POTTING SOIL

PLANTER BOX

SPACER

TWO THROUGH BOLTSAT POST



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M A R S H G A B I O N D E T A I L

SOIL BACKFILLCOMPACTED TO95% STANDARDPROCTOR DENSITY

SPARTINA FOLIOSA WEDGED INTO RIP RAP 1’ OC

WELDED MESH CAGES CONSTRUCTED OF 9-GAUGE WIRE, WITH 3” SQUARE OPENINGS- 2’H X 2’ W X 6’ L

BROKEN CONCRETE FROM EXISTING PROMENADE

6”

6”



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R A M M E D - E A R T H C O N S T R U C T I O N O F S K A T E B O A R D P A R K

BASE COURSE OF TRACTOR-TRAILERTIRES WITH RAMMED-EARTH FILLING

COVER TIRES WITH MORE RAMMED- EARTH TO SMOOTH TOPOGRAPHY

CONCRETE COVERSREBAR

REBAR GRID WITH I’ SPACING OVER SMOOTHED RAMMED-EARTH



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PERMEABLELANDSCAPE FABRIC

BIOSWALE WITH MAXIMUM 3:1 SLOPE, 2’ MINIMUM CHANNEL, AND MINIMUM 12’ WIDTH

1’ BAND DECOMPOSEDGRANITE

6” PERVIOUS CONCRETE

6” OF CLEAN GRAVEL

ASPHALTIC CONCRETE

PERMEABLE LANDSCAPE FABRIC

NATIVE SOIL

N A T I V E LY P L A N T E D B I O S W A L E



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MORE INUNDATED

MIMULUS CARDINALISJUNCUS PATENSJUNCUS XIPHOIDESCORNUS STOLONIFERAPLATANUS RACEMOSASAMBUCUS MEXICANACAREX SPISSA

LESS INUNDATED

RIBES SANGUINEUM VAR. GLUTINOSUMSALIX LASIOLEPISARTEMISIA DOUGLASIANAMIMULUS GUTTATUSSIDALCEA CALYCOSA SSP. RHIZOMATAMUHLENBERGIA RIGENSAQUILEGIA FORMOSAPHILADELPHIS LEWISIIIRIS DOUGLASIANA

B I O S W A L E N A T I V E P L A N T S



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F T H E S K A T E B O A R D P A R K

1



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F T H E S K A T E B O A R D P A R K



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F I S L A I S C R E E K

2



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F I S L A I S C R E E K



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F T H E F A R M E R ’ S M A R K E T

3



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F T H E F A R M E R ’ S M A R K E T



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F T O W N H O M E S O V E R L O O K I N G T H E M A R S H

4



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F T O W N H O M E S O V E R L O O K I N G T H E M A R S H



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F C R A N E G A T E W A Y

5



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P E R S P E C T I V E O F T H E C R A N E G A T E W A Y



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6

P E R S P E C T I V E O F T H E B I O S W A L E



- 89 -

P E R S P E C T I V E O F T H E B I O S W A L E



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S E C T I O N S

A

B

A1

B1

0’

20’

40’ 200’



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S E C T I O N S

Section A- A1

Section B- B1

75’ Produce Beds & Greenhouse

160’ Mixed Use & Dining Cisterns & Aquaduct

50’ Restaurant

60’ Greenhouse& Produce Beds

25’ Walk 40’ Dining 70’ of Walkways, Seating, Perennials and Grasses

Bio

swal

e

10’

Sid

ewal

k

Edg

e of

Orc

hard

Se

ating

&

Pere

nnia

l Bed

s

15’ S

tepp

able

Wat

er F

eatu

re Street &Street Parking

CanoeTie-up

320’

350’



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B U T T E R F LY H O S T P L A N T S

Quercus agrifolia

Quercus agrifolia

Epilobium

Aristida purpurea

Aristida purpurea

Aristida purpurea

Aesculus californica

Aesculus californica

Quercus agrifolia

Prunus ilicifolia

Viola douglasii

Ceanothus

Castilleja exserta

Lupinus albifrons

Ribes spp.

Ribes spp.

Ribes spp.

Castlleja exserta

Aristolochia californica

Prunus ilicifolia

Monardella villosa

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

B A Y A R E A B U T T E R F L Y H O S T P L A N T S

Name

Plant

In Plan

Viola douglasii

Viola douglasii

Viola douglasii

Viola douglasii

Quercus agrifolia

Ceanothus

Eriogonum

Ceanothus

Lupinus albifrons

Aesculus california

Lupinus albifrons

Eriogonum

Castilleja spp.

Plantago erecta

Aristida purpurea

Aristida purpurea

Eriogonum

Lessingia filaginifolia

Eriogonum

Castilleja exserta

Ceanothus

Name

Plant

In Plan

Zerene Fritillary

Unsilvered Fritillary

Coronis Fritillary

Pacific Fritillary

Lorquin’s Hairstreak

Hedgerow Hairstreak

Bramble Hairstreak

Western Brown Elfin

Common Hairstreak

Echo Blue

Silvery Blue

Acmon Blue

Luester’s Checkerspot

Buckeye

Oxeye Satyr

California Ringlet

Western Green Hairstreak

Chalcedon Checkerspot

Gorgon Copper

Bay Area Checkerspot

California Hairstreak

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Prospertius Duskywing

Mournful Duskywing

White-Lined Sphinx Moth

Fiery Skipper

Dodge’s Skipper

Sandhill Skipper

Spring Azure

Echo Blue

California Sister

Lorquin’s Admiral

Callippe Fritillary

California Tortoiseshell

Edith’s Checkerspot

Mission Blue

Gray Comma

Green Comma

Hoary Comma

Leanira Checkerspot

Pipevine Swallowtail

Western Swallowtail

California Dogface

Butterflies require nectar from flowers or fruit. Caterpillars eat a diet of leaves from a host plant in order to live.

0 ’ 1 0 ’

Prunus ilicifolia ssp. lyonii Catalina Cherry

Native MeadowSeeded with

Aristida purpureaCastilleja exsertaClarkia amoenaClarkia purpureaClarkia unguicularisEpilobium canumPlantago erectaViola douglasii

Industrial Pipe TrellisPlanted with

Vitis Californica‘Roger’s Red’Lonicera hispidula

Concrete Block with Corten Steel Inserts

Decomposed Granite

Muwekma Ohlone Indian Healing Pole in the middle of a black granite fountain with water sheet-ing across the surfacesurrounded by sloping wall

0 ’ 20’

1 0 ’

1 0 0 ’

Aesculus californica - California Buckeye Fremontodendron californicum - Flannel Bush

Quercus agrifolia - Coast Live Oak

Lyonothamnus floribundus - Catalina Ironwood

Prunus ilicifolia ssp. lyonii - Catalina Cherry

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Perennials and Grasses



Juncus patens Wire Grass

Galvezia speciosa ‘Firecracker’ Island Snapdragon

Clarkia unguiculata Elegant clarkia

Calamagrostis foliosa Leafy Reed Grass

Shrubs and Subshrubs

Meadow Plants and Vines

Arctostaphylos ‘John Dourley’ Manzanita

Iris douglasiana ‘Canyon Snow’ Douglas Iris

Eriogonum crocatum Saffron Buckwheat

Clarkia purpurea Winecup Clarkia

Epilobium ‘Silver Select’

Heuchera ‘Wendy’ Coral Bells

Erigeron glaucus Seaside Daisy

Ceanothus gloriosus ‘Anchor Bay’ California Lilac

Aristida purpurea Purple Three-Awn

Encelia californica ‘Eldorado’ California Aster

Clarkia amoena Farewell-to-Spring

Heterotheca sessiliflora ssp. bolanderiSan Bruno Mountain

Dendromecon harfordii Island Bush Poppy

Castilleja exserta Owl’s Clover

Salvia spathacea ‘Powerline Pink’ Hummingbird Sage

Ribes sanguineum ‘Spring Showers’ Pink-Flowering Currant

Vitis californica ‘Roger’s Red’

Salvia ‘Bee’s Bliss’ Bee’s Bliss Sage

Plantago erecta Plantain

Lupinus albifrons Silver Bush Lupine

Viola douglasii Golden Violet

Monardella villosa Coyote Mint

Lessingia filaginifolia ‘Silver Carpet’ California Aster

Lonicera hispidula Honeysuckle

Romneya coulteri Matilija Poppy

Verbena lilacina ‘De La Mina’ Sand Verbena

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H U M M I N G B I R D P L A N T S

Lonicera Hispidula

Iris Douglasiana

Ribes ‘Spring Showers’

Galvezia Speciosa

Aesculus Californica

Salvia Bee’s Bliss

Arctostaphylos

Aesculus California

Epilobium

Heuchera

Salvia Spathacea

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Plant

In Plan

Anna’s Hummingbird

Anna’s Hummingbird is one of two species of hummingbirds re-siding in San Francisco. Anna’s has a year-around presence. These plants were selected to provide nectar all year, by having differ-ent and consecutive bloom periods.



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B L O O M C H A R T



B l o o m C h a r t

Plants were chosen for their high wildlife value, meaning that many species benefit from the plant either as a food source, shelter, or as a food source for their young. Other factors for plant selection include long-bloom time, ease of maintenance, attractive and dense appearance, drought-tolerance, and beauty in combination with nearby plants. These plants also occur natively in the similar climates and conditions of Coastal Sage Scrub and Channel Islands. The plants are a selection of native plants that work in typical residential gardens, and they are the best education and advertisement for encouraging the use of native plants. Visitors will notice that the plants are attractive, drought-tolerant, appropriate for the landscape, and attract birds and butterflies.

PLANT JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Flower and Fall Leaf Color Calendar

AESCULUS CALIFORNICA

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS

ARISTIDA PURPUREA

ARISTOLOCHIA CALIFORNICA

CALAMAGROSTIS FOLIOSA

CASTILLEJA EXSERTA

CEANOTHUS GLORIOSUS

CLARKIA AMOENA

CLARKIA PURPUREA

CLARKIA UNGUICULATA

DENDROMECON HARFORDII

ENCELIA CALIFORNICA

EPILOBIUM ‘SILVER SELECT’

ERIGERON GLAUCUS

ERIOGONUM CROCATUM

ESCHSCHOLZIA CALIFORNICA

FREMONTODENDRON

GALVESIA SPECIOSA

HETEROTHECA

HEUCHERA ‘WENDY’

IRIS DOUGLASIANA

JUNCUS PATENS

LAYIA PLATYGLOSSA

LESSINGIA FILAGINIFOLIA

LONICERA HISPIDULA

LUPINUS ALBIFRONS

LYONOTHAMNUS

MONARDELLA VILLOSA

PLANTAGO ERECTA

PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA LYONII

QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA

RIBES SANGUINEUM

ROMNEYA COULTERI

SALVIA ‘BEE’S BLISS’

SALVIA SPATHACEA

VERBENA LILACINA

VITIS CALIFORNICA

VIOLA DOUGLASII



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M E M O R I A L G A R D E N P E R S P E C T I V E



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M E M O R I A L R E N D E R I N G

8

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W o r k s C i t e d



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W O R K S C I T E D

Alexander, Christopher and Ishikawa, Sara and Silverstein, Murray. A Pattern Language.Oxford University Press. New York. 1977.

“A Watershed Improvement Program”. Oakland Creeks. Jan.2008<http://www.oaklandpw.com/Page169.aspx>

Bailey, R. and Clark, H. and Ferris, J. and Strong, R. Chemistry of the Environment. Academic Press. San Diego. 2002.

Benedict, Mark and McMahon, Edward. Green Infrastructure. Island Press. Washington D.C. 2006.

Bornstein,Carol and Fross, David and O’Brien, Bart. California Native Plants for the Garden. Cachuma Press. 2005.

Edwards,Don.Salt Marsh Manual. San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. 5th Ed. Fall 2001.

Forsyth, Ann and Musacchio, Laura. Designing Small Parks. John Wiley. Hoboken. 2005.

Gaar. Greg and Miller, Ryder. San Francisco A Natural History. Arcadia Publishing. 2006.

Geosyntec Consultants. Natural Treatment System: Design Guidelines.Irvine Ranch Water District. June 2005

Girling, Cynthia and Kellett, Ronald. Skinny Streets and Green Neighborhoods. Island Press. Washington D. C. 2005.

Hall, Kenneth and Porterfield, Gerald. Community by Design. McGraw Hill. New York. 2001.

Hultsman, John and Cottrell, Richard and Hultzman, Wendy. Planning Parks for People. Venture Publishing. State College. 1998.

“Islais Creek Watershed.” Jan. 2008. <http://www.museumca.org/creek/1630-RescIslais.html>

Jencks, Rosey and Leonardson, Rebecca. “Daylighting Islais Creek: A Feasibility Study.” Jan. 2008.

Keator, Glenn and Middlebrook, Alrie. Designing California Gardens. University of California Press. Berkeley. 2007.

Lancaster, Brad. Rainwater Harvesting, for Drylands and Beyond. Rainwater Press. Tucson. 2006.

Lowenthal, Benjamin. “Urban Paradise Lost: MUNI project blamed for destroying urban refuge.” <http:// userwww. sfsu.edu/ %tEj6667 /

refuge.html>

Marble, Anne. A Guide to Wetland Functional Design. Lewis Press. New York. 1999



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W O R K S C I T E D

Marsh, William. Landscape Planning Environmental Applications Fourth Edition. Wiley. New York. 2005.

Newman, Oscar. Creating Defensible Space. Diane Publishing Company. New York. 1996

Pinderhughes, Raquel. “From the Ground Up: The Role of Community Gardens and Farms in Low Income Communities.” Urban Studies

Program, 2000

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Schwartz,Susan. “ Creeks - History of Bay Area Creek Restoration.”The Yodeler. July 2000.

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A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S

This project is dedicated to my husband, Larry Muczynski, whose unwavering love, support, and belief in my abilities has sustained me. His excellent proofreading skills has caught many an error.

It is also dedicated to kind friends and relatives who have been most patient with my schedule.

And to:

Glenn Keator, Botanist, whose love of native plants is infectious

Wolfgang Oehme, Landscape Architect, who inspires me by marching to his own drummer, and his partner, Carol Oppenheimer, whose friendship and encouragement buoyed my spirits

Yi Jin Kim, Landscape Architect, whose guidance in all things graphic helped me complete this project

Professor Spooner, his incredible graphics, patience, and availability set the tone for the semester

My Brother-in-Law, Gene Freedman, who patiently guides me in grammatical correctness

All my talented classmates, I enjoyed our time together

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