smart buildings
TRANSCRIPT
Smart Buildings: A better future
Ancy Varghese09bit046
19th Cenrury Elementary tasks based on Human Capability &
Flexibility
Smart Home Perspective ....
20th Century Functional System Integration makes life easier
21st Century Integration of
comprehensive Living Environment
Infotainment
Health care
Why Smart Homes??
To begin with, the intelligent building concept has been defined by organisations such as :
The Intelligent Building Institute Foundation (I.B.I.) in 1989,
The European Intelligent Buildings Group (EIBG) in 1998,
The Smart Homes Foundation .
These definitions highlight :
1. the integration of all kinds of building systems, services and controls,
2. the importance of techno-economics,
3. the needs of the owners and end-users.
Definition of Smart Building…??
What is Smart?
What is intelligence?
What is human intelligence?
What is building intelligence?
And then, back to the definition of Smart Building…
Some questions we need to answer to know Smart Buildings…
"A fundamental role of intelligence is to generate distinctions that enable an intelligent being to act in its environment according to its capabilities and needs;"Bergson says, "Human beings do not only use existing tools, but also create tools using their intelligence" The ability of the human intelligence to lend its intelligence to a building was proved by Bergson.
Let us understand Bergson’s theory of human intelligence first…
Thus, the definition of building intelligence is a function of human intelligence:
HI = f (hiGardner1 ... hiGardner7)
where HI is human intelligence, hiGardner is a form of the human intelligence as defined by Gardner.
The definition of building intelligence can be defined to be:
BI = f (bi1 ... bin)
where BI is the concept of the Building Intelligence,
bi is a form of the BI and n is the number of forms of the BI.
Bi can be presented as:
bi = f (HI)
where HI is the human intelligence
Building intelligence is derived from the seven forms of the human intelligence of Gardner's
The total intelligence of the interplay between the built environment and the end-user is:
BIF = f (HI, BI)
where HI is human intelligence, the BI the building intelligence.
So now, we can define Smart homes.
Smart homes are buildings which have inculcated this INTELLIGENCE!
• No threshold of Smartness..
• Assessed in terms of performance and not technology.
• Stakeholders and owner’s requirements are valuable than any other criteria.
• Behavioral coordination with the residents’ desires.
Things to be kept in mind while dealing with Smart Buildings…
DigitalVideo surveillance Access control
Intrusiondetection
Fire alarm
Alarms management
Intelligent building Perspective .... any device (Smart Machine) becomes a Point for Service Delivery to the enterprises
Energy / Inventory ….Management
An intelligent building is one that provides a comfortable and productive environment to the occupants through automated control systems such as:
• Heating, ventilation, air-conditions (HVAC)
• fire safety
• security
• energy/lighting management.
It is one in which these control systems
are integrated and interact with each other.
“An intelligent building is also one that integrates telecommunications and control services through one structured cabling network and management system that meets current and future technologies, and building/user demands.”
So in short…
• A house or working environment, which includes the technology to allow for devices and systems to be controlled automatically, may be termed a Smart Home.
• The degree to which this control is exercised is variable, being a function of the cost, the person’s own wishes, and the type of building into which the technology is to be installed.
• But consider the freedom of choice.
• Transdisciplinarity
• Highly interactive
• Integration over a wide range
• Mapping of user requirements with building facilities
• Solving ANOMALIES!!!
Other important concepts for smart buildings:
There are nine quality environment modules:
1. Environmental friendliness
2. Life cycle costing
3. Comfort
4. Safety
5. Working efficiency
6. Image of high technology
7. Culture
8. Construction process
9. structure
Smart Index:
• "Design for All" concept
• Boon for the disabled.
• Scalability
• Scaled according to stakeholder(usually the occupant)
• Workspace management
• Ergonomics etc…
Few other advantages:
Did you know that buildings are signficant Energy Consumers?
• Zero Net Energy Building –ZNEB is a popular term to describe a building with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually.
Zero Net Energy
Zero Carbon Emission
• Aggregate Renewable Energy=“total use”
Grid connected
Fully off Grid
• Energy Conservation v/s Energy Harvesting
• New Constructions versus Retrofits-Home Energy Retrofit
Zero Net Energy Building:ZNEB
Concern:
“How to retrofit buildings in cost-effective way to
reduce energy footprint?”
Detection of Inefficiencies:
Infrared Thermography-Temperature
Blower Door Test-Air Tightness
Applications:
Testing buildings for compliance with standards for energy efficiency
Testing building envelopes and window frames for water tightness and rain penetration
Duct Leakage Testing of forced air heating/cooling systems
Testing residential and commercial buildings for air tightness
Sensing:
• Energy usage sensing, occupancy sensing
• Spatial and temporal usage within building
• Different resolution: cube/zone/floor/department
Monitoring
Analytics:
• learn usage patterns
• detect changes, anomalies
• identify waste, oppurtunities for conservation
Control & Feedback:
• actionable recommendation to users
• Incorporation of user feedback
Functions of Smart Buildings:
Electricity usage
• Meter-level, outlet-level, zone-based sensors
HVAC
• temperature sensors
• airflow sensors
Water sensors
• flow-level, outlet level
Gas sensors
Occupancy sensors
• motion ultrasound, infrared, swipe card, video
• soft sensors: calendar info, wifi
Sensing Technologies:
Quick glance :How to view usage data??
In short,
Outlet Sensors are fine grained and are meant for Individual Load Usage Monitoring ;
Meter sensors provide aggregate home level usage.
So, how to disambiguate “Individual Load Usage” from total usage trace?
Non-Intrusive Load monitoring-NILM
Help me find a loop hole with this NILM, once we get to know what is NILM, won’t you?
Distinguishably different and sometimes unique Signature for each load
Use pattern recognition, learning, mining to identify signatures from a power usage trace
Accuracy depends on sensing resolution
• At second-level: many concurrent events can not be discerned
• At micro-second: good accuracy possible
NILM with Smart Meters:
NILM inadvertently leaks detailed information about household activities
• How about having a privacy preserving Smart Meter Architecture that enables an electric utility to achieve its net metering goals, while respecting the privacy of its consumers.??
This is what Smart Meters do!!-Registration,Tuple Gathering and Reconciliation.
Privacy Leakage : NILM
Wired Powerline:
1. X10-Domotics-Industry Standard
• Very low bandwidth, limited range (wiring length),primitive MAC layer: no CA, CD
• Only 256 devices, no encryption
• Signals may leak outside home
2.Insteon
• Enhancement to X10, backward compatible:
• Dual-mode mesh topology: powerline + RF
• All Insteon devices are repeaters:USes phase-shift keying to make repetition synchronous
• Collisions may occur: Can resend messages
Benefits of Insteon:
• Low cost (~$40 per device), More reliable than X10
• Non-proprietary
• Not solely reliant on wired or wireless
Networking protocols
IP: 6LoWPAN: Ipv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area network
Encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks.
IEEE 802.15.4 devices provide sensing communication-ability in the wireless domain.
OSIAN, or Open Source IPv6 Automation Network :free and open source implementation for ipv6 networking in low power devices.
Tiny OS is the underlying system-PPP Connection with billing system and UDP packets are sent.
So why 6LoWPAN??
Continued…
Zigbee:
• High level communication protocol
• Using small, low-power digital radios
• Less expensive even than bluetooth
• Heard of The ZigBee Smart Energy V2.0 ?
• Zigbee Components:• Zigbee Coordinator
• Zigbee Router
• Zigbee End Device
10-75m range, 1mW radios Device discovery supported 128 bit keys for encryption
ZWAVE- another Low power wireless protocol for remote Control
Wireless protocols?
BACnet: Building Automation and Control NETworks
• Designed by ASHRAE (1987), ANSI and ISO standard (1995)
Widely used in commercial buildings
• control HVAC, ventilation and lighting control
Discovery service: who-is, I-am, who-has, I-have
Ability to read and write properties/objects
• analog/binary input/output, events, calendar, program, loopcommand, device
Supports many data-link and physical layer protocols
• Ethernet, ARCNET, RS232, BACnet/IP
Global Testing lab: SoftDEL, Pune
BACnet gateways
• front-ends such as HTTP
Competitors: LonWorks, Modbus
Current practices with HVAC systems.
Occupancy Sensing and Smarter HVAC
Smart Thermostat
Soft sensors: Swipe cards, Wifi Accesspoints,Mobile phones.
How do thermostats determine when resident leaves or goes to sleep?
Programmable Thermostats
Reactive Thermostats
Smart Thermostat
Do you know?
Demand side Load Management in Smart Buildings.
Energy Usage Monitoring
Peak Load shaving
Foreground and Background Loads
Smart Cap:adjust demand to supply
Smart cap scheduler based on Slack
LSF-Least Slack First
Smart Home gateway
Battery cap:modulte supply to meet demand
Moral of the Story: Reduced Electricity Bills… Happier User
Think of this…
VTT Institute’s Paper on Smart homes.
IBM’s user manual for IB
Niagra’s(Company) Brochure
Smart Building Concept Lecture series by Prof.Prashant Shenoy(University of Massachusetts Amherst)
Wikipedia : outlet sensors,meter sensors, thermography, X10, LONTalk, BacNet
David Irvin and Kevin Fu: Private memoirs of a Smart Meter
Sean Barker, Aditya Mishra, David Irwin, Prashant Shenoy, and Jeannie Albrecht: Exploiting Home Automation Protocols
for Load Monitoring in Smart Buildings
References: