smart control panel for synchronization of sources

Smart Control Panel for Synchronization of SourcesGitanjali Rudrawar

Instrumentation EngineeringSGGSIE & T

Nanded, Maharashtra, [email protected]

V.G.AsutkarInstrumentation Engineering

SGGSIE & TNanded, Maharashtra, India

[email protected]

C.K. JoshiShree Engineering

Mfg.& Trading of Electrical GoodsPune, Maharashtra, India

[email protected]

Abstract—Control panel is a cabinet which contains electricalcomponents to control the equipments, motors etc. A smartcontrol panel performs the same operation as that of conventionalpanel but the difference is controlling action is performed bythe advanced technology such as programming through microcontrollers. The world, especially developing countries like Indiais facing ‘Energy Crisis’. There is a significant gap in the demandand supply for electricity. As country is progressing towardsdevelopment, this gap is increasing. Tackling this situation isvery important to continue country’s ascending path. In orderto meet the solution, a number of options are being consideredwith a large focus on renewable energy research & development.

This project is about the smart switching between the energysources especifically Solar, Mains and Diesel Generator(DG).An inverter is required to convert Direct Current(DC) outputof Solar panels to Alternating Current(AC). Here Grid tiedinverter(GTI) is used which itself does the synchronization of itsoutput. Auto mains failure Controller(AMF) is used to automat-ically start the DG and at the same time it does synchronizationof DG. The elegance of the project is that two electric energysources (solar-grid or solar-diesel) are able to be used together forrunning big energy consumer needs. This leads to the reductionof demand of electricity from grid and also enhances the use ofelectricity from solar source.

Index Terms—Mains, solar, Diesel Generator(DG), controlpanel, Auto Mains Failure(AMF) controller, grid tied inverter(GTI).

I. INTRODUCTION

India is one of the fastest growing country in economics inthe world. Electricity plays the major role for the developingcountries and also it is used as rope to make country developed[1]. Due to the use of fossil fuels for the generation of theelectricity which plays important role in development , theyare getting exhausted also prices are increased [2]. The waysare found in [3] to reduce the generation based on fossil fuels.Also the motivation to use renewables for the generation isgiven in [4]. Solar energy is one of the most useful source.Electricity can be produced using photovoltaic cells. India ishaving more sunny days so this becomes easily possible [5].All above things motivates for the microgrid technologies andresearches going on in that way [6]. control algorithms forseamless transition between distributed systems and microgridis given in [8]. In [9] parallel operation Diesel generatorwith Photovoltaic(PV) with battery as hybrid system with ACmicrogrid is given, in this decentralized power managementcontrol is used for operating the DG under low power limit

during less load. In [10] renewable source is synchronizedwith utility and also with Diesel generator. The points to beconsidered for DG synchronization with renewable source isgiven in [11]. The specifications of Grid Tied Inverter are givenin [12]. Details of the Auto Mains Failure (AMF) controlleris given in [13].

The basic problem is that Solar source(GTI) is not be ableto generate during off grid condition as it requires referencevoltage and frequency for its generation. Means we are havingSolar source but failing to use it during off grid. So fullload needs to be supplied by DG, which is not economical.To overcome this we have designed a control panel whichenables solar source(GTI) to generate during off grid conditionmeans here we using the solar source at its extend i.e. we areincreasing the solar power generation. We have done it in avery simple way. We are using only one controller which isAMF controller it is actually used to start the DG automaticallybut here in addition to this we are using its input and outputin such a way that it is synchronizing solar with DG.

Fig. 1. Basic block diagram of the system

This project is about the smart switching between the energysources especifically solar, grid and diesel generator. Theelegance of the project is that two electric energy sources(solar-grid or solar-diesel) are able to be used together forrunning big energy consumer needs. This leads to the reductionof demand of electricity from grid and also enhances the useof electricity from solar source. The project is carried out inShree Engineering, Manufacturers and Trading of ElectricalGoods, Katraj, Pune.

In section I, we have explained necessity of electricity,demand and supply gap, effects of conventional energy sources978-1-5386-6159-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

Proceedings of the National Power Systems Conference (NPSC) - 2018, December 14-16, NIT Tiruchirappalli, India

on environment, motivation to use renewable energy sourcesand in the last paragraph study about how different sourcescan be connected together is given. In section II proposedmethod is given. System description is given in section III.Details about control panel which we have designed is givenin section IV. Wiring diagrams are given in section V andsection VI consisting of results, conclusion, references.

II. PROPOSED METHOD

With grid tied Solar power, if utility grid goes off, the Solarpower will cease operation, as the solar power cannot operateas a standalone energy source. [9] The DGs will becomeactive and start serving loads(Industry load whose name isgiven in introduction). In general, the grid tied solar power isnot designed to operate in off grid mode with DGs to sharethe loads. This will eventually increase the fuel consumptionand cost of energy, as the entire load to be served by DGsuntil mains supply restoration. To make the grid tied solarpower to operate along with DGs in off grid mode, we havedesigned control panel where ‘AMF Controller’ is doing allthe functions, which will detect the absence of main grid andcommunicate with both DG and solar power to synchronizeboth the sources and ensure the reliable operation of grid byproviding proper reference voltage and frequency parametersover the grid network.

The grid inverters are usually connected to a commondistribution bus bar (India 3phase/1phase, 415V/230V). Inthis proposal all sources such as grid, diesel generators andsolar grid inverters can be connected along with the load on acommon bus bar. What usually happens during power failureis, the grid inverters trips sensing loss of reference parametersand stops generation, now the DG sense this situation andswitches ON to support the load automatically with help ofAMF panels. Once the generator switches on, this creates areference voltage and frequency on the common bus bar andthis starts up the solar grid inverters. Once the inverter is ON,the load will be supplied by both GT inverter and DG sets (atlow RPM).

Is it practically possible to synchronize a grid tie inverterwith a diesel generator (DG sets) and make it work? That isduring a power failure or when grid power is not available?

Following are the conditions at which it is possible.1)We have a stable/good quality generator which gives good

steady voltage and frequency.2)The generator should not sag, dip or create any surge cur-

rent when the inverter turns ON during the above mentionedcondition.

Let us now consider that the inverter has turned ON usingthe DG sets reference voltage and frequency from the gener-ator. There are two possible conditions now,

1)The load is always more than the Solar Power supply2)Load can be less than Solar power supplyDuring the condition 1, no issues will occur, if everything

works fine. But during the condition 2, the power generatedfrom Solar will be greater than the load requirements andhence there is a possibility that this excess power will be

fed back to the DG sets (stator of DG sets). This conditioncan damage the vital parts of the generator so the protectionof generators becomes very critical and make it work as amotor (reducing its speed). We can expect an increase in ACline voltage above critical level. If this happens, the conditioncan trip the inverter due to over-voltage/frequency protectioncircuits. Now the rooftop owner cannot consume power fromthe solar and therefore he is forced to operate the DG sets.

How to custom design a smart power management systemto use the solar generator during the condition 2 and alsoprotect the DG sets? We also foresee very high requirementfor an effective control system, which can handle all the aboveconditions such as DG protection.

Control Panel which we have designed is meeting all theabove conditions maintaining the spinning reserve of DGsystem to avoid intermittency. This will be the ideal solutionfor installations with 20 to 60% Solar penetration and withthe diesel cost is > 1 per litre. If the DGs are running contin-uously, then PV source has significant potential to reduce thediesel consumption. The DG has to be operated always withminimum load, accordingly the PV generation to be curtailedas per equation(1).

SolarPowermax = TotalLoad−DGmin (1)

The Control panel which we have designed satisfies allabove conditions. Important considerations are taken that are

1)Whenever mains goes off DG will start automaticallyand supply is fed by DG. 2)Upto 40% of capacity of DGload will be on DG only. When load crosses 40% of DG’scapacity Solar contactor i.e. DGSC contactor get closed henceInverter gets reference voltage and frequency and it getstarted. Thus it starts generating power. Hence two sourcesget synchronized. 3)When load goes below 15% of DG’scapacity solar contactor i.e.DGSC contactor gets open andlosses synchronization. 4)For the Safety purpose at a time onecontactor is operated i.e.mains contactor and DG contactor, asinterlocking is provided between both. 5)Interlocking is alsoprovided for synchronizing contactors which are DGSC andMSC.

III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Fig. 2. Solar Panels on the rooftop of given industry


In this system Solar panels are used for the generation of 30kW electrical power. There are 8 strings of solar Panels, eachconsisting of 12 panels. In total 94 panels are required whichis installed on the rooftop. Fig.2 Shows the installation of theSolar Panels on the rooftop of the industry where project iscarried out.

Fig. 3. Grid Tied Inverter(GTI)

Solar panels gives Direct Current(DC) voltage output, hereconvert this DC voltage to Alternating Current(AC) we needto use inverter as our load is AC. In this system we have usedGrid Tied Inverter(GTI), it gives AC output in synchronizationwith mains supply(Grid), thus can be said grid tied system. Wehave used Fronius Eco (GTI) as shown.

Mains Supply is provided by an Electrical Grid.An electricalgrid is an interconnected network for delivering electricityfrom producers to consumers. Mahavitaran or Mahadiscomor MSEDCL (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Com-pany Limited) is a public sector undertaking (PSU) controlledby the Government of Maharashtra.

As this is Grid tied system ‘Net Metering’ term comes in thepicture. Net metering (or net energy metering, NEM) allowsconsumers who generate some or all of their own electricity touse that electricity any time, instead of when it is generated.This is particularly important with renewable energy sourceslike wind and solar, which are non-dispatchable (when notcoupled to storage). Net metering uses a single, bi-directionalmeter and can measure current flowing in two directions.Net metering is an enabling policy designed to foster privateinvestment in renewable energy.

The technical specifications of the GTI are given in thebelow table.

One more source of this system is Diesel Generator(DG).They are useful appliances that supply electrical power duringa power outage and prevent discontinuity of daily activitiesor disruption of business operations. DG’s are available indifferent electrical and physical configurations for use indifferent applications.

IV. CONTROL PANEL

To meet the objective of this project, we have designed acontrol panel. Which performs such a task that two electric

TABLE ITECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF GTI

Fronius Eco 25.03-S 27.0-3-SInput DataMPP voltage range 580-850 V DC 580-850 V DCMax. input voltage 1000 V DCMin. input voltage 580 V DCMax.Input Current 44.2 A 47.7 AOutput dataNominal output power(Pnom) 25,000 W 27,000 WMax.Output power 25,000 W 27,000 WNominal Grid Voltage 3∼NPE 400/230 V or 3∼NPE 380/220Min.grid voltage 150 V /260 VMax.grid voltage 275 V/477 VMax.output current 42ANominal frequency 50/60 Hz

sources (solar-mains or solar-DG) are able to be used togetherfor running load the given industry. In this chapter informationabout control panel which we have designed is given. Themain component of Control Panel is Auto Mains Failure(AMF)Controller.

A. Auto Mains Failure (AMF) Controller

This kind of controller is used in generator control panelwhen you have to control a generator that is connected instandby configuration. It is about a system that is waiting fora failure of the power utility.

A panel fitted with an AMF controller automatically con-trols the connection assignment of the load to mains supplyor DG. The DG control panel avoids back-feeding by usingmechanical and electrical interlock. In other words, inside thepanel there are two contactors that connect the load to mainssupply or DG. It is not allowed the connection DG-Mainssupply.

Fig. 4. Terminal Diagram Of AMF Controller

The panel includes the AMF controller and contactors andadditionally includes the automatic battery charger and a setof electronic circuit boards complete with power relays. TheAMF controllers interfaces with the engine by means of relays.The AMF controller is conveniently tasked with driving thecontactors via driving relays as well.

In this project we have used AMF controller, its inputs andoutputs are used in such a way that doing the combination of


two sources solar-Mains supply or Solar-DG on the basis ofrequirement of the load.

The AMF controller which we have used is ComAp’sInteliLite-NT AMF 25. The Terminal diagram of InteliLiteAMF 25 is as shown in Fig.4. It has input terminals forgenerator voltage and generator current. Also there is inputfor sensing Mains voltage. Any Binary input or output canbe configured to any IL-CU controller terminal or changedto different function by LiteEdit software. There is fix 1 secdelay when any binary input is configured as protection.

The switching time of AMF controller is few seconds. HereAMF controller is doing all the tasks listed below:

1)It is sensing mains off condition.2)Sending command to start DG.3)When DG gets started closes DG contactor.4)When load on the DG increases above 40% of its capacity,

it gives command to solar contactor(DGSC) to get closed.5)As all the sources are connected on common busbar GTI

gets reference voltage and frequency for its generation fromDG supply.

6)GTI starts generation and thus load would be provided byboth the sources DG and Solar.

7)When the load becomes low i.e if load goes below 15%of DGs capacity command is given to open solar contactor(DGSC).

8)Whenever mains supply come back it is detected bycontroller and gives stop command to DG.

9)It also gives command to Mains Solar contactor (MSC)to synchronize solar with mains supply.

All the above functions are possible using only single Con-troller i.e. InteliLite-NT AMF 25. By using other controllerthe circuit may become complicated and we have to use morethan one number of controllers.

B. Relay Board

Relay boards are computer boards with an array of relaysand switches. They have input and output terminals and aredesigned to control the voltage supply. Relay boards provideindependently programmable, real-time control for each ofseveral on board relay channels. Product specifications include

Fig. 5. Relay Board

the number of channels, physical dimensions, input range, andoutput range. Relay boards with opto-isolators provide isola-tion between control signals and output controls. Software-based tools can be used to write batch files, and light emitting

diodes (LEDs) provide are used as visual indicators. Mostrelay boards have 2, 4, 8 or 10 channels.

V. WIRING DIAGRAMS

A. Power Wiring

A power circuit is defined as any circuit used to carryelectricity that operates a load. This may seem like a simplisticdefinition but it is important to distinguish power circuits fromcontrol circuits since they serve different purposes.

R Y B N

MC DGC MSC

DGSC

RL

YL

BL

NL

R Y B N

R1 Y1 B1 N1

RL YL BL NL

4 POLE MCB

SUPPLY FROM MAINS SUPPLY FROM DG SUPPLY FROM SOLAR

TO LOAD

R Y B N R Y B N

R Y B N

RL YL BL NL RL YL BL NL RL YL BL NL

RL

YL

BL

NL

TO LOAD

R1 Y1 B1 N1 R1 Y1 B1 N1

NOTE :-

1) MC - MAINS CONTACTOR

2) DGC - DIESEL GENERATOR CONTACTOR

3) MSC - MAINS - SOLAR CONTACTOR

4) DGSC - DIESEL GEN.- SOLAR CONTACTOR

SYMBOL :-

MCB

CONTACTOR COIL

POWER WIRING

Fig. 6. Power Wiring

Above Fig.6 shows the Power Wiring of the Control PanelWhich we have designed. There are three sources Solar, Mainsand DG are used in the system,incoming lines R, Y, B, N ofeach source followed by single phase MCB for each phaseof the sources and for neutral line neutral link. MCB’s arefor the protection purpose. Four contactor’s are there forsupplying power to the load(load of the industry whose nameis mentioned in introduction) which operates according tocontrol wiring of the control panel, also there is interlockingbetween them. Coil of each contactor would get energizedaccording to the output of AMF controller, hence the NormallyOpen (NO) contacts of contactor would get closed and supplyis given further.

As shown in Fig.6 Mains contactor for Mains supply, DGcontactor for DG supply. The objective of the Project is toconnect Solar with mains and solar with DG for this twocontactor’s are there Solar Mains contactor and Solar DGcontactor Simultaneously as shown in the Fig.6. Solar inverteroutput is taken on Busbar and two outputs are are taken fromthere, one for connecting with DG and one for connection withMains. Thus the power wirings runs accordingly and suppliespower to the industry load. Above figure shows the wiringdiagram for charging battery of the DG set. As shown in lefthand side Fig.7 three phase supply is taken from DG and it isgiven to the AMF controller and indicating lamps. single phasesupply is drawn from this lines and it is given to the contactorcoil of the contactor which is used for battery charging. Theconnections are formed in such a way that charging wouldbe done by Mains supply through battery charger. As shownin the Fig.7 lines are drawn from R-phaase and Neutral i.e.


R Y B N

R Y B N

R Y B N

R Y B N

GY1 GB1 GN1GR1 MR1 MY1 MB1 MN1

MR1 MN1

MR2 MN2

MR3 MN3

B.C.

A-VE+VE

+VE -VE

TO A

MF

CO

TRO

LLER

C1

C1

RL YL BL

AMMETER

TO AMF CONTROLLER

SUPPLY FROM GENERATOR SUPPLY FROM MAINS

CONTACTOR FORBATTERY CHARGING

+VE -VE

2 PLOE MCB

3 POLE MCB` NEUTRAL LINK3 POLE MCB`

GY1 GB1 GN1GR1

GR1

GY1

GB1

GN1

GN1

GR1

NOTE :-

1) B.C. - BATTERY CHARGER

2) C1 - BATTERY CHARGING CONTACTOR

3) RL - R PHASE ON LAMP

4) YL - Y PHASE ON LAMP

SYMBOL :-

MCB

CONTACTOR COIL

2 PLOE MCB

5) BL - B PHASE ON LAMP

NEUTRAL LINK

A DC AMMETER

CONTROL WIRING ( AMF CONTROLLER & B.C. WIRING)

Fig. 7. Battery Charger Wiring of DG

Single phase supply is taken and it is given to the batterycharger followed by Single phase(SP) MCB’s and NormallyClosed (NO) contacts of the contactor for battery charging.From the battery charger further it is given to the Double pole(DP) MCB and given to battery(Having capacity 99AH whichis of DG set).

It is also shown that DG supply and Mains supply is alsogiven to the AMF controller. CT’s are also used to take thecurrent of the DG supply and it is given for measuring purposealso to AMF controller.

B. Control Wiring

A control circuit is a special type of circuit used to controlthe operation of a completely separate power circuit.

AX1 AX2 START STOP R4 D1

MCB

T11

AX1 AX2 AX1 AX2 AX2

D1R1 R2PBG PBPBSTOPSTART

D1

GC1 GC1

GR2 GR3

D1

R4

SUPPLY FROMGENRATOR

+

AUTO & MANUAL OPERATION

NOTE :-

1) AX1 - AUXILARY CONTACTOR FOR MANUAL OPERATION

2) AX2 - AUXILARY CONTACTOR FOR AUTO MODE OPERATION

SYMBOL :-

MCB

CONTACTOR OR RELAY COIL

3) T11 - TIMER

START PUSH BUTTON

SELECTOR S/W

SS1

4) SS1 - AUTO/MANUAL SELECTOR S/W

-

AUTO

MANUAL

Fig. 8. Control Wiring 1

Above Fig.8 shows the Control wiring of the Control Panelof the system. Control wiring is of 24V DC. From the selectorswitch we can select Auto mode or Manual Mode of thesystem and accordingly control wiring operates. For this twocontactors are used one is for auto mode and one is for manualmode. If the circuit is in auto mode AMF controller comesin the picture. The binary output’s of the AMF controller

are given to the 8 channel relay board through which it isconnected further. Whenever Mains supply is off it is sensedby AMF controller and binary output of AMF controller ’O1’is given to ’R1’ relay through start coil of the start stop relay.Start stop rely card is used for obtaining high current to startand stop the DG set. As shown in Fig.8 while starting DG setin Auto mode the sequence would be like this Ax1 contactorcoil get energized - NO Ax1 contact would get NC- R1 NOcontact of relay board would get NC-GC1 NC contact ofGenerator contactor Would remain closed-Start Coil would getenergized - generator would get started.

When generator starts running and comes in the desiredspeed AMF controller gives binary output O4 and it is furthergiven to R4 relay From their it is given to coil of the DGcontactor ’GC’. Thus supply is fed to the laod from DG.

To Start the DG in auto mode sequence would be like thisAx2 coil would get energized -Ax2 NO contact would becomeNC -after pressing start push button which is on the door ofControl Panel so its get closed-GC1 contact would also remainclosed-Start relay coil would get energized starts the DG set.

To on the DG contactor in manual mode seperate relay isused which is ’D1’ relay. The operation would be like this Ax2coil get energized-DGc is closed manually by push button DGcopen remain NC - D1 coil get energized - contacts of the D1relay would become NC and coil of DG contactor would getenergized and thus DG supplies the load. To stop DG in auto

MR

MCB MCB

R4 D1 GC

GC3

R6

MCR5

GC GSC MSC

GR

GN MN

GR1MR1

MR2

MR3

MR4

GR2GR3

GR4

GN

GC - GENERATOR CONTACTOR GSC - GENERATOR-MAINS CONTACTORMSC - MAINS-SOLAR CONTACTOR

OP1 - GENERATOR START -R1OP2- GENERATOR STOP -R2OP3- MAINS CONTACTOR ON-R3OP4- GENERATOR CONTACTOR ONOP5 - GEN/SOLAR CONT. ONOP6- SOLAR/MAINS CONTACTOR ON

IP1 - GEN. CONTACTOR CLOSE F/B

IP2- MANUAL MODE FEEDBACKIP3- AUTO MODE FEEDBACKIP4 - GENERATOR STOP

NOTE:-

AMF CONTROLLER O/P:-

AMF CONTROLLER I/P:-

CONTACTOR CONTROL WIRING

Fig. 9. Control Wiring 2

mode sequence would be like this Ax1 coil get enegized -Ax1 contact would become NC-O2 output of AMF controllerwould give signal to R2 relay and R2 contact get closed-GC1contact would get closed - Stop coil would be energized andDG get stop signal.

In Manual mode sequence is Ax2 Coil-Ax2 contact wouldbecome NC - DG Stop would get closed - GC1 NC - stoprelay coil get energized-DG get stoped here.

In the above control wiring diagram main contactor’s of thesystem that are DG contactor (GC),DG-Solar contactor (GSC),Mains Contactor (MC), Mains-Solar contactor (MSC) comesin the picture.

To on DG contactor sequence would be like this R phaseis taken fromDG supply -SP is connected in series-R4 relay


contact is in serires, parallel to this D1 relay contact is used- whenever one of this two contacts get closed GC contactorcoil would get energized and supply is fed to load.

GSC contactor would come in the picture when DG set isrunning and supply on the DG set becomes greater than 25kWthis would be sensed by AMF controller and it gives outputby giving signal through O5. Which is further given to R5relay and from their output is taken and it is given to GSCwhich supply power to the busbar lines where Solar lines arealso connected .This gives reference input to the Solar or GTinverter which is the important need of GTI and it would startgenerating Solar Power. Thus load is fed through two sourcesSolar and DG.

The sequence of operation would be like this R phase of DGsupply -GC NO becomes NC-R5 relay contact would becomeNC (after satisfying all conditions)-GSC would get energized-GSC starts.

Whenever mains supply is available GC contactor wouldbecome open and supply is fed from Mains. At this timereference input to the GTI is given by Mains and it startsgenerating power and thus load is fed by both the sources.

The sequence would be like this R phase of Mains -SPMCB-GC NC contact remain closed-R6 relay would get signalfrom the O6 of AMF controller, R6 contact becomes NC -as mains is available MC would become NC -MSC coil getenergizes and contactor starts.

VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Following graphs shows the consumption electricity in unitsfor the month of Feb and May.

Graph of Feb month shows the readings before installationof the Control Panel and Graph of May month shows thereadings after installation of Control Panel. By observingthese two graphs and by comparing the same it seems thatthe solar generation is increased in month of may as it isgiving output in the off grid mode also i.e.in synchronizationwith DG supply The control panel thus designed does the

functions of switching and synchronization properly. We areusing solar output with both mains and DG. Which becomespossible by using AMF controller as it is sensing the avail-ability of mains, synchronizing solar with DG and mains. TheControl Panel thus designed does the functions of switchingand synchronization properly. The purpose of conservation of

energy is fulfilled as well as uninterrupted supply becomesavailable. The energy sources can be operated individually orin synchronisation with others. Thus the efficiency of usageof energy sources has improved. The proposed method hasextended the usage of solar source. This reduces the cost ofgeneration of electricity by diesel generator as well as thecharges required to pay to MSEB.

REFERENCES

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[2] John Conti, Paul Holtberg, Jim Diefenderfer, Angelina LaRose, James T.Turnure, and Lynn Westfall,“International Energy Outlook”, U.S.EnergyInformation Administration, May 2016.

[3] N. Bauer, I. Mouratiadou, G . Luderer, L . Baumstark, R . Brecha, O.Edenhofer, and E. Kriegler, “Global fossil energy markets and climatechange mitigation: an analysis with Remind Climatic change”, 2013.

[4] B. Ravindra, “Are Indian electricity consumers ready to become solarprosumers?”, IEEE International Conference on Technological Advance-ments in Power and Energy ( TAP Energy ), 2017.

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[6] X. Lu, J. M. Guerrero, K. Sun, J. C. Vasquez, R. Teodorescu and L.Huang, “Hierarchical Control of Parallel AC-DC Converter Interfaces forHybrid Microgrids”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, March 2014.

[7] Y. Deng, Y. Tao, G. Chen, G. Li, and X. He, “Enhanced Power FlowControl for Grid-Connected Droop-Controlled Inverters with ImprovedStability”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Early Access.

[8] D. S. Ochs, B. Mirafzal and P. Sotoodeh, “A Method of SeamlessTransitions Between Grid-Tied and Stand-Alone Modes of Operationfor Utility-Interactive Three-Phase Inverters”, IEEE Transactions onIndustry Applications, May-June 2014.

[9] D. S. Ochs, B. Mirafzal and P. Sotoodeh, “A Method of SeamlessTransitions Between Grid-Tied and Stand-Alone Modes of Operationfor Utility-Interactive Three-Phase Inverters”, IEEE Transactions onIndustry Applications, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 1934-1941, May-June 2014.

[10] Bhim Singh, Geeta Pathak, B. K. Panigrahi,“Seamless Transfer ofRenewable Based Microgrid between Utility Grid and Diesel Gener-ator”,IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017.

[11] http://giridaran-solar.blogspot.com/2013/01/synchronizing-diesel-generators-with.html

[12] Fronius Eco Grid Tied Inverter -User Manual.[13] Comp’s InteliLite AMF 25- User Manual.


smart control panel for synchronization of sources

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