smart antennas ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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SMART ANTENNA SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
((an overviewan overview))
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An antenna in a telecommunications system is the port through which (radio frequency RF) energy is coupled from the transmitter to the outside world for transmission purposes
And in reverse, to the receiver from the outside world for reception purposes
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Omni directional Antennas :
which radiates and receives equally well in all directions
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Need More power Limited Frequency Re use Interference
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A single antenna can also be constructed to have certain fixed preferential transmission and reception directions.
Sectorized antenna system take a traditional cellular area and subdivide it into sectors that are covered using directional antennas looking out from the same base station location
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More coverage Better Frequency Re use
Over Heads: Hand Overs Adjacent Channel Interference
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Why we need Smart Antenna: Higher Capacity
Higher Coverage
Higher bit rate
Improved link quality
Spectral efficiency
Mobility
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Smart Antenna Array:
• antenna array with a digital signal processing capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive and spatially sensitive manner.
• Smart Antennas are arrays of antenna elements that change their antenna pattern dynamically to adjust to the noise, interference in the channel and mitigate multipath fading effects on the signal of interest.
• The difference between a smart (adaptive) antenna and “dumb” (fixed) antenna is the property of having an adaptive and fixed lobe-pattern, respectively
“Smart” >> digital signal processing facility
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• Switched Beam Antennas• Dynamically-Phased Arrays• Adaptive Antenna Arrays
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Switched lobe (SL): ( also called “switched beam” )
simplest technique comprises only a basic switching
function between separate directive antennas or predefined beams of an array
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Dynamically phased array (PA):
continuous tracking can be achieved by including a direction of arrival (DoA) algorithm for the signal received from the user
can be viewed as a generalization of the switched lobe concept
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WHY SMART ANTENNA ARRAYS ARE
SUPERIOR TO CONVENTIONAL ANTENNAS
Switched Beam System Adaptive Array
Antenna Array
Desired User
Interfering User
Antenna Array
Active Beam
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Interference Rejection Comparison
Desired Signals
Co-channel Interfering Signals
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USAGE
Applications to:
• cellular and wireless networks
• radar
• electronic warfare (EWF) as a countermeasure to electronic jamming
• satellite systems
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number of radiating elements
a combining/dividing network Signal Processing Unit
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the idea of smart antennas is to use base station antenna patterns that are not fixed, but adapt to the current radio conditions
can be visualized as the antenna directing a beam toward the communication partner only
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(Space Division Multiple Access)
more than one user can be allocated to the same physical communications channel simultaneously in the same cell
separated by angle only
in a TDMA system, two users will be allocated to the same time slot and carrier frequency at the same time and in the same cell
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SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
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Comparison of Switched Beam Antenna Adaptive Arrays
Criteria Switched Beam Adaptive Array Integration • Easy to implement
• Low cost• Transceiver complexity• High cost• Less hardware redundancy
Range/ Coverage
• More coverage compared to conventional systems• Less coverage compared to adaptive array
More coverage compared to switched beam system
Interference Rejection
• Difficulty in distinguishing between desired signal and interferer • Does not react to the movement of interferers.
• Focusing is narrower• Capable of nulling interfering signals
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