smart grid and nfpa electrical safety codes and standards

SpringerBriefs in Fire

Series Editor:James A. Milke

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Lonny Simonian • Thomas KormanFrederick W. Mowrer • David Phillips

Smart Grid and NFPA Electrical Safety Codes and Standards

Lonny SimonianCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis Obispo, CA, USA

Frederick W. MowrerCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis Obispo, CA, USA

Thomas KormanCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis Obispo, CA, USA

David PhillipsCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis Obispo, CA, USA

ISSN 2193-6595 ISSN 2193-6609 (electronic)ISBN 978-1-4614-3947-9 ISBN 978-1-4614-3948-6 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3948-6Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012936828

© Fire Protection Research Foundation 2011National Electrical Code®, NEC® and NFPA 70® are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169.This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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v

Under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has “primary responsibility to coor-dinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems….” 1 Furthermore, NIST 2 de fi nes the term “Smart Grid” as:

a modernization of the electricity delivery system so it monitors, protects and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements – from the central and distributed generator through the high-voltage transmission network and the distribution system, to industrial users and building automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other household devices.

In this context, “thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other household devices” may be considered “utilization equipment.” The NIST Smart Grid Collaboration Site 3 lists a wide range of energy management applications and electrical service provider interactions, including:

On-site generation • Demand response • Electrical storage • Peak demand management • Forward power usage estimation • Load-shedding capability estimation • End load monitoring (submetering) • Power quality of service monitoring • Utilization of historical energy consumption data • Responsive energy control •

Preface

1 Report to NIST on the Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), August 10, 2009 2 ibid 3 http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP17FacilitySmartGridInformation Standard accessed November 14th, 2010

http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP17FacilitySmartGridInformationStandard

http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP17FacilitySmartGridInformationStandard

vi Preface

A Smart Grid Conceptual Model may be portrayed as a set of diagrams and descriptions that are the basis of discussion of the characteristics, uses, behavior, interfaces, requirements, and standards of the Smart Grid. 4 This conceptual model, shown in Fig. 1 , provides a context for analysis of interoperation and standards for the development of the Smart Grid architecture.

Table 1 lists the actors and domains that are referenced in Fig. 1 . This project focuses on the end user, or customer, in the built environment as

shown in Fig. 2 . The implementation of the Smart Grid changes the nature of the electrical distri-

bution system in ways that have a number of different safety implications, including personnel safety, electrical safety, and fi re safety. Because of these safety implications, it is important that relevant safety codes and standards, such as the National Electrical Code, stay abreast of Smart Grid developments.

Before the Smart Grid, electrical power distribution to customers was largely a one-way process, with customers receiving electrical power generated at a bulk gen-eration plant, which was then transmitted and distributed via the existing grid. Under this scheme, limited instrumentation data could be transmitted from a customer to the service provider and, in some instances, remote control could be executed.

Fig. 1 Smart Grid Conceptual Model (ibid)

4 Report to NIST on the Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), August 10, 2009

viiPreface

Under the Smart Grid, electrical power generation and distribution become a two-way process between the customer and the grid. To work effectively and safely, the processes of power generation and distribution, as well as those of instrumenta-tion and control, must be closely coordinated and managed.

Fig. 2 Smart Grid customer domain (ibid)

Table 1 List of Smart Grid actors and domains a

Domain b Actors c

Markets The operators and participants in electricity markets Operations The managers of the movement of electricity Service providers The organizations providing services to electrical customers and utilities Bulk generation The generators of electricity in bulk quantities; may also store energy for later

distribution Transmission The carriers of bulk electricity over long distances; may also store and

generate electricity Distribution The distributors of electricity to and from customers; may also store and

generate electricity Customers The end users of electricity; may also generate, store, and manage the use

of energy; traditionally, three types of customers are identi fi ed, each with their own domain: residential (home), commercial (building/commercial), and industrial. In addition, the end user may be an institutional customer (such as schools and hospitals)

a ibid b Group of actors that have a similar objective c Devices, computer systems or software programs, and/or the organizations that own them

ix

Kathleen H. Almand Executive Director , Fire Protection Research Foundation

David Clements CEO and Executive Director , International Association of Electrical Inspectors

Mark Earley Chief Electrical Engineer , National Fire Protection Association

Bill Galloway Assistant SFM , SC Of fi ce of the State Fire Marshal

Michael Johnston Executive Director of Standards and Safety , National Electrical Contractors Association

Shawn Paulsen Manager of Conformity Assessment, Regulator , CSA International

Dean Prochaska National Coordinator for Smart Grid , National Institute of Standards and Technology

Al Scolnik Vice President , National Electrical Manufacturers Association

John Thompson Director, Principal Engineers (PDE) , Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

Project Committee Members

xi

Portions of this report are reproduced with permission from the National Electrical Code,® NFPA 70® 2011, NFPA 110, Emergency and Standby Power Systems , and NFPA 111, Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems , all of which are copyright of 2010 National Fire Protection Association. This material is not the complete and of fi cial position of the NFPA on the reference subject, which is represented solely by the standard in its entirety.

This work was made possible by the Fire Protection Research Foundation (an af fi liate of the National Fire Protection Association). The authors are indebted to the project-steering committee members, smart grid task group members, and industry representatives for their valuable suggestions.

Acknowledgments

xiii

AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure AMR Automated Meter Reading BIPV Building-Integrated Photovoltaics CHP Combined Heat and Power CES Community Energy Storage EISA Energy Independence and Security Act EIS Energy Information Systems EMS Energy Management System EMGS Energy Microgeneration Systems EMCS Energy Monitoring and Control FM Global Factory Mutual HAN Home Area Network IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers NEC National Electrical Code NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology RF Radio Frequency MicroCHP Micro Combined Heat and Power MFC Microbial Fuel Cell PV Photovoltaics BIPV Building-Integrated Photovoltaics PEV Plug-in Electric Vehicles PHEV Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles TES Thermal Energy Storage TOU Time of Use UL Underwriters Laboratories, Inc UPS Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Glossary of Acronyms

xv

1 Task 1: Technology Review and Safety Assessment ................................. 11.1 Scope and Approach ............................................................................ 11.2 Smart Grid Technologies Within the Customer Domain ..................... 1

1.2.1 Smart Meters ............................................................................ 21.2.2 Energy Microgeneration, Co-generation,

and Generation Systems ........................................................... 71.2.3 Energy Storage Systems ........................................................... 111.2.4 Plug-In Vehicles ....................................................................... 131.2.5 Community Energy Storage ..................................................... 141.2.6 Summary .................................................................................. 16

1.3 Review of NFPA 70, National Electric Code ....................................... 171.4 Template for Assessment of Potential Smart Grid

Technology Failures ............................................................................. 18

2 Task 2: Regulatory Review and Gap Assessment .................................... 21

2.1 Methodology ........................................................................................ 21 2.1.1 Background .............................................................................. 21 2.1.2 Scope and Approach ................................................................ 22

2.2 Review of NFPA Standards .................................................................. 22 2.2.1 NFPA 70 ................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 NFPA 70E ................................................................................ 34 2.2.3 NFPA 110 ................................................................................. 36 2.2.4 NFPA 111 ................................................................................. 37

2.3 Identi fi cation of Other Standards ......................................................... 39 2.3.1 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) ........ 39 2.3.2 Underwriters Laboratories, Inc (UL) ....................................... 40 2.3.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) Priority Action Plans (PAPS) ...................................... 41 2.3.4 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) .......... 41

2.4 Assessment of Gaps/Inconsistencies .................................................... 42 2.5 Summary Matrix .................................................................................. 60

Contents

xvi Contents

3 Task 3: Workshop Presentation ................................................................. 61

4 Task 4: Roadmaps ....................................................................................... 634.1 Scope and Approach ............................................................................ 634.2 Safety Standards Roadmap .................................................................. 63

4.2.1 Implementation Stages ............................................................. 634.2.2 NFPA Code Provisions Impacted ............................................. 654.2.3 Needed Changes or New Provisions to the NEC ..................... 654.2.4 Implementation Timeline ......................................................... 65

4.3 Information Gaps Roadmap ................................................................. 704.3.1 Implementation Stages ............................................................. 70

4.3.2 Research Project Statements .................................................... 70

Appendices ......................................................................................................... 73Appendix A: Task 1 Comment Resolution Form ................................................ 74Appendix B: Task 2 Comment Resolution Form ................................................ 85

xvii

Fig. 1 Smart Grid Conceptual Model (ibid) .................................................. vi Fig. 2 Smart Grid customer domain (ibid) .................................................... vii

Fig. 1.1 Technology review and safety assessment work sequence ................. 2 Fig. 1.2 Smart mesh con fi guration in a commercial building .......................... 3 Fig. 1.3 Smart plug strip con fi guration ............................................................ 4 Fig. 1.4 Community Energy Storage System .................................................. 15

Fig. 4.1 NFPA codes and standards making process (ibid) ............................. 69

List of Figures

xix

Table 1 List of Smart Grid actors and domains ............................................ vii

Table 1.1 Summary of Smart Grid Technologies ............................................ 16 Table 1.2 Smart grid template for failure mode effect analysis....................... 20

Table 2.1 Assessment of gaps/inconsistencies ................................................ 43 Table 2.2 Summary matrix .............................................................................. 58

Table 4.1 Smart grid topic prioritization ......................................................... 64 Table 4.2 Smart grid customer prioritization ................................................... 64 Table 4.3 NFPA code impact ........................................................................... 66 Table 4.4 Proposed NEC changes ................................................................... 67 Table 4.5 Information gaps .............................................................................. 70

List of Tables

1L. Simonian et al., Smart Grid and NFPA Electrical Safety Codes and Standards, SpringerBriefs in Fire, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3948-6_1, © Fire Protection Research Foundation 2011

1.1 Scope and Approach

A review of Smart Grid technologies was conducted with focus on the Customer domain. This included: the impact that Smart Grid technologies have within Customers’ internal environments, the effect that Smart Grid technologies have from Service Provider or Operations domains upon Customers, and the effect that Customers have upon Distribution or Market domains. The approach is shown in Fig. 1.1 .

1.2 Smart Grid Technologies Within the Customer Domain

Current and emerging Smart Grid technologies were reviewed and the implications that these technologies may have upon the built environment (such as a facility’s safety features) were assessed wherever the National Electrical Code (NEC) has jurisdiction. This included all power distribution and control systems throughout a facility. Speci fi c areas of focus include the electrical service or utility point of connection interface (smart meter), energy generation and microgeneration systems (such as photovoltaic cells, wind power, micro hydro, emergency and standby generators, and fuel cells), energy conversion/storage systems (such as batteries, Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), and thermal energy storage), plug-in vehicles, and community energy storage.

Customers who adopt smart grid technology gain control over the amount and time of day of electricity consumption of loads. For residential customers, the smart meter will generally be installed by the utility or service provider, and the customer may acquire additional devices/systems to take advantage of the information and communication provided by the meter. For example, if these customers switch to a time of use pricing system, they can bene fi t by shifting non time-speci fi c loads to cheaper times, optimizing micro-generation systems for maximum output at high

Chapter 1 Task 1: Technology Review and Safety Assessment

2 1 Task 1: Technology Review and Safety Assessment

price times, and using on-site storage to supply the grid or the home at high price times. The commercial customer may acquire additional devices/systems to take advantage of the information and communication provided by the meter. Many commercial customers have already taken advantage of a time of use pricing system, in which they perform non-critical operations at times when that rate structure favors a lower rate. For example, a commercial customer may produce ice during the night to use during the day for a chilled water system.

1.2.1 Smart Meters

A smart meter is an advanced electric meter that records consumption in intervals of 1 h or less and communicates that information at least daily via some communica-tions network back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes (telemetering). Smart meters enable two-way communication between the customer’s meter and the electrical utility serving the customer. Smart meters differ from a home energy monitor in that they can gather data for remote reporting. Smart meters usually involve a different technology mix, such as real-time or near real-time sensors, power outage noti fi cation, and power quality monitoring. These additional features differentiate smart meters from Automated Meter Reading (AMR). They are similar in many respects to Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) meters. Smart meters are a less costly alternative to traditional interval or time-of-use meters and are intended to be used on a wide scale with all customer classes, including residential, commercial, and industrial. It should be noted that smart meters may be part of a smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid.

Most smart meter systems currently in development use programmable solid-state meters using secure wireless network technology. Each smart meter is equipped

Fig. 1.1 Technology review and safety assessment work sequence


with a network radio, which transmits meter data to an electric network access point. The system uses Radio Frequency (RF) mesh technology, which allows meters and other sensing devices to securely route data via nearby meters and relay devices, creating a “mesh” of network coverage. An example of a Smart Mesh Con fi guration in a Commercial Building is shown in Fig. 1.2 .

The system supports two-way communication between a customer’s meter and the electric utility. Some smart meters have remotely upgradeable systems, such as fi rmware, providing the ability to implement future innovations easily and securely.

A smart meter electric network access point collects meter data from nearby electric meters and periodically transfers this data to the electric utility via a secure cellular network. Each RF mesh-enabled device (meters, relays) is connected to several other mesh-enabled devices, which function as signal repeaters, relaying the data to an access point. The access point device aggregates, encrypts, and sends the data back to the electric utility over a secure commercial third-party network. The resulting RF mesh network can span large distances and reliably transmit data over rough or dif fi cult terrain. If a meter or other transmitter drops out of the network, its neighbors fi nd another route. The mesh continually optimizes routing to ensure information is passed from its source to its destination as quickly and ef fi ciently as possible.

Fig. 1.2 Smart mesh con fi guration in a commercial building


1.2.1.1 Energy Management Systems

Although common in commercial facilities, energy monitoring and control (or energy management) systems are a relatively new and upcoming topic in residen-tial structures. Home energy management systems interface the user with smart grid technology such as smart meters, smart plugs, and smart appliances. In the past, a residential Energy Management Systems (EMS) tended to be wired; how-ever, most new systems use one of a variety of wireless technologies. This enables the EMS to be effectively retro fi tted into existing homes with a minimum of disruption. If a cabled system is selected, cabling needs to be deployed from the electric meter to each major appliance (i.e., electric water heaters, electric ovens, air-conditioning systems, electric clothes dryers, pool pumps, refrigerators, etc.). Should a wireless system be selected, the need for such disruption is removed. Smart plugs or switches, which are able to monitor and control the fl ow of electricity between a power outlet and connected devices, can be used to connect the major appliances to the electricity supply and the home EMS will wirelessly control them. An example of a smart power strip con fi guration is shown in Fig. 1.3 .

Smart Power Strips (InfoSys)

Eth

erne

t

Smart PlugStrips

Smart PlugStrips

Smart PlugStrips

Smart PlugStrips

Eth

erne

t

USB

Web Access(iSmart)

IP

Server

PC

Fig. 1.3 Smart plug strip con fi guration


Energy Information Systems (EIS) and Energy Monitoring and Control Systems (EMCS) have been in use in commercial applications for several years. A commer-cial customer may obtain a more favorable rate structure for allowing reductions in energy usage, and responding to utility requests for reduced energy consumption, by activating reduced energy modes in commercial buildings.

1.2.1.2 Time of Use Metering/Rate Structures

Time of Use (TOU) net metering employs a specialized reversible smart (electric) meter that is programmed to determine net electricity usage (or contribution) any time during the day. Time-of-use allows utility rates and charges to be assessed based on when the electricity was used (i.e., day/night and seasonal rates). Typically the production cost of electricity is highest during the daytime peak usage period and low during the night, when demand on the utility system is lower. Time of use metering can play a signi fi cant role when there is a customer-generated energy source, since, for example, solar power systems tend to produce energy during the daytime peak-price period, and produce little or no power during the night period, when the cost per kilowatt is low. Because a smart meter records and communicates customer consumption back to the utility for monitoring time of use metering, rate structures may increase consumers’ use of EMS.

1.2.1.3 Load Shedding/Demand Response

Load shedding is an intentional, utility-initiated loss of electrical power to a speci fi c customer or group of customers. Electric utility companies have historically used load shedding as a last-resort measure in order to avoid a total blackout of the power system. The implementation of load shedding is usually in response to a situation where the demand for electricity exceeds the power supply capability of the net-work. The implementation of load shedding generally results from one of two cases: insuf fi cient generation capacity or inadequate transmission infrastructure to deliver suf fi cient power to the area where it is needed. In a Stage 1 emergency, only a general call for voluntary conservation is issued, while Stage 2 emergency results in power being temporarily cut off to certain large users, who have agreed to this arrangement in exchange for lower rates. When a Stage 3 power emergency is declared, electricity to select customers is shut off for a fi xed period of time, which can range from 60 min to 2½ h.

Through the use of smart meters, load shedding also may be implemented by the electric utility to selectively “shed” designated loads (i.e., electric water heaters, electric ovens, air-conditioning systems, electric clothes dryer, pool pumps, refrig-erators, etc.), rather than customers, during periods of high demand. A HAN or EMS (via a smart meter) could reduce load and turn off appliances; or the utility could bypass these systems and directly shut-down major appliances (such as A/C and water heaters). The EMS can be a module in the smart meter or a stand-alone device in the home or business.


Demand response appliances could reduce an electrical utility’s base load during peak usage hours via a request from either the customer or utility provider. Several Manufacturers are currently developing residential smart appliances (240 V loads such as air-conditioning units, electrical ovens, electric clothes dryers, etc.) that are able to communicate with, and can be monitored and controlled by, a smart meter.

From a customer’s perspective the smart meter will be able to provide:

Improved home energy management through Home Area Network (HAN) • technologies that will give customers more control over the energy usage of appliances, equipment, lighting, etc. HAN technology in the home can enable the electric utility to better match • energy supply with demand (if the HAN communicates with a Smart Meter), to reduce the possibility of brownouts Smart charging for electric vehicles, taking advantage of off-peak rates • Integration of customers’ on-site energy generation to eliminate the need for • expensive transmission of energy from a remote source, and reduce customers’ vulnerability to outages Smart charging for electric thermal storage systems (i.e., in-ground heating • systems, unit heaters)

The potential impact that smart meter technologies (including Energy Management Systems, Time of Use Metering/Rate Structures, and Load Shedding/Demand Response) have upon safety principals embedded in the NEC was assessed. These safety principles included personnel safety (e.g. shock/electrocution hazards), electrical safety (e.g., potential to damage other electrical/electronic equipment), and fi re safety (e.g., potential to start a fi re). Emphasis was placed upon where those technologies would affect distribution system over-current protection (such as breakers and fuses), and upon other electrical safety devices (such as AFCIs), which have been shown to be susceptible to smart meter wireless transmission. The following areas were identi fi ed:

Dramatic increase in data communication, including: dedicated low voltage • wired systems, low voltage wired systems impressed upon line voltage carriers, and wireless systems between smart grid appliances/plugs and smart meters, or between devices and home energy management and control systems Critical circuits for life-safety systems—including special needs equipment such • as patient care equipment (ventilators, diagnosis equipment, etc.)—will need to remain powered during load shedding Power or control wiring installed by licensed electrical contractors may be • required to tie into panelboards/load centers Grounding and bonding for all components will need to be provided • Sensors will be needed to connect major electrical loads to a smart meter • Susceptibility of smart systems to frequent inrush currents from switching large • appliance loads Limitation should be established on the amount of harmonics induced from Class • 2 wiring


Equipment to be certi fi ed/listed • Quali fi cation of installers • Inspection of installations by quali fi ed persons •

1.2.2 Energy Microgeneration, Co-generation, and Generation Systems

Energy Microgeneration Systems (EMGS) refer to the small-scale generation of heat and/or power by individual customers, small businesses, and communities to meet their own needs and as alternatives to traditional centralized grid-connected power. Microgeneration of energy includes the generation of energy from solar, wind, fuel cell, and other sources by consumers, not by an electric utility. Although this may be motivated by practical considerations, such as unreliable grid power or a long distance from the grid, the term is mainly used currently for environmentally-conscious approaches that aspire to zero or low-carbon footprints. Currently, the most common forms of microgeneration technologies include:

Photovoltaic • Small scale wind turbine • Micro hydro • Fuel cell • Plant microbial fuel cell • Micro Combined Heat and Power (MicroCHP) •

Emergency generators, including diesel fueled and to a lesser degree propane and natural gas fueled, are commonly installed whenever emergency power is required for a facility. Electrical co-generation refers to on-site generation equip-ment that may be used during peak hours to supply either a customer’s facility load or the electric grid.

1.2.2.1 Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit a photo-voltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels comprising a number of cells containing a photovoltaic material. Photovoltaic arrays are often associated with buildings: either integrated into them, mounted on them, or mounted nearby on the ground. Arrays are most often retro fi tted into existing buildings, usually mounted on top of the existing roof structure or on existing walls. Alternatively, an array can be located separate from a building but connected via cabling to supply power to the building.

Building-integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are increasingly incorporated into new domestic and industrial buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power.


Typically, an array is incorporated into the roof or walls of a building. Roof tiles with integrated PV cells are also becoming more common.

1.2.2.2 Small Scale Wind Turbines

Wind turbines provide a means for the conversion of wind energy into electricity. Small-scale wind power is the name given to wind generation systems with the capacity to produce up to 50 kW of electrical power. Buildings that might otherwise rely on diesel generators may use wind turbines to displace diesel fuel consumption. Individuals may purchase these systems to reduce or eliminate their dependence on grid electricity for economic or other reasons, or to reduce their carbon footprint. Wind turbines are becoming more frequently used for household electricity genera-tion in conjunction with battery storage.

Grid-connected wind turbines may use grid energy storage, displacing purchased energy with local production when available. Off-grid system users can either adapt to intermittent power or use batteries, photovoltaic, or diesel systems to supplement the wind turbine. Equipment such as parking meters or wireless internet gateways may be powered by a wind turbine that charges a small battery, replacing the need for a connection to the power grid.

1.2.2.3 Micro Hydro

Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks. There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without the purchase of fuel.

Micro hydro systems complement photovoltaic solar energy systems because in many areas, water fl ow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a minimum. Micro hydro is frequently accomplished with a pelton wheel for high head, low fl ow water supply. The installation is often just a small dammed pool, at the top of a waterfall, with several hundred feet of pipe leading to small generator housing.

Through the use of power control devices, it is becoming easier to operate generators at an arbitrary frequency and feed the output through an inverter which produces output at grid frequency. Power electronics now also allow the use of permanent magnet alternators that produce variable AC that can be stabilized. This approach allows low speed/low head water turbines to be competitive; they can run at an optimum speed for extraction of energy and the frequency conversion is controlled by power electronics instead of the generator. Very small installations—a few kilowatts or smaller—may generate direct current and charge batteries for peak use times.


1.2.2.4 Fuel Cells

Electrochemical devices called fuel cells were invented about the same time as the battery. Fuel cell development has increased in recent years due to an attempt to increase conversion ef fi ciency of chemical energy stored in hydrocarbon or convert hydrogen fuels into electricity. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts a source fuel into an electric current. It generates electricity inside a cell through a reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, triggered in the presence of an electrolyte. The reactants fl ow into the cell, and the reaction products fl ow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells can operate continuously as long as the necessary reactant and oxidant fl ows are maintained. Many combinations of fuels and oxidants are possible. A hydrogen fuel cell uses hydrogen as its fuel and oxygen (usually from air) as its oxidant. Other fuels include hydrocarbons and alcohols. Other oxidants include chlorine and chlorine dioxide.

1.2.2.5 Plant Microbial Fuel Cells

A Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy by the catalytic reaction of microorganisms. A typical microbial fuel cell consists of anode and cathode compartments separated by a cation (positively charged ion) speci fi c membrane. In the anode compartment, fuel is oxidized by microorganisms, generating electrons and protons. Electrons are transferred to the cathode compartment through an external electric circuit, and the protons are trans-ferred to the cathode compartment through the membrane. Electrons and protons are consumed in the cathode compartment, combining with oxygen to form water. In general, there are two types of microbial fuel cells: mediator and mediator-less microbial fuel cells. Microbial fuel cells have a number of potential uses. The fi rst and most obvious is harvesting the electricity produced for a power source. Virtually any organic material could be used to ‘feed’ a fuel cell. It is conceivable that MFCs could be installed in septic tanks, where bacteria would consume waste material from the water and produce supplementary power for a building. MFCs are a clean and ef fi cient method of energy production. 1

1.2.2.6 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Micro CHP (MicroCHP) Installations

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) fuel cells have demonstrated superior ef fi ciency for years in industrial plants, universities, hotels, and hospitals. Residential and small-scale commercial fuel cells are now becoming available to ful fi ll both

1 Allen, R.M. and Bennetto, H.P. 1993. Microbial fuel cells—Electricity production from carbohy-drates. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnology, 39/40, pp. 27–40


electricity and heat demand from one system. Fuel cell technology in a compact system is currently available to convert natural gas or propane into both electricity and heat. In the future, new developments in fuel cell technologies will likely allow these power systems to be fueled from biomass instead of fossil fuels, directly converting a home fuel cell into a renewable energy technology.

Micro Combined Heat and Power (MicroCHP) systems such as home fuel cells and co-generation for of fi ce buildings and factories are currently in development. The system generates constant electric power (selling excess power back to the grid when it is not consumed), and produces hot air and water from the waste heat. MicroCHPs are usually less than 5 kWh for a residential or commercial building fuel cell.

Most residential fuel cells fi t either inside a mechanical room or outside a home or business, and can be discreetly sited to fi t within a building’s design. The system operates like a combination furnace, hot water heater and electricity provider—all in one compact unit. Some of the newer home fuel cells can generate anywhere between 1 and 5 kWh (3.6–18 MJ)—optimal for larger homes (of 4,000 sq ft or more), especially if pools, spas, and radiant fl oor heating are planned. Other uses include a back-up source of power for essential loads like refrigerator/freezers and computer electronics. Deploying a system’s heat energy ef fi ciently to a resi-dence or business for hot water applications displaces the electricity or gas otherwise burned to create that heat, further reducing overall energy bills. Retail outlets like fast food chains, coffee bars, and health clubs gain operational savings from hot water heating. 2

Many residential fuel cells are designed to operate 24 h a day, 7 days a week. Connected to the utility grid through a residence’s main service panel and using net metering, residential fuel cells are designed to integrate with existing electrical and hydronic systems. In the event of an interruption of electric power via the grid, the system automatically switches to a grid-independent operational mode to provide continuous backup power for dedicated circuits in a residence while the grid is down. Most designs also allow for off-the-grid operation.

Similar to the discussion in the previous section, the potential impact that Energy Microgeneration and Generation System technologies have upon safety principals embedded in the NEC was assessed. The potential impacts of these technologies include the following:

Requirements for system interconnection • Additional noti fi cation and safety devices required to alert personnel to and • protect them from the presence of two way power Protection for chemical conversion of hydrocarbon fuels into electrical energy • Direct current output from an EMGS to a building • Accommodations for manual disconnect switches •

2 What is microgeneration? Jeremy Harrison, Claverton Energy Group Conference, Bath, Oct 24th 2008


Interconnection of the grounding system • Shutoff and/or dummy-load devices for wind power generation during high • winds, or when power generated exceeds requirements/storage system capacity Manual overrides of automatically controlled circuits • Use of direct current by consumers directly from their EMGS • Conversion of DC generated power into AC as required for many appliances, or • for feeding excess power into a commercial power grid via an inverter or grid-interactive inverter Limiting harmonics that may be introduced into the electric grid by inverters, • especially in residential applications where grid-adjacent houses may use different inverters Wiring Methods • Overcurrent and overload protection • Certi fi ed/listed equipment •

1.2.3 Energy Storage Systems

A major issue associated with the smart grid and increase of energy generation from renewable sources is that energy is often needed when nature is not able to provide the source. Even renewable energy must be stored in order to make it reliable. Wind blows intermittently and so some form of storage is required to compensate for calm periods. Solar energy is equally not available on cloudy days and during the night-time, so stored energy must be available to compensate for the loss of sunlight.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 helped fi nance research into energy storage and its integration with smart electrical grids. Electricity is transmitted in a closed circuit, and for essentially all practical purposes cannot be stored in large quantities as electrical energy. This means that changes in demand cannot be accommodated without either cutting supply (by brownouts or blackouts) or by storing the electric energy in another medium. Storage methods include, but are not limited to the following: chemical, biological, electrochemical, electrical, mechanical, thermal, and fuel conservation storage. Energy storage can be accom-plished by use of a series of deep cycle, stationary or sealed maintenance-free batteries (the most common solution) or other means of energy storage (e.g. hydrogen fuel cells, fl ywheel energy storage, pumped-storage hydroelectric, compressed air tanks, etc.). The primary methods employed today are described in this section.

1.2.3.1 Batteries

An early solution to the problem of storing energy for electrical purposes was the development of the battery as an electrochemical storage device. Batteries have previously been of limited use in electric power systems due to their relatively small


capacity and high cost; however newer battery technologies have been developed that can now provide signi fi cant utility scale load-leveling capabilities. A similar possible solution to deal with the intermittent issue of solar and wind energy may be found in capacitive storage.

1.2.3.2 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Although not a conventional energy storage device, uninterruptible power supplies contain storage batteries which provide power to select loads. The on-battery run time of most UPS is relatively short—5 to 15 min being typical for smaller units—but suf fi cient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the connected equipment. Although once previously reserved for very large installations of 10 kW or more, advances in technology have now permitted UPSs to be available as a common consumer device, supplying 500 W or less. In a smart grid environment, a UPS’s storage batteries could lower demand or supply the grid during peak hours or in response to an electricity provider’s request.

1.2.3.3 Thermal Energy Storage

In the 1980s, a number of manufacturers carefully researched Thermal Energy Storage (TES) to meet the growing demand for air conditioning during peak hours. Today, several companies manufacture TES systems. The most popular form of thermal energy storage for cooling is ice storage, since it can store more energy in less space than water storage and it is also less costly than energy recovered via fuel cells or fl ywheels. Thermal storage has cost-effectively shifted gigawatts of power away from daytime peak usage periods. It works by creating ice at night when electricity is usually less costly, and then using the ice to cool the air in buildings during the hotter daytime periods. There are several advantages of thermal storage: commercial electrical rates are lower at night, it takes less energy to make ice when the ambient temperature is cool at night (therefore, source energy from the power plant is saved), and a smaller (more ef fi cient system) can do the job of a much larger unit by running for more hours. 3 Another form of thermal energy storage is Electric Thermal Storage (ETS). In a simple residential ETS system heating units are placed in the rooms where the most heat is required. During off-peak hours electric energy is converted into heat and stored in high-mass units, or bricks, made of dense ceramic material. During peak hours an electric fan circulates the heat from the bricks to heat the home. The temperature is controlled by outside sensors that adjust the amount of power intake to that needed to keep the room(s) at the required comfort temperature.

3 ASHRAE Journal-Reprinted by CALMAC Manufacturing Corporation September 2003


The potential impacts of Energy Storage System technologies on electrical safety principals embedded in the NEC will include:

Battery meter (for charging rate and voltage) installation requirements • Protection of overcharging energy storage systems to prevent failures • Charging and discharging of ESS • Charge controller for charging the batteries or other energy storage • Provisions for converting DC battery power into AC as required for many appli-• ances, or for feeding excess power into a commercial power grid, an inverter or grid-interactive inverter Protection against overcharging of batteries to prevent explosions • Guidelines for the placement of, and clearance requirements for, fuel cells • Load and Demand factors •

1.2.4 Plug-In Vehicles

Plug-in vehicles fall into one of two categories: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) or Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV). Both categories of electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in that they are able to consume electricity which could be generated from a wide range of sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar power, and wind power or any combination of those. The energy could then be transmitted to the vehicle through use of overhead lines, wireless energy transfer such as inductive charging, or a direct connection through an electrical cable. The electricity may then be stored onboard the vehicle using a battery, fl ywheel, or supercapacitors. Vehicles with combustion engines can usually only derive their energy from a single or a few sources, usually non-renewable fossil fuels. A key advantage of electric or hybrid electric vehicles is regenerative braking and suspension; the ability to recover energy normally lost during braking which can be restored to the onboard battery.

1.2.4.1 Charging EV’s and Charging Stations

Electric vehicles typically charge from conventional power outlets or dedicated charging stations. Depending on the voltage available (120, 208, 240, or 480 V), the process may take only a fraction of an hour to several hours. For residential applications, since the charging voltage is limited to 240V the process will usually take several hours. If a large proportion of private vehicles were to convert to grid electricity it would increase the demand for generation and transmission, and con-sequent emissions; however, overall energy consumption and emissions would diminish because of the higher ef fi ciency of electric vehicles. It is conceivable that the existing power plant and transmission infrastructure is already suf fi cient, assuming that most charging would occur overnight, using the most ef fi cient


off-peak base load sources. One concern, however, is that the distribution system, and speci fi cally distribution system transformers, will be undersized to accommo-date the needs of PEV nighttime charging.

1.2.4.2 Vehicle-to-Grid Storage Systems

Grid energy storage (or large-scale energy storage) lets energy producers send excess electricity via the grid to temporary electricity storage sites that become energy producers when electricity demand increases. Grid energy storage is particu-larly important in matching supply and demand over a 24 h period of time. A pro-posed variant of grid energy storage is called Vehicle-to-Grid energy storage, where modern electric vehicles that are plugged into the energy grid can release the stored electrical energy in their batteries back into the grid when needed.

The potential impacts of Plug-in Vehicle technologies on electrical safety principals embedded in the NEC will include:

Battery meter (for charging rate and voltage) installation requirements • Meters for power consumption • Protection of overcharging energy storage systems to prevent failures • Charging and discharging of Vehicle-to-Grid storage systems • Charging and discharging of PHEVs, PEVs, and other on-site energy storage • systems

1.2.5 Community Energy Storage

Community Energy Storage (CES) de fi nes an approach where smaller packages of battery energy storage are available to more than one customer with limited back-up time. For residential application, CES are typically 25 kW with 1–2 h of back-up time, and are deployed in neighborhoods, on street corners, or along backyard utility rights-of-way. For commercial applications, CESs function the same as in a residential environment, but instead of serving a cluster of six to ten residential customers, CES interconnect several commercial facilities. CES for commercial applications that normally are supplied from three phase 277/480 V systems will have the greatest impact amongst facilities situated in a campus environment, such as a business of fi ce park.

Figure 1.4 depicts a CES adjacent to a standard utility transformer feeding six to ten residential customers. The CES units are connected on the low-voltage side of the utility transformer and store 120/240-V power for individual customers. The intent would be to place a utility-controlled device at the edge of the grid to provide voltage control and improve service reliability. As more sophisticated electronic loads, such as computers, appliances, etc. (which require greater service reliability) are added—along with additional PHEV charging units—greater control of voltage


and power fl uctuations to the customer will be required. With the addition of more EMS that will enable energy fl owing back into the grid when the power demand of speci fi c customers is less than what they are producing, the amount of energy that dissipates back into the utility network can precede the customer load peak by 2–3 h each workday. It is envisioned that CES units located throughout the network would allow that excess energy to be captured locally with less line losses and re-dispatched back to the same customers when needed.

The addition of more PHEV loads will also affect load demands. Most vehicle charging should occur slowly at night, but the pattern will be hard, if not impossible, to control. If an abnormal amount of quick charges were to take place in a given area, there could be stress on local distribution transformers. Having extra utility capacity available in local CES units will also assist in compensating for the starting in-rush current of air conditioning compressors and prevent resulting voltage fl icker. There will be even greater dynamics in local distribution circuits. It is envisioned that CES units might communicate directly with meters in each home and advise customers of any abnormal condition in their local network and provide a recom-mended action in their own use of power. 4

The potential impacts of Community Energy Storage systems on electrical safety principals embedded in the NEC will include:

Voltage fl icker provisions • Guidelines for CES units • Guidelines for the placement of CES units • Grounding and bonding provisions for all components •

Fig. 1.4 Community Energy Storage system (“Community Energy Storage (CES) and The Smart Grid: ‘A Game Changer’” American Electric Power. 21 May, 2009 http://www.aeptechcentral.com/CES/docs/AEP_CES_Presentation_05-21-09.pdf )

4 POWERGRID International, May 2010

http://www.aeptechcentral.com/CES/docs/AEP_CES_Presentation_05-21-09.pdf

http://www.aeptechcentral.com/CES/docs/AEP_CES_Presentation_05-21-09.pdf


1.2.6 Summary

Table 1.1 provides a summary of the categories of smart grid technology that are detailed above. A summary of provisions that may need to be addressed by the NEC are included as well.

Table 1.1 Summary of Smart Grid Technologies

Device/system Description Possible NEC issues

Smart Meters A meter that monitors and automatically reports a customer’s electricity consumption to the utility. Smart meters may also interface with customer’s energy systems and devices to provide the customer with additional information, communications with the utility, and demand response or load shedding triggers

• Increased wiring for communications

• Life-safety circuits must not be affected by load shedding

• Increased load center wiring

• Adequate grounding and bonding provisions

• Sensors for connecting smart meters and major electrical loads

• Harmonics induced from Class 2 wiring

• Security systems • Life support equipment

Energy Micro-generation, Co-generation, and Generation systems

Some grid-connected electricity customers have the ability to generate their own electricity through photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, backup generators, etc. These systems may be used to power the customer’s equipment or add energy to the grid, especially during peak hours for economic incentives or to help with load shedding. Currently, however, backup generators are not normally permitted to supply power to the grid

• System interconnection requirements

• Protection for fuel to energy conversion

• DC from an EMGS to a building

• Manual disconnect switches

• Grounding system interconnection

• Excess generation contingencies

• Manual override of automatically controlled circuits

• Use of DC from EMGS by consumers

• Conversion of DC to AC for use or transmission to the grid

• Limitations on inverter harmonics

• Listed/certi fi ed equipment

(continued)

171.3 Review of NFPA 70, National Electric Code

1.3 Review of NFPA 70, National Electric Code

Based upon an assessment of current and emerging smart grid technologies, a review of the NEC was conducted and NEC sections were identi fi ed as candidates for revision. Some of these code sections may require revisions to address Smart Grid monitoring or control (such as Chap. 4, Equipment, and Chap. 6, Special Equipment), while other code sections may require revisions due to utility interfaces (Chap. 1, General, and Chap. 2, Wiring and Protection), emergency power (Chap. 7, Special Conditions), or wired/wireless communication (Chap. 8, Communication Systems). This preliminary review has identi fi ed the following code sections as potential candidates for revision:

90 Introduction �

Chapter 1 General �

100 De fi nitions �

Device/system Description Possible NEC issues

Energy Storage Systems

Storage systems may be used by customers to reduce demand during peak hours, as a backup in case of grid failure, or as a way to increase the fl exibility of renewable energy

• Overcharging of storage systems

• Charging and discharging of ESS

• DC to AC conversion for use or grid supply

• Fuel cell placement and clearance

• Ventilation requirements • Fault currents

Plug-in Vehicles These vehicles have an energy storage system on-board. The storage can be charged by connection to the grid and may be able to supply the grid if needed

• Battery charging and consumption meter/controller installations

• Overcharging protection • Vehicle-to-Grid storage

system charging and discharging

• Charging and discharging of PHEVs, PEVs, and other ESSs

• Listed/certi fi ed equipment

Community Energy Storage

A local energy storage with limited backup time that is available to a small group of customers. CES units allow excess energy from the customers to be captured and re-dispatched with less line loss then a mass-storage system located far away

• Voltage fl icker provisions

• CES unit guidelines • CES unit placement

guidelines • Grounding and bonding

provisions

Table 1.1 (continued)


Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection �

210 Branch Circuits �

215 Feeders �

220 Branch Circuit, Feeder, and Service Calculations �

230 Services �

240 Overcurrent Protection �

250 Grounding and Bonding �

Chapter 4 Equipment for General Use �

422 Appliances �

424 Fixed Electric Space-Heating Equipment �

430 Motors, Motor Circuits, and Controllers �

440 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment �

445 Generators �

480 Storage Batteries �

Chapter 5 Special Occupancies �

517 Health Care Facilities �

Chapter 6 Special Equipment �

625 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations �

1.4 Template for Assessment of Potential Smart Grid Technology Failures

Although beyond the scope of this report, given the potential for failures of smart grid technology systems, sub-systems, and components an assessment could be postulated and categorized by the severity and likelihood of failure. This could be structured similar to that conducted for a Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), where Failure Modes are de fi ned as any errors or defects in a process, design, or item (especially those that affect a customer) while Effects Analysis refers to studying the consequences of those failures. It is recommended that this type of analysis be performed in a group environment, with input from electrical inspectors, equipment manufacturers, and safety rating agencies. The steps in this type of analysis include:

Step 1: Measuring Failure Severity

Failure modes could be determined based upon a Smart Grid technology’s func-tional requirements and effects. Examples of failure modes would include: electrical overcurrent, short or open circuits, or data miscommunication. A failure mode in one component can lead to a failure mode in another component, subsystem, or system; therefore each failure mode should be separately listed. A failure effect is

191.4 Template for Assessment of Potential Smart Grid Technology Failures

de fi ned as the result of a failure mode on the function of the component, subsystem, or system as perceived by the user. Examples of failure effects are: degraded perfor-mance, noise or even injury to a user. Each effect could be given a severity number (S) from 1 (no danger) to 10 (critical). These numbers help to prioritize the failure modes and their effects. If the severity of an effect has a number of 9 or 10, actions are considered to change the design by eliminating the failure mode, if possible, or protecting the user from the effect. A severity rating of 9 or 10 is generally reserved for those effects which would cause injury to a user and involve life-safety issues.

Step 2: Measuring the Likelihood of Failure Occurrence

This step looks at the cause of a failure mode and how often it occurs. The step can be performed by looking at similar products or processes and examining the failure modes that have been documented for them. All the potential causes for a failure mode should be identi fi ed and documented since a failure is considered a design weakness. Examples of causes could be: excessive voltage or improper operating conditions. A failure mode is given an occurrence ranking (O) of 1–10. Actions need to be stated if the occurrence is high (meaning > 4 for non-safety failure modes and > 1 when the severity-number from step 1 is 9 or 10). This step is called the detailed development section of the FMEA process. Occurrence also can be de fi ned in terms of percentage; for example, if a non-safety issue occurs less than 1%, it can be assigned a value 1.

Step 3: Measuring the Likelihood of Failure Removal or Detection

Each combination from the previous two steps would receive a detection num-ber (D) . This ranks the ability of planned tests and inspections to remove defects or detect failure modes in time. The assigned detection number measures the risk that the failure will escape detection . A high detection number indicates that the chances are high that the failure will escape detection, or in other words, that the chances of detection are low.

Step 4: Calculating a Risk Priority Number (RPN)

RPN do not play an important part in the choice of an action against failure modes. They are more threshold values in the evaluation of these actions. After ranking the severity, occurrence and detectability the RPN can be easily calculated by multiply-ing these three numbers:

RPN S O D= × × (1.1)

A RPN will need to be established for the entire system, including all compo-nents and subsystems. Once the RPN is calculated, it is easy to determine the areas of greatest concern. The failure modes that have the highest RPN should be given the highest priority for corrective action. This means it is not always the failure modes with the highest severity numbers that should be treated fi rst; there could be less severe failures, but which occur more often and are less detectable.


Table 1.2 Smart grid template for failure mode effects analysis

Failure mode Effects analysis

No Failure Severity number

Occurrence ranking

Detection number

Risk priority number

Recommended actions

1 Smart meter to sensor malfunction –switching off a fi re detection device

High Low Low Medium Reassess wireless transceiver communication

2 Susceptibility of smart systems to inrush current from switching large loads

Varies a Low Medium Varies a Periodic testing of sensor and system

3 Unregulated devices impressing harmonics upon smart grid power lines

Varies a Medium/high

Low Varies a Install isolation transformers or fi lters

a Severity number depends upon the system, load, or device

After all RPN values are calculated, recommended actions with targets, respon-sibility, and dates of implementation should be noted. These actions could include speci fi c inspection, testing or quality procedures, redesign (such as selection of new components), adding more redundancy, limiting environmental stresses, or limiting the operating range. Once the actions have been implemented in the design/process, the new RPNs should be checked, to con fi rm the improvements. Graphs may be developed for ease in visualization. An example of this type of analysis for smart grid technologies (albeit in a qualitative manner) is shown in Table 1.2 .


2.1 Methodology

2.1.1 Background

The potential impact that smart meter technologies have upon safety principals embedded in the NEC was assessed. These safety principles included personnel safety (e.g. shock/electrocution hazards), electrical safety (e.g., potential to damage other electrical/electronic equipment), and fi re safety (e.g., potential to start a fi re). Based upon the results from Task 1, the following areas were identi fi ed:

Dramatic increase in data communication • Grounding and bonding for all components will be needed • Power or control wiring may be required to tie into panelboards/load centers Wiring space in panelboards and other enclosures Sensors will be needed to connect major electrical loads to a smart meter • Susceptibility of smart systems to frequent inrush currents from switching large • appliance loads Accommodations for manual disconnect switches for energy microgeneration, • co-generation, and generation systems Shutoff and/or dummy-load devices for wind power generation • Manual overrides of automatically controlled circuits • Use of direct current by consumers from their EMGS • Conversion of DC generated power into AC • Limiting harmonics that may be introduced into the electric grid by inverters and • other non-linear loads, such as ballasts, etc3. Overcurrent and overload protection • Protection of energy storage systems overcharging • Charging and discharging of ESS • Charge controller for charging storage batteries or other energy storage • Guidelines for the placement of, and clearance requirements for, fuel cells •

Chapter 2 Task 2: Regulatory Review and Gap Assessment

22 2 Task 2: Regulatory Review and Gap Assessment

Load and demand factors will need to be developed or reexamined • Critical circuits for life-safety systems will need to remain powered during load • shedding Charging and discharging of PHEVs, PEVs, and other on-site energy storage • systems Voltage fl icker provisions will need to be reexamined due to the potential increase • in switching loads Guidelines for CES units will need to be developed •

2.1.2 Scope and Approach

A preliminary assessment of gaps and inconsistencies within the U.S. fi re and electrical safety regulatory framework was prepared. The NFPA standards that were reviewed included the following:

NFPA 70, The National Electrical Code • NFPA 70E, Electrical Safety in the Workplace • NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems • NFPA 111, Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power • Systems

In addition, standards referenced by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), Underwriters Laboratories, Inc (UL), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) that may affect Smart Grid implementation were identi fi ed.

2.2 Review of NFPA Standards

2.2.1 NFPA 70

Based upon an assessment of current and emerging smart grid technologies, a review of the 2011 edition of NFPA 70 was performed. This review has identi fi ed the following code articles as potential candidates for revision:

2.2.1.1 Introduction

Article 90 Introduction

• 90.2 Scope

“ (A) Covered. This Code covers the installation of electrical conductors, equipment, and raceways; signaling and communications conductors, equip-ment, and raceways; and optical fi ber cables and raceways for the following:


(1) Public and private premises, including buildings, structures, mobile homes, recreational vehicles, and fl oating buildings

(2) Yards, lots, parking lots, carnivals, and industrial substations (3) Installations of conductors and equipment that connect to the supply of

electricity (4) Installations used by the electric utility, such as of fi ce buildings, ware-

houses, garages, machine shops, and recreational buildings, that are not an integral part of a generating plant, substation, or control center.”

Recommendation- revise (3) to read “Installation of conductors and equipment �

that connect to the supply side of electricity or communication .” Substantiation- smart devices will require communication for monitoring/ �

controlling of central processors. This communication may be a wired connection.

2.2.1.2 Text Deleted

2.2.1.3 Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection

Article 210 Branch Circuits

• 210.2 Table 210.2 Speci fi c-Purpose Branch Circuits

Recommendation- add EV and PHEV Charging Stations. �

Substantiation- dedicated branch circuits will be required for these receptacles. �

• 210.11 Branch Circuits Required

“ (C) Dwelling Units.

(1) Small-Appliance Branch Circuits . In addition to the number of branch circuits required by other parts of this section, two or more 20-ampere small-appliance branch circuits shall be provided for all receptacle outlets speci fi ed by 210.52(B).”

Recommendation- add informational note to 210.11 (C) (1) that small-appliance �

branch circuits, or receptacles on SABCs, may be remotely monitored/controlled. Substantiation- smart plugs may be installed for these circuits. �

• 210.19(A) Informational Note

Reference The Fire Protection Research Foundation 1/30/2011 Interim Report 1 210.19(A) Informational Note No. 4:

“Informational Note No. 4: Conductors for branch circuits as de fi ned in Article 100, sized to prevent a voltage drop exceeding 3 percent at the farthest

1 Evaluation of the Impact on Non-Linear Power on Wiring Requirements for Commercial Buildings , Jens Schoene, EnerNex Project Number 1092


outlet of power, heating, and lighting loads, or combinations of such loads, and where the maximum total voltage drop on both feeders and branch circuits to the farthest outlet does not exceed 5 percent, provide reasonable ef fi ciency of operation. See Informational Note No. 2 of 215.2(A)(3) for voltage drop on feeder conductors.”

Recommendation: Add Informational Note No. 5 in 210.19(A): �

Where the major portion of the load consists of nonlinear loads, harmonics currents may increase the resistivity of the conductor leading to higher voltage drops. Substantiation: “High harmonic penetration might cause temperature increase �

in the conductor, which increases the resistance and the voltage drop (Sankaran 2002 and De La Rosa 2006).” EMS switching of loads may generate addi-tional harmonics.

• 210.52 Dwelling Unit Receptacle Outlets

“ (E) Outdoor Outlets. Outdoor receptacle outlets shall be installed in accor-dance with (E)(1) through (E)(3). [See 210.8(A)(3).] ”

Recommendation- consider adding a note to 210.52 (E) for EV and PHEV �

receptacles. Substantiation- adding a dedicated receptacle for EVs and PHEVs would �

accommodate future charging requirements.

Article 215 Feeders

• 215.2(A)(4)Informational Note Reference The Fire Protection Research Foundation 1/30/2011 Interim Report 2 215.2(A)(4) Informational Note No.2

“ (4) Individual Dwelling Unit or Mobile Home Conductors. Feeder con-ductors for individual dwelling units or mobile homes need not be larger than service conductors. Paragraph 310.15(B)(6) shall be permitted to be used for conductor size.

Informational Note No. 1: See Examples D1 through D11 in Informative Annex D.

Informational Note No. 2: Conductors for feeders as de fi ned in Article 100, sized to prevent a voltage drop exceeding 3 percent at the farthest outlet of power, heating, and lighting loads, or combinations of such loads, and where the maximum total voltage drop on both feeders and branch circuits to the farthest outlet does not exceed 5 percent, will provide reasonable ef fi ciency of operation.

2 Evaluation of the Impact on Non-Linear Power on Wiring Requirements for Commercial Buildings , Jens Schoene, EnerNex Project Number 1092


Informational Note No. 3: See 210.19(A), Informational Note No. 4, for voltage drop for branch circuits.”

Recommendation: Add Informational Note No. 4 in 215.2(A)(4): �

Where the major portion of the load consists of nonlinear loads, harmonics currents may increase the resistivity of the conductor leading to higher voltage drops. Substantiation: High harmonic penetration might cause temperature increase �

in the conductor, which increases the resistance and the voltage drop (Sankaran 2002 and De La Rosa 2006).” EMS switching of loads may generate additional harmonics.

Article 220 Branch Circuit, Feeder, and Service Calculations

• 220.3 Table 220.3 Additional Load Calculation References

Recommendation- add wind power systems, fuel cell systems, EV and PHEV �

charging stations, and CES. Substantiation- another micro generation system (photovoltaic) is currently �

listed as are specialty devices and equipment.

• 220.14 Other Loads—All Occupancies

“ (L) Other Outlets. Other outlets not covered in 220.14(A) through (K) shall be calculated based on 180 volt-amperes per outlet.”

Recommendation- add 220.14 (M) EV and PHEV Receptacles Outlets. An �

outlet for EV and PHEV shall be calculated based on the ampere rating of the EV and PHEV equipment served. Substantiation- minimum load requirements should be speci fi ed. �

• 220.44 Receptacle Loads—Other Than Dwelling Units

Recommendation- consider adding Commercial EV and PHEV charging �

stations to Table 220.44. Substantiation- this will address load demand factors for equipment. �

Article 230 Services

• 230.82 Equipment Connected to the Supply Side of Service Disconnect

“(6) Solar photovoltaic systems, fuel cell systems, or interconnected electric power production sources.”

Recommendation- add wind power systems to 230.82 (6) � OR delete refer-ences to solar photovoltaic systems and fuel cell systems, and refer to all of these systems as “alternate power sources.” Substantiation- code section currently lists solar photovoltaic and fuel cell �

systems; either all new generation systems should be listed or these systems should be collectively referenced.


Article 240 Overcurrent Protection

• 240.3 Table 240.3 Other Articles

Recommendation- add wind power systems (694), fuel cell systems (692), �

EV and PHEV charging stations (625), and CES. Substantiation- another micro generation system (photovoltaic) is currently �


Article 250 Grounding and Bonding

• 250.3 Table 250.3 Additional Grounding and Bonding Requirements

Recommendation- add wind power systems, fuel cell systems, EV and PHEV �

charging stations, and CES. Substantiation- another micro generation system (photovoltaic) is currently �


2.2.1.4 Chapter 4 Equipment for General Use

Article 422 Appliances

• 422.31 Disconnection of Permanently Connected Appliances

“ (A) Rated at Not over 300 Volt-Amperes or 1⁄8 Horsepower. For perma-nently connected appliances rated at not over 300 volt-amperes or 1⁄8 hp, the branch-circuit overcurrent device shall be permitted to serve as the discon-necting means. (B) Appliances Rated over 300 Volt-Amperes. For permanently connected appliances rated over 300 voltamperes, the branch-circuit switch or circuit breaker shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means where the switch or circuit breaker is within sight from the appliance or is capable of being locked in the open position. The provision for locking or adding a lock to the disconnecting means shall be installed on or at the switch or circuit breaker used as the disconnecting means and shall remain in place with or without the lock installed.

Informational Note: For appliances employing unit switches, see 422.34. (C) Motor-Operated Appliances Rated over 1⁄8 Horsepower.

For permanently connected motor-operated appliances with motors rated over 1⁄8 horse power, the branch circuit switch or circuit breaker shall be per-mitted to serve as the disconnecting means where the switch or circuit breaker is within sight from the appliance. The disconnecting means shall comply with 430.109 and 430.110.

Exception: If an appliance of more than 1⁄8 hp is provided with a unit switch that complies with 422.34(A), (B), (C), or (D), the switch or circuit breaker serving as the other disconnecting means shall be permitted to be out of sight from the appliance. ”


Recommendation- augment 422.31 (A), (B), and (C) for capability to com- �

municate with smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely control/disconnect appliance. Substantiation- speci fi c appliances may be remotely monitored and/or con- �

trolled to power-up or -down depending upon the kWh cost of electricity.

Article 424 Fixed Electric Space-Heating Equipment

• 424.19 Disconnecting Means

“Means shall be provided to simultaneously disconnect the heater, motor controller(s), and supplementary overcurrent protective device(s) of all fi xed electric space-heating equipment from all ungrounded conductors. Where heating equipment is supplied by more than one source, the disconnecting means shall be grouped and marked. The disconnecting means speci fi ed in 424.19(A) and (B) shall have an ampere rating not less than 125 percent of the total load of the motors and the heaters. The provision for locking or adding a lock to the disconnecting means shall be installed on or at the switch or circuit breaker used as the disconnecting means and shall remain in place with or without the lock installed.”

Recommendation- augment 424.19 for capability to communicate with smart �

meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely disconnect space-heating equipment. Substantiation- speci fi c space-heating equipment may be remotely monitored and/ �

or controlled to power-up or -down depending upon the kWh cost of electricity.

Article 430 Motors, Motor Circuits, and Controllers

• 430.75 Disconnection

“ (A) General. Motor control circuits shall be arranged so that they will be disconnected from all sources of supply when the disconnecting means is in the open position. The disconnecting means shall be permitted to consist of two or more separate devices, one of which disconnects the motor and the controller from the source(s) of power supply for the motor, and the other(s), the motor control circuit(s) from its power supply. Where separate devices are used, they shall be located immediately adjacent to each other.

Exception No. 1: Where more than 12 motor control circuit conductors are required to be disconnected, the disconnecting means shall be permitted to be located other than immediately adjacent to each other where all of the following conditions are complied with:

(a) Access to energized parts is limited to quali fi ed persons in accordance with Part XII of this article.

(b) A warning sign is permanently located on the outside of each equipment enclosure door or cover permitting access to the live parts in the motor control circuit(s), warning that motor control circuit disconnecting means


are remotely located and specifying the location and identi fi cation of each disconnect. Where energized parts are not in an equipment enclosure as permitted by 430.232 and 430.233, an additional warning sign(s) shall be located where visible to persons who may be working in the area of the energized parts.

Exception No. 2: The motor control circuit disconnecting means shall be permitted to be remote from the motor controller power supply discon-necting means where the opening of one or more motor control circuit disconnecting means is capable of resulting in potentially unsafe condi-tions for personnel or property and the conditions of items (a) and (b) of Exception No. 1 are complied with. ”


meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely disconnect an indi-vidual motor. Substantiation- speci fi c motors may be remotely monitored and/or controlled �

to power-up or -down depending upon the kWh cost of electricity.

Article 440 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment

• 440.11 Disconnecting Means, General

“The provisions of Part II are intended to require disconnecting means capable of disconnecting air conditioning and refrigerating equipment, including motor compressors and controllers from the circuit conductors.”


meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely disconnect AC/Refrigeration equipment. Substantiation- speci fi c equipment may be remotely monitored and/or con- �

trolled to power-up or -down depending upon the kWh cost of electricity.

Article 445 Generators

• 445.18 Disconnecting Means Required for Generators

“Generators shall be equipped with disconnect(s), lockable in the open posi-tion, by means of which the generator and all protective devices and control apparatus are able to be disconnected entirely from the circuits supplied by the generator except where both of the following conditions apply:

(1) The driving means for the generator can be readily shut down. (2) The generator is not arranged to operate in parallel with another genera-

tor or other source of voltage.”


meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely start/stop on-site generators. Substantiation- on-site generation may be remotely controlled to power-up �

or -down depending upon the kWh cost of electricity.


Article 480 Storage Batteries

• 480.5 Disconnecting Means

“A disconnecting means shall be provided for all ungrounded conductors derived from a stationary battery system over 50 volts. A disconnecting means shall be readily accessible and located within sight of the battery system.

Informational Note: See 240.21(H) for information on the location of the overcurrent device for battery conductors.”


meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely charge or discharge batteries, unless the storage battery systems are critical for continuity of essential services or systems. Substantiation- on-site battery storage systems may be remotely controlled to �

power-up or -down depending upon the kWh cost of electricity.

2.2.1.5 Chapter 5 Special Occupancies

Article 517 Health Care Facilities

• 517.31 Scope—Emergency Systems

“Those functions of patient care depending on lighting or appliances that are connected to the emergency system shall be divided into two mandatory branches: the life safety branch and the critical branch, described in 517.32 and 517.33. The branches of the emergency system shall be installed and connected to the alternate power source so that all functions speci fi ed herein for the emergency system shall be automatically restored to operation within 10 seconds after interruption of the normal source. [ 99: 4.4.2.2.2.1, 4.4.3.1]”

Recommendation- amend section to ensure that both life safety and critical �

branches remain powered during load shedding Substantiation- EMS initialed load shedding to be integrated with emergency �

electrical distribution system including on-site generation.

2.2.1.6 Chapter 6 Special Equipment

Article 625 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

• 625.26 Interactive Systems

“Electric vehicle supply equipment and other parts of a system, either on-board or off-board the vehicle, that are identi fi ed for and intended to be intercon-nected to a vehicle and also serve as an optional standby system or an electric power production source or provide for bi-directional power feed shall be listed as suitable for that purpose. When used as an optional standby system, the requirements of Article 702 shall apply, and when used as an electric power production source, the requirements of Article 705 shall apply.”


Recommendation- add Information Note #1 that expands upon the role of �

EVs and PHEVs to communicate with a smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely enable the EV/PHEV to be an electric power production source Substantiation- EVs/PHEVs may be remotely monitored and/or controlled �

to charge or discharge depending upon the kWh cost of electricity

2.2.1.7 Chapter 7 Special Conditions

Article 700 Emergency Systems

• 700.4 Capacity 3

“ (A) Capacity and Rating. An emergency system shall have adequate capacity and rating for all loads to be operated simultaneously. The emer-gency system equipment shall be suitable for the maximum available fault current at its terminals. (B) Selective Load Pickup, Load Shedding, and Peak Load Shaving. The alternate power source shall be permitted to supply emergency, legally required standby, and optional standby system loads where the source has adequate capacity or where automatic selective load pickup and load shedding is provided as needed to ensure adequate power to (1) the emergency circuits, (2) the legally required standby circuits, and (3) the optional standby circuits, in that order of priority. The alternate power source shall be permitted to be used for peak load shaving, provided these conditions are met.

Peak load shaving operation shall be permitted for satisfying the test requirement of 700.3(B), provided all other conditions of 700.3 are met.”

Recommendation- amend 700.4 (B) to include safeguards, such as requiring a �

different EMS, against the emergency system being treated as a regular system for the purposes of load shedding. Substantiation- other non-emergency circuits in the facility may have load shed- �

ding or other energy management capabilities that should be triggered under different conditions then emergency systems

2.2.7.2 Article 701 Legally Required Standby Systems

• 701.4 Capacity and Rating 4

“A legally required standby system shall have adequate capacity and rating for the supply of all equipment intended to be operated at one time. Legally required standby system equipment shall be suitable for the maximum available fault current at its terminals.

3 Smart Grid Task Force meeting March 3, 2011 4 Smart Grid Task Force meeting March 3, 2011


The legally required standby alternate power source shall be permitted to supply both legally required standby and optional standby system loads under either of the following conditions:

(1) Where the alternate source has adequate capacity to handle all connected loads

(2) Where automatic selective load pickup and load shedding is provided that will ensure adequate power to the legally required standby circuits.”

Recommendation- amend 701.4 to clarify if the standby system may be �

used for other purposes, such as peak load shaving, similar to 700.4 (B). Alternatively, reference the article, such as 705, under which these issues are addressed. If other uses are allowed, the recommendation is also to include safeguards, such as a different EMS, against the emergency system being treated as a regular system for the purposes of load shedding. Substantiation- other non-emergency circuits in the facility may have load �

shedding or other energy management capabilities that should be triggered under different conditions then legally required standby systems

Article 705 Interconnected Electrical Power Production Systems

Recommendation- add a subsection to article 705 to address smart grid �

switching capabilities 5 Substantiation- proliferation of smart grid technologies, such as EMS, �

increase the chance that additional energy sources will be controlled by a separate system

• Table 705.3 Other Articles

Recommendation- amend Table 705.3 to include other emerging production �

sources such as wind generation as they are addressed. Small Wind Electric systems are addressed in Article 694. Substantiation- smart grid enhancements may make interconnected power �

systems more common

• 705.20 Disconnecting Means, Sources 6

“Means shall be provided to disconnect all ungrounded conductors of an electric power production source(s) from all other conductors.”

Recommendation- amend 705.20 or add an article to include a lock-out-tag-out �

system for EMS or other smart grid technology controlled generation systems Substantiation- smart grid systems, such as an EMS, may be in control of �

grid-tied generation systems, so means must be provided to assure service personnel that generation systems won’t energize circuits when undesired

5 Smart Grid Task Force meeting March 3, 2011 6 Smart Grid Task Force meeting March 3, 2011


• 705.30 Overcurrent Protection 7

“Conductors shall be protected in accordance with Article 240. Equipment and conductors connected to more than one electrical source shall have a suf fi cient number of overcurrent devices located so as to provide protection from all sources.

(A) Solar Photovoltaic Systems. Solar photovoltaic systems shall be protected in accordance with Article 690. (B) Transformers. Overcurrent protection for a transformer with a source(s) on each side shall be provided in accordance with 450.3 by considering fi rst one side of the transformer, then the other side of the transformer, as the primary. (C) Fuel Cell Systems. Fuel cell systems shall be protected in accordance with Article 692. (D) Utility-Interactive Inverters. Utility-interactive inverters shall be pro-tected in accordance with 705.65. (E) Generators. Generators shall be protected in accordance with 705.130.”

Recommendation- add additional letter items, (F), (G), etc., to include other �

emerging production sources such as wind generation. See Table 705.3 recommendations above

Substantiation- smart grid enhancements may make interconnected power sys- �

tems more common

• 705.40 Loss of Primary Source

“Upon loss of primary source, an electric power production source shall be automatically disconnected from all ungrounded conductors of the primary source and shall not be reconnected until the primary source is restored.

Exception: A listed utility-interactive inverter shall be permitted to automati-cally cease exporting power upon loss of primary source and shall not be required to automatically disconnect all ungrounded conductors from the primary source. A listed utility-interactive inverter shall be permitted to automatically or manually resume exporting power to the utility once the primary source is restored.

Informational Note No. 1: Risks to personnel and equipment associated with the primary source could occur if an utility interactive electric power produc-tion source can operate as an intentional island. Special detection methods are required to determine that a primary source supply system outage has occurred and whether there should be automatic disconnection. When the primary source supply system is restored, special detection methods can be required to limit exposure of power production sources to out-of-phase reconnection.

7 Smart Grid Task Force meeting March 3, 2011


Informational Note No. 2: Induction-generating equipment on systems with signi fi cant capacitance can become self-excited upon loss of the primary source and experience severe overvoltage as a result. A utility-interactive inverter shall be permitted to operate as a stand-alone system to supply loads that have been disconnected from electrical production and distribution network sources.”

Recommendation- amend 705.40 to add scenarios as appropriate to include �

actions that should be taken by an EMS or other smart grid switching sys-tem in the event of a power loss Substantiation- smart grid systems, such as an EMS, may be in control of �

grid-tied generation systems

Article 708 Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS)

• 708.22 Capacity of Power Sources

“ (A) Capacity and Rating. A COPS shall have capacity and rating for all loads to be operated simultaneously for continuous operation with variable load for an unlimited number of hours, except for required maintenance of the power source. A portable, temporary, or redundant alternate power source shall be available for use whenever the COPS power source is out of service for maintenance or repair. (B) Selective Load Pickup, Load Shedding, and Peak Load Shaving. The alternate power source shall be permitted to supply COPS emergency, legally required standby, and optional loads where the source has adequate capacity or where automatic selective load pickup and load shedding is provided as needed to ensure adequate power to (1) the COPS and emergency circuits, (2) the legally required standby circuits, and (3) the optional standby circuits, in that order of priority. The alternate power source shall be permitted to be used for peak load shaving, provided these conditions are met.

Peak load-shaving operation shall be permitted for satisfying the test requirement of 708.6(B), provided all other conditions of 708.6 are met. (C) Duration of COPS Operation. The alternate power source shall be capa-ble of operating the COPS for a minimum of 72 hours at full load of DCOA with a steady-state voltage within ±10 percent of nominal utilization voltage.”

Recommendation- amend 708.22 (B) to include safeguards, such as a �

different EMS, against the emergency system being treated as a regular system for the purposes of load shedding. Substantiation- other non-emergency circuits in the facility may have load shed- �

ding or other energy management capabilities that should be triggered under different conditions then COPS

Add an Article 750: Energy Management and Load Management Systems

Recommendation- consider adding a new article that references code and �

rules for EMS and other load management systems Substantiation- smart grid proliferation may make EMS more common �


2.2.2 NFPA 70E

Based upon an assessment of current and emerging smart grid technologies, a review of the 2009 edition of NFPA 70E was conducted and the following sections were identi fi ed as candidates for revision.

2.2.2.1 Chapter 1 General

Article 100 De fi nitions

• Community Energy Storage (CES)

Recommendation- add reference to Community Energy Storage (CES): small �

battery-based energy storage units\ connected to a utility transformers’ secondary coil with storage capacity available to more than one customer with limited back-up time. Substantiation- CES is an emerging smart grid storage technology. �

• Electric Thermal Storage (ETS) Recommendation- add reference to ETS: conversion of electric energy into �

heat and storing it in high-mass units, or bricks, made of dense ceramic material. Substantiation- currently in-use in the residential sector. �

• Energy Monitoring and Control System (EMCS), Energy Management System (EMS), and Energy Information System (EIS)

Recommendation- add reference to EMCS, EMS, and EIS: systems which �

monitor energy consumption and may also have the capability to control energy usage. Substantiation- EMCS, EMS, and EIS are all in current use in commercial �

applications and will become more common in residential settings.

• Electric Vehicle (EV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Charging Station

Recommendation- add reference to EV and PHEV charging stations: recep- �

tacle assembly including all supporting equipment for the purpose of charging EVs and PHEVs. Substantiation- EV and PHEV charging stations are becoming more common �

in commercial applications.

• Fuel Cell Generation

Recommendation- add reference to fuel cells: an electrochemical cell that �

converts a source fuel into an electric current. Substantiation- fossil fuel based fuel cells are in current use. �


• Photovoltaic (PV) Generation

Recommendation- add reference to PVs: a method of generating electrical �

power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit a photovoltaic effect. Substantiation- PVs are commonly used. �

• Smart Meters

Recommendation- add reference to Smart Meter: an advanced electric meter �

that records consumption in intervals of 1 h or less and communicates that information at least daily via some communications network back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes (telemetering). Substantiation- Smart Meters are in general use. �

• Smart Plugs, Smart Power Strips

Recommendation- add reference to smart plugs/power strips: receptacles �

which are able to monitor and control the fl ow of electricity between a power outlet and connected devices. Substantiation- smart plugs/power strips are an emerging technology within �

the data processing sector.

• Thermal Energy Storage (TES)

Recommendation- add reference to TES: creating ice at night when electricity �

is usually less costly, and then using the ice to cool the air in buildings during the hotter daytime periods. Substantiation- currently in-use in the commercial sector. �

• Wind Power Generation

Recommendation- add reference to wind power generation: wind turbines �

which provide a means for the conversion of wind energy into electricity. Substantiation- currently in-use in residential and commercial sectors. �

Article 120 Establishing an Electrically Safe Work Condition

• 120.1 Process of Achieving an Electrically Safe Work Condition

Recommendation- add (7): Disconnecting means to be provided to disconnect/ �

isolate electrical equipment and the potential personnel hazards from equip-ment that may be operated remotely. Substantiation- on-site generation may be remotely controlled to power-up �

or -down depending upon the kWh cost of electricity.


2.2.2.2 Chapter 3 Safety Requirements for Special Equipment

Article 320 Safety Requirements Related to Batteries and Battery Rooms

• 320.3 (H) (1) (1) Abnormal Battery Connections for vented batteries

Recommendation- add (e): Alarm condition for overcharging. �

Substantiation- Frequent charging/discharging of batteries due to increased �

supply of power to the grid may result in overcharging conditions.

2.2.3 NFPA 110

Based upon an assessment of current and emerging smart grid technologies, a review of the 2010 edition of NFPA 110 was conducted and the following sections were identi fi ed as candidates for revision.

2.2.3.1 Chapter 5 Emergency Power Supply: Energy Sources, Converters, and Accessories

Article 5.2 Energy Converters—General

• 5.2.1 Energy Converters

“Energy converters shall consist only of rotating equipment as indicated in 5.2.4”

Recommendation- add explanatory material or clari fi cation to address fuel cells. �

Substantiation- fuel cells are permitted as emergency system power sources �

in NFPA 70—700.12 (E).

2.2.3.2 Chapter 6 Transfer Switch Equipment

The recommendations in chapter 6 depend upon the level and response time of communication provided by a smart meter, EMS, and/or other communication devices, and assume the primary source of power is off-site, such as a utility. Should the necessary communication abilities become common, then the following recom-mendations are made.

Section 6.2.2 Source Monitoring

• 6.2.2.1

“ * Undervoltage-sensing devices shall be provided to monitor all ungrounded lines of the primary source of power as follows:

(1) When the voltage on any phase falls below the minimum operating voltage of any load to be served, the transfer switch shall automatically initiate engine start and the process of transfer to the EPS.


(2) *When the voltage on all phases of the primary source returns to within speci fi ed limits for a designated period of time, the process of transfer back to primary power shall be initiated.”

Recommendation 1- augment 6.2.2.1 to include a provision for the transfer �

switch initiating engine start upon a signal from the primary source provider indicating that primary source failure will occur. Recommendation 2- augment 6.2.2.1 for capability to communicate with �

smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely start/stop EPS. Substantiation 1- the utility may be able to provide early warning of failure, �

allowing the EPS to activate earlier. Substantiation 2- EPS may be remotely controlled to power-up or -down �

depending upon the kWh cost of electricity.

Section 6.2.5 Time Delay on Starting of EPS

• 6.2.5 Time Delay on Starting of EPS

“A time-delay device shall be provided to delay starting of the EPS. The timer shall prevent nuisance starting of the EPS and possible subsequent load transfer in the event of harmless momentary power dips and interruptions of the primary source.”

Recommendation- augment 6.2.5 to include a provision for additional delay �

of EPS start when a signal from the primary source provider is received that indicates that the abnormal source condition, such as a voltage drop, is a tem-porary condition that will be resolved within a prescribed time period. Substantiation- an additional safeguard against nuisance starting of the EPS. �

2.2.4 NFPA 111

Based upon an assessment of current and emerging smart grid technologies, a review of the 2010 edition of NFPA 111 was conducted and the following sections were identi fi ed as candidates for revision.

2.2.4.1 Chapter 6 Transfer Switches and Protection

The recommendations in Chap. 6 depend upon the level and response time of communication provided by a smart meter, EMS, and/or other communication devices, and assume the primary source of power is off-site, such as a utility. Should the necessary communication abilities become common, then the following recom-mendations are made.


Section 6.2.4.2 Source Monitoring

• 6.2.4.2* Source Monitoring

“ 6.2.4.2* Source Monitoring. The load source shall be monitored for under-voltage and overvoltage on all of its ungrounded input lines. 6.2.4.2.1 The ECE and the utility shall be monitored for unacceptable conditions.”

Recommendation 1- augment 6.2.4.2 to include a provision for the transfer �

switch initiating engine start upon a signal from the primary source provider indicating that primary source failure will occur. Recommendation 2- augment 6.2.4.2 for capability to communicate with �

smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely start/stop SEPS. Substantiation 1- the utility may be able to provide early warning of failure, �

allowing the SEPS to activate earlier. Substantiation 2- SEPS may be remotely controlled to power-up or -down �

depending upon the kWh cost of electricity (if SEPSs are permitted for such use, see Sect. 2.2.4.2 of this document.)

• 6.2.4.2.4

6.2.4.2.4 An adjustable time delay shall be allowed to ensure that the pre-ferred source is within its steady-state speci fi cation limits before such retrans-fer is performed.”

Recommendation- augment 6.2.4.2 to include a provision for additional delay �

of SEPS retransfer to preferred source upon signal from the preferred source that such stabilization time is necessary. Substantiation- additional safeguard to keep preferred source from being �

overwhelmed.

Section 6.2.4.5 Time Delay on Retransfer to Preferred Source

• 6.2.4.5* Time Delay on Retransfer to Preferred Source

“ 6.2.4.5.1 An adjustable time delay device with automatic bypass shall be provided to delay retransfer from the alternate source to the preferred source of power. 6.2.4.5.2 The time delay shall be automatically bypassed if the ECE or EPS fails.”

Recommendation- add a 6.2.4.5.2 that extends the delay at the request of the �

preferred source. Substantiation- provides additional time as needed for the stabilization of �

the preferred source.

392.3 Identification of Other Standards

2.2.4.2 Chapter 7 Installation and Environmental Consideration

Section 7.1 General

• 7.1.4

“ 7.1.4 Where normal power is available, the EPS shall serve Level 1 and Level 2 system loads and shall be permitted to serve additional loads, provided that, on failure of the normal power, the additional loads are auto-matically dropped to ensure that the EPS has suf fi cient capacity to serve the Level 1 and Level 2 loads.”

Recommendation- add a 7.1.5 or augment 7.1.4 to clarify if the SEPS is �

permitted to be used for load relief and peak shaving, similar to NFPA 110 7.1.5. Substantiation- clari fi es if the SEPS may be used in a similar manner to an �

EPS when normal power is available. Evolving energy storage technologies combined with time of use rates may make this a fi nancially attractive option to SEPS owners.

2.2.4.3 Chapter 8 Routine Maintenance and Operational Testing

Section 8.4 Operational Inspection and Testing

• 8.4 Operational Inspection and Testing

“ 8.4.1* Level 1 equipment shall be inspected monthly and tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. (See Figure A.8.4.2.) ”

Recommendation- add 8.4.1.1 to address the permissibility of substituting �

peak shaving or load relief operations, if permitted (see Sect. 2.2.4.2 of this document), in lieu of mandated load testing, similar to NFPA 110 8.4.1.1. Substantiation- clari fi es if an SEPS may be used in a similar manner to an �

EPS regarding load testing.

2.3 Identi fi cation of Other Standards

2.3.1 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

ANSI C12.1-2008 American National Standard for Electric Meters—Code for • Electricity Metering ANSI C12.22-2008 American National Standard for Protocol Speci fi cation for • Interfacing to Data Communication Networks


ANSI C82.77-2002 American National Standard for Harmonic Emission • Limits—Related Power Quality Requirements for Lighting Equipment NEMA 410-2004 Performance Testing for Lighting Controls and Switching • Devices with Electronic Fluorescent Ballasts NEMA DC 3-2008 Residential Controls—Electrical Wall-Mounted Room • Thermostats NEMA DC 5-1989 (R1996, R2002, R2008) Residential Controls—Surface-Type • Controls for Electric Storage Water Heaters NEMA DC 10-2009 Residential Controls—Temperature Limit Controls for • Electric Baseboard Heaters NEMA DC 13-1979 (R1985, R1991, R1997, R2002, R2008) Residential • Controls—Line Voltage Integrally Mounted Thermostats for Electric Heaters NEMA ICS 10-2005, Part 1: Electromechanical AC Transfer Switch • Equipment NEMA LSD 53-2010 Proposal for Digital Protocol for Lighting Control • Devices NEMA PE 1-2003 Uninterruptible Power Systems (UPS)—Speci fi cation and • Performance Veri fi cation NEMA SG-AMI 1-2009 Requirements for Smart Meter Upgradeability • NEMA TP 2-2005 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption • of Distribution Transformers NEMA WD 7-2000 (R2005) Occupancy Motion Sensors • NTCIP 2001:1996 National Transportation Communications For ITS Protocol—• Class B Pro fi le

2.3.2 Underwriters Laboratories, Inc (UL)

UL 231 Standard for Power Outlets • UL 244A Standard for Solid-State Controls for Appliances • UL 489B Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, Molded-Case Switches, and Circuit-• Breaker Enclosures for use with Photovoltaic (PV) Systems UL 916 Standard for Energy Management Equipment • UL 1077 Standard for Supplementary Protectors for Use in Electrical • Equipment UL 1279 Solar Collectors • UL 1703 Standard for Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels • UL 1778 Uninterruptible Power Systems • UL 2202 Standard for Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System Equipment • UL 2231, Standard for Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) • Supply Circuits UL 2251 Standard for Plugs, Receptacles and Couplers for Electric Vehicles • UL 2262 PEM Type Fuel Cell Power Plants/Modules • UL 2264B Hydrogen Generators using Water Reaction •

412.3 Identification of Other Standards

UL 2267 Standard for Fuel Cell Power Systems for Installation in Industrial • Electric Trucks UL 2271 Batteries for use in Light Electric Vehicle (LEV) Applications • UL 2594 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment • UL 2735 Electric Utility Meters • UL 6140 Wind Turbine Generating Systems • UL 6141 Wind Turbine Converters and Interconnection Systems Equipment • UL 60730 Automatic Electrical Controls for Household and Similar Use; • Parts 1 and 2 UL 61058-1 Switches for Appliances—Part 1: General Requirements •

2.3.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Priority Action Plans (PAPS)

PAP 1 Role of IP in the Smart Grid • PAP 2 Wireless Communications for the Smart Grid • PAP 5 Standard Meter Data Pro fi les • PAP 7 Energy Storage interconnection Guidelines • PAP 8 CIM for Distribution Grid Management • PAP09: Standard DR and DER Signals • PAP10: Standard Energy Usage Information • PAP11: Common Object Models for Electric Transportation • PAP15: Harmonize Power Line Carrier Standards for Appliance Communications • in the Home PAP16: Wind Plant Communications • PAP17: Facility Smart Grid Information Standard •

2.3.4 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

2.3.4.1 Existing Standards

IEEE 519 1992 Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems

IEEE 1159 2009 Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric

Power Systems

IEEE 1547.1 2005 Standard for Conformance Tests Procedures for Equipment • Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems IEEE 1547.2 Application Guide for IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting • Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems


IEEE 1547.3 2007 Guide For Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of • Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems IEEE P1547.4 Draft Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed • Resource Island Systems with Electric Power Systems IEEE P1547.5 Draft Technical Guidelines for Interconnection of Electric Power • Sources Greater than 10MVA to the Power Transmission Grid IEEE P1547.6 Draft Recommended Practice For Interconnecting Distributed • Resources With Electric Power Systems Distribution Secondary Networks IEEE P1547.7 Draft Guide to Conducting Distribution Impact Studies for • Distributed Resource Interconnection IEEE P1547.8 Recommended Practice for Establishing Methods and Procedures • that Provide Supplemental Support for Implementation Strategies for Expanded Use of IEEE Standard 1547

IEC 61000-3-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)—Part 3–2: Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current < = 16 A per phase)

IEC 61000-3-12 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 3–12: Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input current >16 A and < =75 A per phase

2.3.4.2 IEEE Foundations for Smart Grid Standards (in Development)

IEEE Standard 762: Standard De fi nitions for Use in Reporting Electric Generating Unit Reliability, Availability, and Productivity

IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Series IEEE Standard 1159 for Monitoring Electric Power Quality IEEE SCC 31 Automatic Meter Reading and Related Services IEEE P2030 Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology

and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads

2.3.4.3 IEEE Proposed Standards

IEEE Integration of Renewable Energy into the Transmission and Distribution • Grids IEEE Wind and Solar Plant Collector Design Working Group •

2.4 Assessment of Gaps/Inconsistencies

Table 2.1

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(2)

Yar

ds, l

ots,

par

king

lots

, car

niva

ls, a

nd in

dust

rial

sub

stat

ions

(3

) In

stal

latio

ns o

f co

nduc

tors

and

equ

ipm

ent t

hat c

onne

ct to

the

supp

ly o

f el

ectr

icity

(4

) In

stal

latio

ns u

sed

by th

e el

ectr

ic u

tility

, suc

h as

of fi

ce b

uild

ings

, w

areh

ouse

s, g

arag

es, m

achi

ne s

hops

, and

rec

reat

iona

l bui

ldin

gs,

that

are

not

an

inte

gral

par

t of

a ge

nera

ting

plan

t, su

bsta

tion,

or

cont

rol c

ente

r. 2–

7 70

10

0 Te

xt d

elet

ed

8 70

21

0.2

Tabl

e 21

0.2

spec

i fi c-

purp

ose

bran

ch c

ircu

its

Add

text

A

dd E

V a

nd P

HE

V c

harg

ing

stat

ions

9

70

210.

11

(C)

Dw

ellin

g U

nits

. A

dd n

ote

to

210.

11 (

C)

Add

info

rmat

iona

l not

e in

dica

ting

that

sm

all-

appl

i-an

ce b

ranc

h ci

rcui

ts, o

r re

cept

acle

s on

SA

BC

s, m

ay

be r

emot

ely

mon

itore

d/co

ntro

lled.

Sub

stan

tiatio

n-

smar

t plu

gs m

ay b

e in

stal

led

for

thes

e ci

rcui

ts

(1)

Smal

l-A

pplia

nce

Bra

nch

Cir

cuit

s. I

n ad

ditio

n to

the

num

ber

of b

ranc

h ci

rcui

ts r

equi

red

by o

ther

par

ts o

f th

is s

ectio

n, tw

o or

m

ore

20-a

mpe

re s

mal

l-ap

plia

nce

bran

ch c

ircu

its s

hall

be

prov

ided

for

all

rece

ptac

le o

utle

ts s

peci

fi ed

by 2

10.5

2(B

).

(con

tinue

d)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

10

70

210.

19 (

A)

Info

rmat

iona

l Not

e N

o. 4

: Con

duct

ors

for

bran

ch c

ircu

its a

s de

fi ned

in

Art

icle

100

, siz

ed to

pre

vent

a v

olta

ge d

rop

exce

edin

g 3

perc

ent a

t the

far

thes

t out

let o

f po

wer

, hea

ting,

and

ligh

ting

load

s, o

r co

mbi

natio

ns o

f su

ch lo

ads,

and

whe

re th

e m

axim

um

tota

l vol

tage

dro

p on

bot

h fe

eder

s an

d br

anch

cir

cuits

to th

e fa

rthe

st o

utle

t doe

s no

t exc

eed

5 pe

rcen

t, pr

ovid

e re

ason

able

ef

fi cie

ncy

of o

pera

tion.

See

Inf

orm

atio

nal N

ote

No.

2 o

f 21

5.2(

A)(

3) f

or v

olta

ge d

rop

on f

eede

r co

nduc

tors

.

Add

Inf

orm

atio

nal

Not

e N

o. 5

in

210

.19

(A)

Add

: whe

re th

e m

ajor

por

tion

of

the

load

con

sist

s of

non

linea

r lo

ads,

har

mon

ics

curr

ents

m

ay in

crea

se th

e re

sist

ivity

of

the

cond

ucto

r le

adin

g to

hi

gher

vol

tage

dro

ps a

11

70

210.

52

(E)

Out

door

Out

lets

. Out

door

rec

epta

cle

outle

ts s

hall

be in

stal

led

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith (

E)(

1) th

roug

h (E

)(3)

. [Se

e 21

0.8(

A)(

3).]

A

dd a

not

e to

21

0.52

(E

) C

onsi

der

addi

ng a

not

e to

21

0.52

(E

) fo

r E

V a

nd P

HE

V

rece

ptac

les

12

70

215.

2 (A

)(4)

(4

) In

divi

dual

Dw

ellin

g U

nit

or M

obile

Hom

e C

ondu

ctor

s.

Add

Inf

orm

atio

nal

Not

e N

o. 4

in

215.

2(A

)(4)

Add

: whe

re th

e m

ajor

por

tion

of

the

load

con

sist

s of

non

linea

r lo

ads,

har

mon

ics

curr

ents

m

ay in

crea

se th

e re

sist

ivity

of

the

cond

ucto

r le

adin

g to

hi

gher

vol

tage

dro

ps a

Feed

er c

ondu

ctor

s fo

r in

divi

dual

dw

ellin

g un

its o

r m

obile

hom

es

need

not

be

larg

er th

an s

ervi

ce c

ondu

ctor

s. P

arag

raph

310

.15(

B)

(6)

shal

l be

perm

itted

to b

e us

ed f

or c

ondu

ctor

siz

e.

Info

rmat

iona

l Not

e N

o. 1

: See

Exa

mpl

es D

1 th

roug

h D

11

in I

nfor

mat

ive

Ann

ex D

. In

form

atio

nal N

ote

No.

2: C

ondu

ctor

s fo

r fe

eder

s as

de fi

ned

in

Art

icle

100

, siz

ed to

pre

vent

a v

olta

ge d

rop

exce

edin

g 3

perc

ent

at th

e fa

rthe

st o

utle

t of

pow

er, h

eatin

g, a

nd li

ghtin

g lo

ads,

or

com

bina

tions

of

such

load

s, a

nd w

here

the

max

imum

tota

l vo

ltage

dro

p on

bot

h fe

eder

s an

d br

anch

cir

cuits

to th

e fa

rthe

st

outle

t doe

s no

t exc

eed

5 pe

rcen

t, w

ill p

rovi

de r

easo

nabl

e ef

fi cie

ncy

of o

pera

tion.

In

form

atio

nal N

ote

No.

3: S

ee 2

10.1

9(A

), I

nfor

mat

iona

l Not

e N

o. 4

, for

vol

tage

dro

p fo

r br

anch

cir

cuits

. 13

70

22

0.3

Tabl

e 22

0.3

Add

ition

al lo

ad c

alcu

latio

n re

fere

nces

A

dd ta

ble

entr

ies

to

Tabl

e 22

0.3

Add

ent

ries

for

win

d po

wer

sy

stem

s, f

uel c

ell s

yste

ms,

E

V a

nd P

HE

V c

harg

ing

stat

ions

, and

CE

S

Tabl

e 2.

1 (c

ontin

ued)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

14

70

220.

14

(L)

Oth

er O

utle

ts. O

ther

out

lets

not

cov

ered

in 2

20.1

4(A

) th

roug

h (K

) sh

all b

e ca

lcul

ated

bas

ed o

n 18

0 vo

lt-am

pere

s pe

r ou

tlet.

Add

220

.14

(M)

Add

: 220

.14

(M)

EV

and

PH

EV

re

cept

acle

s ou

tlets

. An

outle

t fo

r E

V a

nd P

HE

V s

hall

be

calc

ulat

ed b

ased

on

the

ampe

re r

atin

g of

the

EV

and

PH

EV

equ

ipm

ent s

erve

d 15

70

22

0.44

Ta

ble

220.

44

Add

tabl

e en

trie

s to

Ta

ble

220.

44

Con

side

r ad

ding

com

mer

cial

EV

an

d PH

EV

cha

rgin

g st

atio

ns

and

CE

S to

Tab

le 2

20.4

4 16

70

23

0.82

(6

) So

lar

phot

ovol

taic

sys

tem

s, f

uel c

ell s

yste

ms,

or

inte

rcon

nect

ed

elec

tric

pow

er p

rodu

ctio

n so

urce

s.

Add

to 2

30.8

2 (6

) A

dd w

ind

pow

er s

yste

ms

to

230.

82 (

6)

17

70

240.

3 Ta

ble

240.

3 ot

her

artic

les

Add

tabl

e en

trie

s to

Ta

ble

240.

3 A

dd e

ntri

es f

or w

ind

pow

er

syst

ems,

fue

l cel

l sys

tem

s,

EV

and

PH

EV

cha

rgin

g st

atio

ns, a

nd C

ES

18

70

250.

3 Ta

ble

250.

3 A

dditi

onal

gro

undi

ng a

nd b

ondi

ng r

equi

rem

ents

A

dd ta

ble

entr

ies

to

Tabl

e 25

0.3

Add

ent

ries

for

win

d po

wer

sy

stem

s, f

uel c

ell s

yste

ms,

E

V a

nd P

HE

V c

harg

ing

stat

ions

, and

CE

S 19

70

42

2.31

(A

) R

ated

at

Not

ove

r 30

0 V

olt-

Am

pere

s or

1⁄8

Hor

sepo

wer

. For

pe

rman

ently

con

nect

ed a

pplia

nces

rat

ed a

t not

ove

r 30

0 vo

lt-am

pere

s or

1⁄8

hp,

the

bran

ch-c

ircu

it ov

ercu

rren

t dev

ice

shal

l be

perm

itted

to s

erve

as

the

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

. (B

) A

pplia

nces

Rat

ed o

ver

300

Vol

t-A

mpe

res.

For

per

man

ently

co

nnec

ted

appl

ianc

es r

ated

ove

r 30

0 vo

ltam

pere

s, th

e br

anch

-ci

rcui

t sw

itch

or c

ircu

it br

eake

r sh

all b

e pe

rmitt

ed to

ser

ve a

s th

e di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns w

here

the

switc

h or

cir

cuit

brea

ker

is w

ithin

sig

ht f

rom

the

appl

ianc

e or

is c

apab

le o

f be

ing

lock

ed

in th

e op

en p

ositi

on. T

he p

rovi

sion

for

lock

ing

or a

ddin

g a

lock

to

the

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

sha

ll be

inst

alle

d on

or

at th

e sw

itch

or c

ircu

it br

eake

r us

ed a

s th

e di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns a

nd s

hall

rem

ain

in p

lace

with

or

with

out t

he lo

ck in

stal

led.

Aug

men

t 422

.31

(A) ,

(B

), an

d (C

) A

ugm

ent 4

22.3

1 (A

) , (

B),

and

(C

) to

incl

ude

capa

bilit

y to

co

mm

unic

ate

with

sm

art

met

er a

nd E

MS

to b

oth

sens

e po

wer

sta

tus

and

rem

otel

y co

ntro

l/dis

conn

ect a

pplia

nce

(con

tinue

d)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

Info

rmat

iona

l Not

e: F

or a

pplia

nces

em

ploy

ing

unit

switc

hes,

see

42

2.34

. (C

) M

otor

-Ope

rate

d A

pplia

nces

Rat

ed o

ver

1⁄8

Hor

sepo

wer

. Fo

r pe

rman

ently

con

nect

ed m

otor

-ope

rate

d ap

plia

nces

with

mot

ors

rate

d ov

er 1

⁄8 h

orse

pow

er, t

he b

ranc

h ci

rcui

t sw

itch

or c

ircu

it br

eake

r sh

all b

e pe

rmitt

ed to

ser

ve a

s th

e di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns

whe

re th

e sw

itch

or c

ircu

it br

eake

r is

with

in s

ight

fro

m th

e ap

plia

nce.

The

dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

sha

ll co

mpl

y w

ith 4

30.1

09

and

430.

110

Exc

epti

on:

If a

n ap

plia

nce

of m

ore

than

1⁄8

hp

is p

rovi

ded

wit

h a

unit

sw

itch

that

com

plie

s w

ith

422.

34(A

), (

B),

(C

), o

r (D

), th

e sw

itch

or

circ

uit b

reak

er s

ervi

ng a

s th

e ot

her

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

sha

ll b

e pe

rmit

ted

to b

e ou

t of s

ight

from

the

appl

ianc

e.

20

70

424.

19

Mea

ns s

hall

be p

rovi

ded

to s

imul

tane

ousl

y di

scon

nect

the

heat

er,

mot

or c

ontr

olle

r(s)

, and

sup

plem

enta

ry o

verc

urre

nt p

rote

ctiv

e de

vice

(s)

of a

ll fi x

ed e

lect

ric

spac

e-he

atin

g eq

uipm

ent f

rom

all

ungr

ound

ed c

ondu

ctor

s. W

here

hea

ting

equi

pmen

t is

supp

lied

by m

ore

than

one

sou

rce,

the

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

sha

ll be

gr

oupe

d an

d m

arke

d. T

he d

isco

nnec

ting

mea

ns s

peci

fi ed

in

424.

19(A

) an

d (B

) sh

all h

ave

an a

mpe

re r

atin

g no

t les

s th

an

125

perc

ent o

f th

e to

tal l

oad

of th

e m

otor

s an

d th

e he

ater

s. T

he

prov

isio

n fo

r lo

ckin

g or

add

ing

a lo

ck to

the

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

sha

ll be

inst

alle

d on

or

at th

e sw

itch

or c

ircu

it br

eake

r us

ed a

s th

e di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns a

nd s

hall

rem

ain

in p

lace

with

or

with

out t

he lo

ck in

stal

led.

Aug

men

t 424

.19

Aug

men

t 424

.19

to in

clud

e ca

pabi

lity

to c

omm

unic

ate

with

sm

art m

eter

and

EM

S to

bo

th s

ense

pow

er s

tatu

s an

d re

mot

ely

disc

onne

ct

spac

e-he

atin

g eq

uipm

ent

Tabl

e 2.

1 (c

ontin

ued)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

21

70

430.

75

(A)

Gen

eral

. Mot

or c

ontr

ol c

ircu

its s

hall

be a

rran

ged

so th

at th

ey

will

be

disc

onne

cted

fro

m a

ll so

urce

s of

sup

ply

whe

n th

e di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns is

in th

e op

en p

ositi

on. T

he d

isco

nnec

ting

mea

ns s

hall

be p

erm

itted

to c

onsi

st o

f tw

o or

mor

e se

para

te

devi

ces,

one

of

whi

ch d

isco

nnec

ts th

e m

otor

and

the

cont

rolle

r fr

om th

e so

urce

(s)

of p

ower

sup

ply

for

the

mot

or, a

nd th

e ot

her(

s), t

he m

otor

con

trol

cir

cuit(

s) f

rom

its

pow

er s

uppl

y.

Whe

re s

epar

ate

devi

ces

are

used

, the

y sh

all b

e lo

cate

d im

med

iate

ly a

djac

ent t

o ea

ch o

ther

.

Aug

men

t 430

.75

Aug

men

t 430

.75

to in

clud

e ca

pabi

lity

to c

omm

unic

ate

with

sm

art m

eter

and

EM

S to

bo

th s

ense

pow

er s

tatu

s an

d re

mot

ely

disc

onne

ct a

n in

divi

dual

mot

or

Exc

epti

on N

o. 1

: W

here

mor

e th

an 1

2 m

otor

con

trol

cir

cuit

co

nduc

tors

are

req

uire

d to

be

disc

onne

cted

, the

dis

conn

ecti

ng

mea

ns s

hall

be

perm

itte

d to

be

loca

ted

othe

r th

an im

med

iate

ly

adja

cent

to e

ach

othe

r w

here

all

of t

he fo

llow

ing

cond

itio

ns a

re

com

plie

d w

ith:

(a

) A

cces

s to

ene

rgiz

ed p

arts

is li

mit

ed to

qua

li fi e

d pe

rson

s in

ac

cord

ance

wit

h Pa

rt X

II o

f thi

s ar

ticl

e.

(b)

A w

arni

ng s

ign

is p

erm

anen

tly

loca

ted

on th

e ou

tsid

e of

eac

h eq

uipm

ent e

nclo

sure

doo

r or

cov

er p

erm

itti

ng a

cces

s to

the

live

pa

rts

in th

e m

otor

con

trol

cir

cuit

(s),

war

ning

that

mot

or c

ontr

ol

circ

uit d

isco

nnec

ting

mea

ns a

re r

emot

ely

loca

ted

and

spec

ifyi

ng

the

loca

tion

and

iden

ti fi c

atio

n of

eac

h di

scon

nect

. Whe

re

ener

gize

d pa

rts

are

not i

n an

equ

ipm

ent e

nclo

sure

as

perm

itte

d by

430

.232

and

430

.233

, an

addi

tion

al w

arni

ng s

ign(

s) s

hall

be

loca

ted

whe

re v

isib

le to

per

sons

who

may

be

wor

king

in th

e ar

ea o

f the

ene

rgiz

ed p

arts

. E

xcep

tion

No.

2: T

he m

otor

con

trol

cir

cuit

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

sha

ll be

per

mitt

ed to

be

rem

ote

from

the

mot

or c

ontr

olle

r po

wer

sup

ply

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

whe

re th

e op

enin

g of

one

or

mor

e m

otor

co

ntro

l cir

cuit

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

is c

apab

le o

f res

ultin

g in

pot

entia

lly u

nsaf

e co

nditi

ons

for

pers

onne

l or

prop

erty

and

the

cond

ition

s of

item

s (a

) and

(b) o

f Exc

eptio

n N

o. 1

are

com

plie

d w

ith

(con

tinue

d)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

22

70

440.

11

The

pro

visi

ons

of P

art I

I ar

e in

tend

ed to

req

uire

dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

cap

able

of

disc

onne

ctin

g ai

r co

nditi

onin

g an

d re

frig

erat

-in

g eq

uipm

ent,

incl

udin

g m

otor

com

pres

sors

and

con

trol

lers

fr

om th

e ci

rcui

t con

duct

ors.

Aug

men

t 440

.11

Aug

men

t 440

.11

to in

clud

e ca

pabi

lity

to c

omm

unic

ate

with

sm

art m

eter

and

EM

S to

bo

th s

ense

pow

er s

tatu

s an

d re

mot

ely

disc

onne

ct A

C/

refr

iger

atio

n eq

uipm

ent

23

70

445.

18

Gen

erat

ors

shal

l be

equi

pped

with

dis

conn

ect(

s), l

ocka

ble

in th

e op

en p

ositi

on, b

y m

eans

of

whi

ch th

e ge

nera

tor

and

all

prot

ectiv

e de

vice

s an

d co

ntro

l app

arat

us a

re a

ble

to b

e di

scon

nect

ed e

ntir

ely

from

the

circ

uits

sup

plie

d by

the

gene

rato

r ex

cept

whe

re b

oth

of th

e fo

llow

ing

cond

ition

s ap

ply:

(1

) T

he d

rivi

ng m

eans

for

the

gene

rato

r ca

n be

rea

dily

shu

t dow

n.

(2)

The

gen

erat

or is

not

arr

ange

d to

ope

rate

in p

aral

lel w

ith a

noth

er

gene

rato

r or

oth

er s

ourc

e of

vol

tage

.

Aug

men

t 445

.18

Aug

men

t 445

.18

to in

clud

e ca

pabi

lity

to c

omm

unic

ate

with

sm

art m

eter

and

EM

S to

bo

th s

ense

pow

er s

tatu

s an

d re

mot

ely

star

t/sto

p on

-site

ge

nera

tors

24

70

480.

5 A

dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

sha

ll be

pro

vide

d fo

r al

l ung

roun

ded

cond

ucto

rs d

eriv

ed f

rom

a s

tatio

nary

bat

tery

sys

tem

ove

r 50

vo

lts. A

dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

sha

ll be

rea

dily

acc

essi

ble

and

loca

ted

with

in s

ight

of

the

batte

ry s

yste

m.

Info

rmat

iona

l Not

e: S

ee 2

40.2

1(H

) fo

r in

form

atio

n on

the

loca

tion

of th

e ov

ercu

rren

t dev

ice

for

batte

ry c

ondu

ctor

s.

Aug

men

t 480

.5

Aug

men

t 480

.5 fo

r cap

abili

ty to

co

mm

unic

ate

with

sm

art m

eter

an

d E

MS

to b

oth

sens

e po

wer

st

atus

and

rem

otel

y ch

arge

or

disc

harg

e ba

tteri

es, u

nles

s th

e st

orag

e ba

ttery

sys

tem

s ar

e cr

itica

l for

con

tinui

ty o

f es

sent

ial s

ervi

ces

or s

yste

ms

25

70

517.

31

Tho

se f

unct

ions

of

patie

nt c

are

depe

ndin

g on

ligh

ting

or a

pplia

nces

th

at a

re c

onne

cted

to th

e em

erge

ncy

syst

em s

hall

be d

ivid

ed

into

two

man

dato

ry b

ranc

hes:

the

life

safe

ty b

ranc

h an

d th

e cr

itica

l bra

nch,

des

crib

ed in

517

.32

and

517.

33. T

he b

ranc

hes

of th

e em

erge

ncy

syst

em s

hall

be in

stal

led

and

conn

ecte

d to

the

alte

rnat

e po

wer

sou

rce

so th

at a

ll fu

nctio

ns s

peci

fi ed

here

in f

or th

e em

erge

ncy

syst

em s

hall

be a

utom

atic

ally

res

tore

d to

ope

ratio

n w

ithin

10

seco

nds

afte

r in

terr

uptio

n of

the

norm

al

sour

ce. [

99: 4

.4.2

.2.2

.1, 4

.4.3

.1]

Am

endm

ent t

o 51

7.31

A

men

d se

ctio

n to

ens

ure

that

bo

th li

fe s

afet

y an

d cr

itica

l br

anch

es r

emai

n po

wer

ed

duri

ng lo

ad s

hedd

ing

Tabl

e 2.

1 (c

ontin

ued)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

26

70

625.

26

Ele

ctri

c ve

hicl

e su

pply

equ

ipm

ent a

nd o

ther

par

ts o

f a

syst

em,

eith

er o

n-bo

ard

or o

ff-b

oard

the

vehi

cle,

that

are

iden

ti fi ed

fo

r an

d in

tend

ed to

be

inte

rcon

nect

ed to

a v

ehic

le a

nd a

lso

serv

e as

an

optio

nal s

tand

by s

yste

m o

r an

ele

ctri

c po

wer

pro

duct

ion

sour

ce o

r pr

ovid

e fo

r bi

-dir

ectio

nal p

ower

fee

d sh

all b

e lis

ted

as s

uita

ble

for

that

pur

pose

. Whe

n us

ed a

s an

opt

iona

l sta

ndby

sy

stem

, the

req

uire

men

ts o

f A

rtic

le 7

02 s

hall

appl

y, a

nd w

hen

used

as

an e

lect

ric

pow

er p

rodu

ctio

n so

urce

, the

req

uire

men

ts

of A

rtic

le 7

05 s

hall

appl

y.

Add

Inf

orm

atio

n N

ote

No.

1

Add

Inf

orm

atio

n N

ote

#1 th

at

expa

nds

upon

the

role

of

EV

s an

d PH

EV

s to

com

mun

icat

e w

ith a

sm

art m

eter

and

EM

S to

bot

h se

nse

pow

er s

tatu

s an

d re

mot

ely

enab

le th

e E

V/

PHE

V to

be

an e

lect

ric

pow

er p

rodu

ctio

n so

urce

27

70

700.

4 (A

) C

apac

ity

and

Rat

ing.

An

emer

genc

y sy

stem

sha

ll ha

ve

adeq

uate

cap

acity

and

rat

ing

for

all l

oads

to b

e op

erat

ed

sim

ulta

neou

sly.

The

em

erge

ncy

syst

em e

quip

men

t sha

ll be

sui

tabl

e fo

r the

max

imum

ava

ilabl

e fa

ult c

urre

nt a

t its

term

inal

s.

Am

end

700.

4 A

men

d 70

0.4

(B)

to in

clud

e sa

fegu

ards

, suc

h as

a

diff

eren

t EM

S, a

gain

st th

e em

erge

ncy

syst

em b

eing

tr

eate

d as

a r

egul

ar s

yste

m

for

the

purp

oses

of

load

sh

eddi

ng b

(B)

Sele

ctiv

e L

oad

Pic

kup,

Loa

d Sh

eddi

ng, a

nd P

eak

Loa

d Sh

avin

g. T

he a

ltern

ate

pow

er s

ourc

e sh

all b

e pe

rmitt

ed

to s

uppl

y em

erge

ncy,

lega

lly r

equi

red

stan

dby,

and

opt

iona

l st

andb

y sy

stem

load

s w

here

the

sour

ce h

as a

dequ

ate

capa

city

or

whe

re a

utom

atic

sel

ectiv

e lo

ad p

icku

p an

d lo

ad s

hedd

ing

is p

rovi

ded

as n

eede

d to

ens

ure

adeq

uate

pow

er to

(1)

the

emer

genc

y ci

rcui

ts, (

2) th

e le

gally

req

uire

d st

andb

y ci

rcui

ts,

and

(3)

the

optio

nal s

tand

by c

ircu

its, i

n th

at o

rder

of

prio

rity

. T

he a

ltern

ate

pow

er s

ourc

e sh

all b

e pe

rmitt

ed to

be

used

fo

r pe

ak lo

ad s

havi

ng, p

rovi

ded

thes

e co

nditi

ons

are

met

. Pe

ak lo

ad s

havi

ng o

pera

tion

shal

l be

perm

itted

for

sat

isfy

ing

the

test

req

uire

men

t of

700.

3(B

), p

rovi

ded

all o

ther

con

ditio

ns

of 7

00.3

are

met

.

(con

tinue

d)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

28

70

701.

4 A

lega

lly r

equi

red

stan

dby

syst

em s

hall

have

ade

quat

e ca

paci

ty a

nd

ratin

g fo

r th

e su

pply

of

all e

quip

men

t int

ende

d to

be

oper

ated

at

one

time.

Leg

ally

req

uire

d st

andb

y sy

stem

equ

ipm

ent s

hall

be

suita

ble

for

the

max

imum

ava

ilabl

e fa

ult c

urre

nt a

t its

term

inal

s.

Am

end

701.

4 A

men

d 70

1.4

to c

lari

fy if

the

stan

dby

syst

em m

ay b

e us

ed

for

othe

r pu

rpos

es, s

uch

as

peak

load

sha

ving

, sim

ilar

to

700.

5 (B

). A

ltern

ativ

ely,

re

fere

nce

the

artic

le, s

uch

as

705,

und

er w

hich

thes

e is

sues

are

add

ress

ed. I

f ot

her

uses

are

allo

wed

, the

re

com

men

datio

n is

als

o to

in

clud

e sa

fegu

ards

, suc

h as

a

diff

eren

t EM

S, a

gain

st th

e em

erge

ncy

syst

em b

eing

tr

eate

d as

a r

egul

ar s

yste

m

for

the

purp

oses

of

load

sh

eddi

ng b

The

lega

lly r

equi

red

stan

dby

alte

rnat

e po

wer

sou

rce

shal

l be

perm

itted

to s

uppl

y bo

th le

gally

req

uire

d st

andb

y an

d op

tiona

l st

andb

y sy

stem

load

s un

der

eith

er o

f th

e fo

llow

ing

cond

ition

s:

(1)

Whe

re th

e al

tern

ate

sour

ce h

as a

dequ

ate

capa

city

to h

andl

e al

l co

nnec

ted

load

s (2

) W

here

aut

omat

ic s

elec

tive

load

pic

kup

and

load

she

ddin

g is

pro

vide

d th

at w

ill e

nsur

e ad

equa

te p

ower

to th

e le

gally

re

quir

ed s

tand

by c

ircu

its.

29

70

705

Art

icle

705

inte

rcon

nect

ed e

lect

rica

l pow

er p

rodu

ctio

n sy

stem

s A

dd a

sub

sect

ion

Add

a s

ubse

ctio

n to

art

icle

705

to

add

ress

sm

art g

rid

switc

hing

cap

abili

ties b

30

70

705

Tabl

e 70

5.3

othe

r ar

ticle

s A

dd it

ems

to T

able

70

5.3

amen

d Ta

ble

705.

3 to

incl

ude

othe

r em

ergi

ng p

rodu

ctio

n so

urce

s su

ch a

s w

ind

gene

ratio

n 31

70

70

5.20

M

eans

sha

ll be

pro

vide

d to

dis

conn

ect a

ll un

grou

nded

con

duct

ors

of a

n el

ectr

ic p

ower

pro

duct

ion

sour

ce(s

) fr

om a

ll ot

her

cond

ucto

rs.

Am

end

705.

20

Am

end

705.

20 o

r ad

d an

art

icle

to

incl

ude

a lo

ck-o

ut-t

ag-o

ut

syst

em f

or E

MS

or o

ther

sm

art g

rid

tech

nolo

gy

cont

rolle

d ge

nera

tion

syst

ems b

Tabl

e 2.

1 (c

ontin

ued)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

32

70

705.

30

Con

duct

ors

shal

l be

prot

ecte

d in

acc

orda

nce

with

Art

icle

240

. E

quip

men

t and

con

duct

ors

conn

ecte

d to

mor

e th

an o

ne

elec

tric

al s

ourc

e sh

all h

ave

a su

f fi ci

ent n

umbe

r of

ove

rcur

rent

de

vice

s lo

cate

d so

as

to p

rovi

de p

rote

ctio

n fr

om a

ll so

urce

s.

Add

item

s to

705

.30

Add

add

ition

al le

tter

item

s, (

F),

(G),

etc

., to

incl

ude

othe

r em

ergi

ng p

rodu

ctio

n so

urce

s su

ch a

s w

ind

gene

ratio

n (A

) So

lar

Pho

tovo

ltai

c Sy

stem

s. S

olar

pho

tovo

ltaic

sys

tem

s sh

all

be p

rote

cted

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith A

rtic

le 6

90.

(B)

Tra

nsfo

rmer

s. O

verc

urre

nt p

rote

ctio

n fo

r a

tran

sfor

mer

with

a

sour

ce(s

) on

eac

h si

de s

hall

be p

rovi

ded

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith

450.

3 by

con

side

ring

fi rs

t one

sid

e of

the

tran

sfor

mer

, the

n th

e ot

her

side

of

the

tran

sfor

mer

, as

the

prim

ary.

(C

) F

uel C

ell S

yste

ms.

Fue

l cel

l sys

tem

s sh

all b

e pr

otec

ted

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith A

rtic

le 6

92.

(D)

Uti

lity-

Inte

ract

ive

Inve

rter

s. U

tility

-int

erac

tive

inve

rter

s sh

all

be p

rote

cted

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith 7

05.6

5.

(E)

Gen

erat

ors.

Gen

erat

ors

shal

l be

prot

ecte

d in

acc

orda

nce

with

70

5.13

0.

33

70

705.

40

Upo

n lo

ss o

f pr

imar

y so

urce

, an

elec

tric

pow

er p

rodu

ctio

n so

urce

sh

all b

e au

tom

atic

ally

dis

conn

ecte

d fr

om a

ll un

grou

nded

co

nduc

tors

of

the

prim

ary

sour

ce a

nd s

hall

not b

e re

conn

ecte

d un

til th

e pr

imar

y so

urce

is r

esto

red.

E

xcep

tion

: A

list

ed u

tili

ty-i

nter

acti

ve in

vert

er s

hall

be

perm

itte

d to

aut

omat

ical

ly c

ease

exp

orti

ng p

ower

upo

n lo

ss o

f pri

mar

y so

urce

and

sha

ll n

ot b

e re

quir

ed to

aut

omat

ical

ly d

isco

nnec

t all

un

grou

nded

con

duct

ors

from

the

prim

ary

sour

ce. A

list

ed

util

ity-

inte

ract

ive

inve

rter

sha

ll b

e pe

rmit

ted

to a

utom

atic

ally

or

man

uall

y re

sum

e ex

port

ing

pow

er to

the

util

ity

once

the

prim

ary

sour

ce is

res

tore

d

Am

end

705.

40

Am

end

705.

40 to

add

sce

nari

os

as a

ppro

pria

te to

incl

ude

actio

ns th

at s

houl

d be

take

n by

an

EM

S or

oth

er s

mar

t gr

id s

witc

hing

sys

tem

in th

e ev

ent o

f pr

imar

y po

wer

loss

(con

tinue

d)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

Info

rmat

iona

l Not

e N

o. 1

: Ris

ks to

per

sonn

el a

nd e

quip

men

t as

soci

ated

with

the

prim

ary

sour

ce c

ould

occ

ur if

an

utili

ty

inte

ract

ive

elec

tric

pow

er p

rodu

ctio

n so

urce

can

ope

rate

as

an

inte

ntio

nal i

slan

d. S

peci

al d

etec

tion

met

hods

are

req

uire

d to

det

erm

ine

that

a p

rim

ary

sour

ce s

uppl

y sy

stem

out

age

has

occu

rred

and

whe

ther

ther

e sh

ould

be

auto

mat

ic d

isco

nnec

tion.

W

hen

the

prim

ary

sour

ce s

uppl

y sy

stem

is r

esto

red,

spe

cial

de

tect

ion

met

hods

can

be

requ

ired

to li

mit

expo

sure

of

pow

er

prod

uctio

n so

urce

s to

out

-of-

phas

e re

conn

ectio

n.

Info

rmat

iona

l Not

e N

o. 2

: Ind

uctio

n-ge

nera

ting

equi

pmen

t on

syst

ems

with

sig

ni fi c

ant c

apac

itanc

e ca

n be

com

e se

lf-e

xcite

d up

on lo

ss o

f th

e pr

imar

y so

urce

and

exp

erie

nce

seve

re

over

volta

ge a

s a

resu

lt.

A u

tility

-int

erac

tive

inve

rter

sha

ll be

per

mitt

ed to

ope

rate

as

a st

and-

alon

e sy

stem

to s

uppl

y lo

ads

that

hav

e be

en d

isco

nnec

ted

from

ele

ctri

cal p

rodu

ctio

n an

d di

stri

butio

n ne

twor

k so

urce

s.

34

70

708.

22

“ (A

) C

apac

ity

and

Rat

ing.

A C

OPS

sha

ll ha

ve c

apac

ity a

nd r

atin

g fo

r al

l loa

ds to

be

oper

ated

sim

ulta

neou

sly

for

cont

inuo

us

oper

atio

n w

ith v

aria

ble

load

for

an

unlim

ited

num

ber

of h

ours

, ex

cept

for

req

uire

d m

aint

enan

ce o

f th

e po

wer

sou

rce.

A

port

able

, tem

pora

ry, o

r re

dund

ant a

ltern

ate

pow

er s

ourc

e sh

all

be a

vaila

ble

for

use

whe

neve

r th

e C

OPS

pow

er s

ourc

e is

out

of

ser

vice

for

mai

nten

ance

or

repa

ir.”

Am

end

708.

22 (

B)

Am

end

708.

22 (

B)

to in

clud

e sa

fegu

ards

, suc

h as

a

diff

eren

t EM

S, a

gain

st th

e em

erge

ncy

syst

em b

eing

tr

eate

d as

a r

egul

ar s

yste

m

for

the

purp

oses

of

load

sh

eddi

ng

(B)

Sele

ctiv

e L

oad

Pic

kup,

Loa

d Sh

eddi

ng, a

nd P

eak

Loa

d Sh

avin

g. T

he a

ltern

ate

pow

er s

ourc

e sh

all b

e pe

rmitt

ed to

su

pply

CO

PS e

mer

genc

y, le

gally

req

uire

d st

andb

y, a

nd o

ptio

nal

load

s w

here

the

sour

ce h

as a

dequ

ate

capa

city

or

whe

re

auto

mat

ic s

elec

tive

load

pic

kup

and

load

she

ddin

g is

pro

vide

d as

nee

ded

to e

nsur

e ad

equa

te p

ower

to (

1) th

e C

OPS

and

em

erge

ncy

circ

uits

, (2)

the

lega

lly r

equi

red

stan

dby

circ

uits

, an

d (3

) th

e op

tiona

l sta

ndby

cir

cuits

, in

that

ord

er o

f pr

iori

ty.

The

alte

rnat

e po

wer

sou

rce

shal

l be

perm

itted

to b

e us

ed f

or

peak

load

sha

ving

, pro

vide

d th

ese

cond

ition

s ar

e m

et.

Tabl

e 2.

1 (c

ontin

ued)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

Peak

load

-sha

ving

ope

ratio

n sh

all b

e pe

rmitt

ed f

or s

atis

fyin

g th

e te

st r

equi

rem

ent o

f 70

8.6(

B),

pro

vide

d al

l oth

er c

ondi

tions

of

708

.6 a

re m

et.

(C)

Dur

atio

n of

CO

PS

Ope

rati

on. T

he a

ltern

ate

pow

er s

ourc

e sh

all b

e ca

pabl

e of

ope

ratin

g th

e C

OPS

for

a m

inim

um o

f 72

ho

urs

at f

ull l

oad

of D

CO

A w

ith a

ste

ady-

stat

e vo

ltage

with

in

±10

per

cent

of

nom

inal

util

izat

ion

volta

ge.

35

70

Non

e N

o ar

ticle

exi

sts

Add

an

artic

le

Con

side

r ad

ding

a n

ew a

rtic

le

750

that

ref

eren

ces

code

and

ru

les

for

EM

S an

d ot

her

load

m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s 36

70

E

100

Add

de fi

nitio

n A

dd r

efer

ence

to c

omm

unity

en

ergy

sto

rage

(C

ES)

: sm

all

batte

ry-b

ased

ene

rgy

stor

age

units

con

nect

ed to

a u

tility

tr

ansf

orm

ers’

sec

onda

ry c

oil

with

sto

rage

cap

acity

av

aila

ble

to m

ore

than

one

cu

stom

er w

ith li

mite

d ba

ck-u

p tim

e 37

70

E

100

Add

de fi

nitio

n A

dd r

efer

ence

to e

lect

ric

ther

mal

st

orag

e (E

TS)

: con

vers

ion

of

elec

tric

ene

rgy

into

hea

t and

st

orin

g it

in h

igh-

mas

s un

its,

or b

rick

s, m

ade

of d

ense

ce

ram

ic m

ater

ial

(con

tinue

d)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

38

70E

10

0 A

dd d

e fi ni

tion

Add

ref

eren

ce to

ene

rgy

mon

itori

ng a

nd c

ontr

ol

syst

em (

EM

CS)

, ene

rgy

man

agem

ent s

yste

m (

EM

S),

ener

gy in

form

atio

n sy

stem

(E

IS):

sys

tem

s w

hich

mon

itor

ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

and

may

al

so h

ave

the

capa

bilit

y to

con

trol

ene

rgy

usag

e 39

70

E

100

Add

de fi

nitio

n A

dd r

efer

ence

to e

lect

ric

vehi

cle

(EV

) an

d pl

ug-i

n hy

brid

el

ectr

ic v

ehic

le (

PHE

V)

char

ging

sta

tions

: rec

epta

cle

asse

mbl

y in

clud

ing

all

supp

ortin

g eq

uipm

ent f

or th

e pu

rpos

e of

cha

rgin

g E

Vs

and

PHE

Vs

40

70E

10

0 A

dd d

e fi ni

tion

Add

ref

eren

ce to

fue

l cel

ls: a

n el

ectr

oche

mic

al c

ell t

hat

conv

erts

a s

ourc

e fu

el in

to a

n el

ectr

ic c

urre

nt

41

70E

10

0 A

dd d

e fi ni

tion

Add

ref

eren

ce to

Pho

tovo

ltaic

(P

V)

Gen

erat

ion:

a m

etho

d of

gen

erat

ing

elec

tric

al

pow

er b

y co

nver

ting

sola

r ra

diat

ion

into

dir

ect c

urre

nt

elec

tric

ity u

sing

sem

icon

duc-

tors

that

exh

ibit

a ph

otov

ol-

taic

eff

ect

Tabl

e 2.

1 (c

ontin

ued)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

42

70E

10

0 A

dd d

e fi ni

tion

Add

ref

eren

ce to

sm

art m

eter

: an

adva

nced

ele

ctri

c m

eter

that

re

cord

s co

nsum

ptio

n in

in

terv

als

of 1

h o

r le

ss a

nd

com

mun

icat

es th

at in

form

a-tio

n at

leas

t dai

ly v

ia s

ome

com

mun

icat

ions

net

wor

k ba

ck to

the

utili

ty f

or

mon

itori

ng a

nd b

illin

g pu

rpos

es (

tele

met

erin

g)

43

70E

10

0 A

dd d

e fi ni

tion

Add

ref

eren

ce to

sm

art p

lugs

, sm

art p

ower

str

ips:

re

cept

acle

s w

hich

are

abl

e to

m

onito

r an

d co

ntro

l the

fl ow

of

ele

ctri

city

bet

wee

n a

pow

er o

utle

t and

con

nect

ed

devi

ces

44

70E

10

0 A

dd d

e fi ni

tion

Add

ref

eren

ce to

ther

mal

ene

rgy

stor

age

(TE

S): c

reat

ing

ice

at

nigh

t whe

n el

ectr

icity

is

usua

lly le

ss c

ostly

, and

then

us

ing

the

ice

to c

ool t

he a

ir

in b

uild

ings

dur

ing

the

hotte

r da

ytim

e pe

riod

s 45

70

E

100

Add

de fi

nitio

n A

dd r

efer

ence

to w

ind

pow

er

gene

ratio

n: w

ind

turb

ines

w

hich

pro

vide

a m

eans

for

th

e co

nver

sion

of

win

d en

ergy

into

ele

ctri

city

(con

tinue

d)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

46

70E

12

0 A

dd n

ote

Add

(7)

: dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

to

be p

rovi

ded

to d

isco

nnec

t/is

olat

e el

ectr

ical

equ

ipm

ent

and

the

pote

ntia

l per

sonn

el

haza

rds

from

equ

ipm

ent t

hat

may

be

oper

ated

rem

otel

y 47

70

E

320

Add

not

e A

dd (

e): a

larm

con

ditio

n fo

r ov

erch

argi

ng

48

110

5.2

Ene

rgy

conv

erte

rs s

hall

cons

ist o

nly

of r

otat

ing

equi

pmen

t as

indi

cate

d in

5.2

.4

Add

exp

lana

tion

or

clar

i fi ca

tion

Fuel

cel

ls a

re p

erm

itted

as

emer

genc

y en

ergy

sou

rces

in

NFP

A 7

0—70

0.12

(E),

but

5.

2.1

seem

s to

exc

lude

them

49

11

0 6.

2.2

* Und

ervo

ltage

-sen

sing

dev

ices

sha

ll be

pro

vide

d to

mon

itor

all

ungr

ound

ed li

nes

of th

e pr

imar

y so

urce

of

pow

er a

s fo

llow

s:

Add

cap

abili

ties

Aug

men

t 6.2

.2.1

to in

clud

e th

e ca

pabi

lity

to c

omm

unic

ate

with

sm

art m

eter

and

EM

S to

bo

th s

ense

pow

er s

tatu

s an

d re

mot

ely

star

t/sto

p E

PS,

allo

win

g fo

r ea

rly

war

ning

of

pow

er f

ailu

re

(1)

Whe

n th

e vo

ltage

on

any

phas

e fa

lls b

elow

the

min

imum

ope

ratin

g vo

ltage

of a

ny lo

ad to

be

serv

ed, t

he tr

ansf

er s

witc

h sh

all a

utom

ati-

cally

initi

ate

engi

ne s

tart

and

the

proc

ess

of tr

ansf

er to

the

EPS

. (2

) *W

hen

the

volta

ge o

n al

l pha

ses

of th

e pr

imar

y so

urce

ret

urns

to

with

in s

peci

fi ed

limits

for

a d

esig

nate

d pe

riod

of

time,

the

proc

ess

of tr

ansf

er b

ack

to p

rim

ary

pow

er s

hall

be in

itiat

ed.

50

110

6.2.

5 A

tim

e-de

lay

devi

ce s

hall

be p

rovi

ded

to d

elay

sta

rtin

g of

the

EPS

. T

he ti

mer

sha

ll pr

even

t nui

sanc

e st

artin

g of

the

EPS

and

po

ssib

le s

ubse

quen

t loa

d tr

ansf

er in

the

even

t of

harm

less

m

omen

tary

pow

er d

ips

and

inte

rrup

tions

of

the

prim

ary

sour

ce.

Aug

men

t 6.2

.5

Incl

ude

a pr

ovis

ion

for

addi

tiona

l del

ay o

f E

PS s

tart

w

hen

a si

gnal

fro

m th

e pr

imar

y so

urce

pro

vide

r is

re

ceiv

ed th

at in

dica

tes

that

th

e ab

norm

al s

ourc

e co

nditi

on, s

uch

as a

vol

tage

dr

op, i

s a

tem

pora

ry

cond

ition

that

will

be

reso

lved

with

in a

pre

scri

bed

time

peri

od

Tabl

e 2.

1 (c

ontin

ued)

No.

N

FPA

cod

e A

rtic

le

Con

tent

C

hang

e C

once

rn

51

111

6.2.

4.2

6.2.

4.2*

Sou

rce

Mon

itor

ing.

The

load

sou

rce

shal

l be

mon

itore

d fo

r un

derv

olta

ge a

nd o

verv

olta

ge o

n al

l of

its u

ngro

unde

d in

put

lines

.

Aug

men

t 6.2

.4.2

A

ugm

ent 6

.2.4

.2 to

incl

ude

the

capa

bilit

y to

com

mun

icat

e w

ith s

mar

t met

er a

nd E

MS

to

sens

e po

wer

sta

tus,

rem

otel

y st

art/s

top

SEPS

, and

war

n of

im

min

ent p

ower

fai

lure

6.2.

4.2.

1 T

he E

CE

and

the

utili

ty s

hall

be m

onito

red

for u

nacc

epta

ble

cond

ition

s

52

111

6.2.

4.2.

4 6.

2.4.

2.4

An

adju

stab

le ti

me

dela

y sh

all b

e al

low

ed to

ens

ure

that

th

e pr

efer

red

sour

ce is

with

in it

s st

eady

-sta

te s

peci

fi cat

ion

limits

be

fore

suc

h re

tran

sfer

is p

erfo

rmed

.

Aug

men

t 6.2

.4.2

.4

Aug

men

t 6.2

.4.2

to in

clud

e a

prov

isio

n fo

r ad

ditio

nal d

elay

of

SE

PS r

etra

nsfe

r to

pr

efer

red

sour

ce u

pon

sign

al

from

the

pref

erre

d so

urce

th

at s

uch

stab

iliza

tion

time

is

nece

ssar

y 53

11

1 6.

2.4.

5.1

6.2.

4.5.

1 A

n ad

just

able

tim

e de

lay

devi

ce w

ith a

utom

atic

byp

ass

shal

l be

prov

ided

to d

elay

ret

rans

fer

from

the

alte

rnat

e so

urce

to

the

pref

erre

d so

urce

of

pow

er.

Add

a S

ect.

6.2.

4.5.

2 A

dd a

6.2

.4.5

.2 s

ectio

n th

at

exte

nds

the

dela

y at

the

requ

est o

f th

e pr

efer

red

sour

ce v

ia s

mar

t met

er o

r E

MS

6.2.

4.5.

2 T

he ti

me

dela

y sh

all b

e au

tom

atic

ally

byp

asse

d if

the

EC

E o

r E

PS f

ails

54

11

1 7.

1.4

7.1.

4 W

here

nor

mal

pow

er is

ava

ilabl

e, th

e E

PS s

hall

serv

e L

evel

1

and

Lev

el 2

sys

tem

load

s an

d sh

all b

e pe

rmitt

ed to

ser

ve

addi

tiona

l loa

ds, p

rovi

ded

that

, on

failu

re o

f th

e no

rmal

pow

er,

the

addi

tiona

l loa

ds a

re a

utom

atic

ally

dro

pped

to e

nsur

e th

at

the

EPS

has

suf

fi cie

nt c

apac

ity to

ser

ve th

e L

evel

1 a

nd L

evel

2

load

s.

Add

7.1

.5 o

r au

gmen

t 7.1

.4

Cla

rify

if th

e SE

PS is

per

mitt

ed

to b

e us

ed f

or lo

ad r

elie

f an

d pe

ak s

havi

ng, s

imila

r to

N

FPA

110

7.1

.5

55

111

8.4.

1 8.

4.1*

Lev

el 1

equ

ipm

ent s

hall

be in

spec

ted

mon

thly

and

test

ed

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith th

e m

anuf

actu

rer’

s re

com

men

datio

ns.

(See

Fig

ure

A.8

.4.2

.)

Add

a S

ect.

8.4.

1.1,

or

aug

men

t 8.4

.1

Add

ress

the

perm

issi

bilit

y of

su

bstit

utin

g pe

ak s

havi

ng o

r lo

ad r

elie

f op

erat

ions

, if

perm

itted

(se

e Se

ct. 2

.2.4

.2.1

of

this

doc

umen

t), i

n lie

u of

m

anda

ted

load

test

ing,

si

mila

r to

NFP

A 1

10 8

.4.1

.1

a The

Fir

e Pr

otec

tion

Res

earc

h Fo

unda

tion

1/30

/201

1 In

teri

m R

epor

t (E

valu

atio

n of

the

Im

pact

on

Non

-Lin

ear

Pow

er o

n W

irin

g R

equi

rem

ents

for

Com

mer

cial

B

uild

ings

, Jen

s Sc

hoen

e, E

nerN

ex P

roje

ct N

umbe

r 10

92)

b Sm

art G

rid

Task

For

ce m

eetin

g M

arch

3, 2

011


Table 2.2 Summary matrix

Technology Smart meters and energy management Energy microgeneration, generation, and

Code Chapter Article Smart meters EMS

Smart plugs/smart power strips

TOU/rate structures

Load shedding/demand response Photovoltaics

Small scale wind turbine

Micro hydro

NFPA 70 90 1 1

2 210.2

2 210.11 9 9

2 210.19 (A)

2 210.52

2 215.2 (A)(4)

2 220.3 13

2 220.14

2 220.44

2 230.82 16

2 240.3 17

2 250.3 18

4 422.31 19 19

4 424.19 20 20

4 430.75 21 21

4 440.11 22 22

4 445.18 23 23

4 480.5 24 24

5 517.31 25

6 625.26 26 26

7 700.4 27 27 27

7 701.4 28 28 28

7 705 29 29 29

7 Table 705.3 30 30

7 705.20 31 31 31

7 705.30 32 32

7 705.40 33 33 33

7 708.22 34 34 34

7 New 750 35 35 35

NFPA 70E 1 100 42 38 43 41 45

1 120

3 320

NFPA 110 5 5.2

6 6.2.2 49 49

6.2.5 50 50

NFPA 111 6 6.2.4.2 51 51

6 6.2.4.2.4 52 52

6 6.2.4.5.1 53 53

7 7.1.4 54 54 54 54

8 8.4.1 55 55 55 55

592.4 Assessment of Gaps/Inconsistencies

co generation Energy storage systems Plug in vehicles

Community energy storage

Large switching loads

Not technology speci fi c

Fuel cells

Plant microbial fuel cells

CHP and micro CHP

Energy storage systems Batteries UPS

Thermal energy storage

Plug in vehicles

Charging EV’s and charging stations

Vehicle to grid storage systems

8

10

11

12

13 13 13

14

15

17 17 17

18 18 18

26

29

30

32

40 44 39 39 36

46

47

48


2.5 Summary Matrix

Table 2.2 links the recommended code revisions to technologies that evolved to prompt the change. At the intersection of a technology and code section is a number corresponding to the “No.” column in Table 2.1 , above.


The fi ndings of Tasks 1 and 2 were presented to relevant NEC panel leaders and other key NFPA technical committee members at a 2-day workshop to gather perspectives based upon their individual expertise and experience gained through participation in NEC-related activities. The workshop was conducted on March 14 and 15 at the One Washington Circle Hotel Washington, DC. Workshop comments related to Task 1 were added to the existing Appendix A , Task 1 Comment Resolution Form. Workshop comments related to Task 2 were used to create a new Appendix B , Task 2 Comment Resolution Form. The Task 1 and 2 report was revised, incorporating these comments.

Chapter 3 Task 3: Workshop Presentation

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3948-6_BM1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3948-6_BM1


4.1 Scope and Approach

Based upon the outcomes of Tasks 1 and 2, and the Task 3 workshop, a safety standards roadmap was developed to address the changes needed for speci fi c codes and standards, and identify areas where additional data/research on safety aspects is required. This roadmap identi fi es:

The expected stages of implementation of the Smart Grid • The speci fi c NEC (and NFPA 70E, 110, and 111) provisions to be impacted • The scope of the needed changes or the new provisions • A proposed timeline which is consistent with the NEC revision cycle •

A second roadmap was developed identifying the gaps in information needed to implement these changes and brief research project statements to address those needs have been included.

4.2 Safety Standards Roadmap

4.2.1 Implementation Stages

Based upon feedback at the Task 3 Workshop Presentation plenary sessions, task force members prioritized Smart Grid topics as shown in Table 4.1 , and Customers as shown in Table 4.2 :

In general, the topics given a lower priority are for economic or resource optimization, while those given the higher priority will be needed in response to emergence of the low priority technology. For example, if more electrical storage becomes available to the grid in general, it could be used for peak demand management.

Chapter 4 Task 4: Roadmaps

64 4 Task 4: Roadmaps

Table 4.1 Smart grid topic prioritization

Topic Priority Notes

On-site generation High Electrical storage High Responsive energy control High High when looking at control

of energization state End load monitoring (sub metering) Low in general High when installing monitoring

equipment in existing facilities Demand response Medium to low Peak demand management Low Forward power usage estimation Low Load shedding capability estimation Low Power quality of service monitoring Low Utilization of historical energy

consumption data Low

Table 4.2 Smart grid customer prioritization

Type of customer Priority Notes

Residential High Small commercial High Large commercial Medium Institutional Medium Public agency Medium to low Industrial Medium to low Customers already savvy Hospital Low Already addressed in NEC

This, in turn, could require increased responsive energy control as electrical energy transfers take place more frequently between more sources.

On-site generation is becoming more important, especially as Energy Micro-generation, Co-Generation, and Generation systems move to smaller installations by a more diverse set of vendors and installers, such as on residences. Risks associ-ated include dif fi culty in knowing which lines are energized, overloading of circuits, and increased harmonics on lines. Some generation technologies are becoming more common, and may need to be added to future code revisions, just as small wind was added to the 2011 edition.

Electrical Storage grows in importance as intermittent sources of power are added to the grid, as TOU metering becomes more prevalent, and as storage capable devices, such as PEVs and PEHVs, are added. These storage systems can have the same risks as generation systems above.

Responsive Energy Control becomes more important as many of the technolo-gies discusses in Task 1 emerge. As more and more energy sources come online and into connection with the grid, transfer systems that optimize the most economically favorable use of electricity could become more common.


Implementation of the last six technologies in Table 4.1 —from Demand Response to Utilization of historical energy consumption data—will probably occur as they become economically viable for one of the associated parties. The fi rst step of enabling technology, issuance of smart-meters to customers, is already taking place even in the residential sector. As TOU metering and other incentives emerge, these technologies will emerge in response.

As shown in Table 4.2 , although the NEC does not distinguish between types of customers, implementation of changes relative to Residential, Commercial, and Institutional customers should be given the most emphasis. Although the electrical systems installed in Industrial facilities and Hospitals are complex, these customers are more knowledgeable and the NEC has previously addressed their needs.

4.2.2 NFPA Code Provisions Impacted

Speci fi c NFPA 70, 70E, 110, and 111 code articles that will be impacted are shown in Table 4.2 .

4.2.3 Needed Changes or New Provisions to the NEC

Proposed NEC changes are listed in Table 2.1 : Assessment of Gaps/Inconsistencies. The changes are presented in an abbreviated version in Table 4.3 (Table 4.4 ).

4.2.4 Implementation Timeline

From the NFPA web site, 1 all NFPA codes and standards are revised and updated every 3–5 years in revision cycles that begin twice each year and normally take approximately 2 years to complete. This corresponds to approximately 104 weeks for annual revision cycle documents and fall revision cycle consent documents, and 141 weeks for fall revision cycle documents receiving certi fi ed motions. NFPA Fig. 4.1 illustrates the steps in the revision cycles.

In order to affect the 2014 NEC, per the NFPA’s Annual 2013 Revision Cycle, any code modi fi cations recommended by this paper will need to be submitted as proposals by November, 2011. Alternatively, the Technical Committee may include the modi fi cations during their meetings in January or February 2012.

1 http://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=162&URL=Codes%20&%20Standards/Code%20development%20process/How%20codes%20and%20standards%20are%20developed#step2

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3948-6_2

http://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=162&URL=Codes%20&%20Standards/Code%20development%20process/How%20codes%20and%20standards%20are%20developed#step2




Code Chapter Article

NFPA 70 90.2 (A) 2 210.2 2 210.11 2 210.19 (A) 2 210.52 2 215.2 (A)(4) 2 220.3 2 220.14 2 220.44 2 230.82 2 240.3 2 250.3 4 422.31 4 424.19 4 430.75 4 440.11 4 445.18 4 480.5 5 517.31 6 625.26 7 700.4 7 701.4 7 705 7 Table 705.3 7 705.20 7 705.30 7 705.40 7 708.22 7 New 750

NFPA 70E 1 100 1 120 3 320

NFPA 110 5 5.2 6 6.2.2 6 6.2.5

NFPA 111 6 6.2.4.2 6 6.2.4.2.4 6 6.2.4.5.1 7 7.1.4 8 8.4.1

Table 4.3 NFPA code impact

Any recommendations that require further research will still have to meet one of the above two dates. The research will have to be completed in time to be included in the Report for Proposals. If insuf fi cient data is collected by that time, but will be available before April 2013, if the recommendation has been included in a Report for Proposal, it can be amended during the Tech Session.


Table 4.4 Proposed NEC changes

Article Change Concern

90.2 (A) Revise or add to 90.2 (A) (3) Revise (3) to read “Installation of conductors and equipment that connect to the supply side of electricity or communication ”

210.2 Add text Add EV and PHEV charging stations 210.11 Add note to 210.11 (C) Add informational note indicating that

small-appliance branch circuits, or receptacles on SABCs, may be remotely monitored/controlled. Substantiation- smart plugs may be installed for these circuits

210.19 (A) Add Informational Note No. 5 in 210.19 (A)

Add: where the major portion of the load consists of nonlinear loads, harmonics currents may increase the resistivity of the conductor leading to higher voltage drops a

210.52 Add a note to 210.52 (E) Consider adding a note to 210.52 (E) for EV and PHEV receptacles

215.2 (A)(4) Add Informational Note No. 4 in 215.2(A)(4)

Add: where the major portion of the load consists of nonlinear loads, harmonics currents may increase the resistivity of the conductor leading to higher voltage drops a

220.3 Add table entries to Table 220.3

Add entries for wind power systems, fuel cell systems, EV and PHEV charging stations, and CES

220.14 Add 220.14 (M) Add: 220.14 (M) EV and PHEV Receptacles Outlets. An outlet for EV and PHEV shall be calculated based on the ampere rating of the EV and PHEV equipment served

220.44 Add table entries to Table 220.44

Consider adding Commercial EV and PHEV charging stations and CES to Table 220.44

230.82 Add to 230.82 (6) Add wind power systems to 230.82 (6) 240.3 Add table entries

to Table 240.3 Add entries for wind power systems, fuel cell

systems, EV and PHEV charging stations, and CES.

250.3 Add entries to Table 250.3 Add entries for wind power systems, fuel cell systems, EV and PHEV charging stations, and CES

422.31 Augment 422.31 (A) , (B), and (C)

Augment 422.31 (A), (B), and (C) to include capability to communicate with smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely control/disconnect appliance

424.19 Augment 424.19 Augment 424.19 to include capability to communicate with smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely disconnect space-heating equipment

(continued)



430.75 Augment 430.75 Augment 430.75 to include capability to communicate with smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely disconnect an individual motor

440.11 Augment 440.11 Augment 440.11 to include capability to communicate with smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely disconnect AC/refrigeration equipment

445.18 Augment 445.18 Augment 445.18 to include capability to communicate with smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely start/stop on-site generators

480.5 Augment 480.5 Augment 480.5 for capability to communi-cate with smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely charge or discharge batteries, unless the storage battery systems are critical for continuity of essential services or systems

517.31 Amendment to 517.31 Amend section to ensure that both life safety and critical branches remain powered during load shedding

625.26 Add Information Note No. 1 Add Information Note #1 that expands upon the role of EVs and PHEVs to communi-cate with a smart meter and EMS to both sense power status and remotely enable the EV/PHEV to be an electric power production source

700.4 Amend 700.4 Amend 700.4 (B) to include safeguards, such as a different EMS, against the emer-gency system being treated as a regular system for the purposes of load shedding b

701.4 Amend 701.4 Amend 701.4 to clarify if the standby system may be used for other purposes, such as peak load shaving, similar to 700.5 (B). Alternatively, reference the article, such as 705, under which these issues are addressed. If other uses are allowed, the recommendation is also to include safeguards, such as a different EMS, against the emergency system being treated as a regular system for the purposes of load shedding b

705 Add a subsection Add a subsection to article 705 to address smart grid switching capabilities b

705 Add items to Table 705.3 Amend Table 705.3 to include other emerging production sources such as wind generation

705.20 Amend 705.20 Amend 705.20 or add an article to include a lock-out-tag-out system for EMS or other smart grid technology controlled generation systems b


(continued)



705.30 Add items to 705.30 Add additional letter items, (F), (G), etc., to include other emerging production sources such as wind generation

705.40 Amend 705.40 Amend 705.40 to add scenarios as appropriate to include actions that should be taken by an EMS or other smart grid switching system in the event of primary power loss

708.22 Amend 708.22 (B) Amend 708.22 (B) to include safeguards, such as a different EMS, against the emergency system being treated as a regular system for the purposes of load shedding

None Add an article Consider adding a new article 750 that references code and rules for EMS and other load management systems

a The Fire Protection Research Foundation 1/30/2011 Interim Report (Evaluation of the Impact on Non-Linear Power on Wiring Requirements for Commercial Buildings, Jens Schoene, EnerNex Project Number 1092) b Smart Grid Task Force meeting March 3, 2011


Fig. 4.1 NFPA codes and standards making process ( http://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=162&URL=Codes%20&%20Standards/Code%20development%20process/How%20codes%20and%20standards%20are%20developed#step2 )





4.3 Information Gaps Roadmap

4.3.1 Implementation Stages

The use and prevalence of the emerging technologies previously described constitute the largest uncertainty with regards to the need for code revision. As some of these technologies become more widespread, they will need to be addressed. Areas where additional research could bene fi t proposed changes to the code are shown in the Table 4.5 .

4.3.2 Research Project Statements

Increased use of switching power supplies, grid-tied inverters, and other non-linear loads could introduce harmonics that are detrimental to the performance and safety

Table 4.5 Information gaps

Additional research area Substantiation Articles potentially affected

Non-linear loads and harmonics generation

Increased use of inverters and large non-linear loads, such as in PEV/PEHV charging, may cause unwanted harmonics and could necessitate a new method of determining current requirements in lines.

70-210.19(A) 70-215.2(A)(4)

Communications between smart devices, EMS, and smart-meters

Some communications systems are already addressed in Chap. 8, and smart device related communication might need to be addressed as well

70-422.31 70-424.19 70-430.75 70-440.11 70-445.18 70-480.5

PEVs, PEHVs, and associated charging systems

These vehicles are gaining market share and can represent a substantial load, especially at a residence

70-210.2 70-210.52 70-220.14 70-220.44 70-625.26

Required emergency electrical systems used to provide non-emergency electricity

In some cases, the code allows required emergency electrical systems to provide electricity for other purposes such as peak load shaving. If this becomes common, it might be bene fi cial for the code to address this practice, especially if other EMSs are in use in the same facility

70-700.4 70-701.4 70-705 70-708.22 110-6.2.2 111-6.2.4.2 111-7.1.4 111-8.4.1

714.3 Information Gaps Roadmap

of circuits and protective systems. Research to determine if the magnitude of these issues warrants additional or modi fi ed code entries is recommended.

It would be bene fi cial to periodically survey what technologies are taking the lead in terms of smart grid device production and implementation. Keeping an eye on emerging smart device communications could allow more targeted code articles to be developed as the technology emerges. For example, as residential EMS with TOU metering becomes more common, discovering the dominate method of communication to the utility will allow for development of code articles speci fi cally addressing these requirements.

PEVs and PEHVs are currently being mass produced and sold to the public by two major car manufacturers in addition to smaller niche market manufacturers. These vehicles could create a signi fi cant increase in electricity usage by individual residences, and their charging systems might add harmonics to residential circuits. Furthermore, most residential charging systems (such as a conventional 120 V duplex receptacle) are not currently “smart.” As charging systems become “smarter,” especially if these vehicles are used for general electricity storage, investigation into the power requirements and abilities of these vehicles will allow the code to stipu-late requirements for safe vehicle charging and discharging.

The code allows some required emergency electricity systems to generate non-emergency power. This sometimes can be used to meet periodic testing require-ments. As more and more systems become smart, the practice of non-emergency use of emergency systems could increase in frequency. In that case, additional research could determine if more code provisions are needed to address any emerg-ing hazards, and conversely if more required emergency systems can be safely allowed to supply electricity.

73L. Simonian et al., Smart Grid and NFPA Electrical Safety Codes and Standards, SpringerBriefs in Fire, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3948-6, © Fire Protection Research Foundation 2011

Appendices

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Wir

ing

met

hods

; ove

rcur

rent

an

d ov

erlo

ad p

rote

ctio

n;

cert

i fi ed

/lis

ted

equi

pmen

t

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Com

men

t inc

orpo

rate

d

No.

Task

1 lo

catio

nC

omm

ent

Com

men

ter’

s su

gges

tions

Com

men

ter

Dat

e re

ceiv

edD

ispo

sitio

nR

emar

ks

App

endi

x A

(co

ntin

ued)

19

Page

17,

Sec

t. 1.

2.3.

3 T

herm

al e

nerg

y st

orag

e al

so

incl

udes

in g

roun

d el

ectr

ical

hea

t pan

els,

el

ectr

ic s

tora

ge h

eatin

g sy

stem

s. E

TS

heat

ers

are

equi

pped

with

cer

amic

br

icks

that

are

hea

ted

up

duri

ng o

ff p

eak

rate

s

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Ele

ctri

c th

erm

al s

tora

ge

(ET

S) h

as b

een

adde

d to

sec

tion

20

Page

18,

Sec

t. 1.

2.3.

3 N

ot s

ure

why

met

ers

are

liste

d as

pot

entia

l im

pact

of

Ene

rgy

Stor

age

syst

ems

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Ref

eren

ce to

met

erin

g re

mov

ed

21

Page

18,

Sec

t. 1.

2.3.

3 L

oad

and

Dem

and

fact

ors

shou

ld b

e ad

ded

to li

st

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Com

men

t inc

orpo

rate

d

22

Page

18,

Sec

t. 1.

2.4.

1 I’

m n

ot c

onvi

nced

that

ele

ctri

c ve

hicl

e ch

argi

ng in

re

side

ntia

l app

licat

ions

will

ha

ve a

hug

e im

pact

on

the

utili

ty d

istr

ibut

ion

syst

em.

Has

an

anal

ysis

bee

n do

ne

to s

how

wha

t im

pact

this

w

ill h

ave

base

d on

am

ount

of

ene

rgy

requ

ired

to

char

ge a

veh

icle

. If

the

char

ging

equ

ipm

ent i

s 12

0 or

120

/240

the

# of

KW

is

very

low

and

wou

ld b

e no

di

ffer

ent t

han

plug

ging

in a

sm

all a

pplia

nce

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Cla

ri fi e

d –

this

su

bjec

t will

be

add

ress

ed

in m

ore

deta

il du

ring

Tas

k 4

The

pri

mar

y co

ncer

ns a

re

that

util

ity d

istr

ibut

ion

tran

sfor

mer

s (w

hich

co

mm

only

exc

eed

100%

util

izat

ion

duri

ng c

urre

nt d

aytim

e pe

ak u

sage

) w

ill n

o lo

nger

hav

e ni

ghtti

me

cool

ing

assu

min

g a

larg

e am

ount

of

PHE

Vs/

PEV

s ar

e ch

argi

ng a

t 240

v.

Als

o, th

ere

may

be

very

littl

e (o

r no

) di

vers

ity f

acto

r an

d th

e ch

argi

ng lo

ad w

ill

occu

r at

the

sam

e tim

e

(con

tinue

d)

23

Page

19,

Sec

t. 1.

2.5

The

re is

no

men

tion

of

com

mun

ity e

nerg

y st

orag

e fo

r co

mm

erci

al a

pplic

a-tio

ns th

at n

orm

al a

re

supp

lied

from

thre

e ph

ase

277/

480

V s

yste

ms

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Supp

ly v

olta

ge a

dded

to

sect

ion

24

Page

21,

Tab

le 2

U

nder

Sm

art M

eter

s N

eed

to in

clud

e se

curi

ty

syst

ems

and

life

supp

ort

equi

pmen

t

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Com

men

t inc

orpo

rate

d

25

Page

21,

Tab

le 2

U

nder

Ene

rgy

Mic

ro-

gene

ratio

n, C

o-ge

nera

tion

Bac

kup

gene

rato

rs a

re n

ot

norm

ally

per

mitt

ed to

su

pply

pow

er to

the

grid

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Ref

eren

ce to

cus

tom

er

back

up g

ener

atio

n cl

ari fi

ed to

be

an

exce

ptio

n to

cur

rent

pe

rmitt

ing

26

Page

21,

Tab

le 2

U

nder

Ene

rgy

Mic

ro-

gene

ratio

n, C

o-ge

nera

tion

– po

ssib

le N

EC

issu

es

Add

list

ed/c

erti fi

ed

equi

pmen

t D

avid

Cle

men

ts

1/27

/201

1 A

gree

d C

omm

ent i

ncor

pora

ted

27

Page

21,

Tab

le 2

U

nder

Ene

rgy

Stor

age

syst

ems

– po

ssib

le N

EC

issu

es

Add

ven

tilat

ion

requ

ire-

men

ts; f

ault

curr

ents

D

avid

Cle

men

ts

1/27

/201

1 A

gree

d C

omm

ent i

ncor

pora

ted

28

Page

21,

Tab

le 2

U

nder

Plu

g-in

Veh

icle

s A

dd li

sted

/cer

ti fi ed

eq

uipm

ent

Dav

id C

lem

ents

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Com

men

t inc

orpo

rate

d

29

The

Tas

k 1

repo

rt a

ppea

rs to

m

eet t

he g

ener

al r

equi

re-

men

ts; h

owev

er, m

ore

dept

h is

nee

ded

in th

e in

itial

ana

lysi

s of

the

impa

cts

on s

afet

y fe

atur

es.

(par

aphr

ased

)

Will

iam

G

allo

way

1/

27/2

011

Agr

eed

Task

2 g

ap a

naly

sis

will

ad

dres

s sa

fety

fea

ture

re

quir

emen

ts/

shor

tfal

ls

No.

Task

1 lo

catio

nC

omm

ent

Com

men

ter’

s su

gges

tions

Com

men

ter

Dat

e re

ceiv

edD

ispo

sitio

nR

emar

ks

App

endi

x A

(co

ntin

ued)

30

In g

ener

al, I

wou

ld li

ke to

see

a

mor

e po

inte

d as

sess

men

t of

the

pote

ntia

lly a

ffec

ted

sect

ions

of

the

Cod

e. T

he

repo

rt d

oes

a go

od jo

b of

id

entif

ying

gen

eral

are

as o

f co

ncer

n, b

ut d

oes

not

deve

lop

thos

e ar

eas

of

conc

ern

and

does

not

eq

uate

them

to s

peci

fi c

Art

icle

s. I

rea

lize

that

this

is

not

an

easy

ass

ignm

ent.

Whi

le S

mar

t Gri

d re

late

d st

anda

rds

iden

ti fi ca

tion

and

deve

lopm

ent c

an, a

nd d

oes

occu

r w

ithou

t the

cod

e as

a

driv

er, t

he id

enti fi

catio

n of

sp

eci fi

c co

de c

hang

es

focu

ses

this

pro

cess

to

ensu

re th

at th

e in

stal

latio

n re

quir

emen

ts a

re c

ompa

t-ib

le w

ith th

e de

sign

s of

m

anuf

actu

red

equi

pmen

t. W

hile

I b

elie

ve th

at m

ore

spec

i fi ci

ty is

nee

ded

over

all,

a fe

w e

xam

ples

ar

e: (

see

31–3

6)

John

Tho

mps

on

2/1/

2011

N

oted

C

ode

asse

ssm

ent i

s cu

rren

tly b

eing

ad

dres

sed

as p

art o

f Ta

sk 2

(con

tinue

d)

31

Page

13,

Sec

t. 1.

2.1.

3 B

ulle

t 3 –

mor

e sp

eci fi

city

is

need

ed. A

re th

e is

sues

co

nduc

tor

fi ll,

circ

uit

com

patib

ility

/sep

arat

ion

of

circ

uits

, wor

kman

ship

?

John

Tho

mps

on

2/1/

2011

N

oted

T

his

subj

ect n

eeds

mor

e st

udy,

how

ever

, the

in

terf

ace

betw

een

larg

e ap

plia

nces

, E

MSs

, and

pan

el-

boar

ds/lo

ad c

ente

rs

may

req

uire

add

ition

al

pow

er o

r co

ntro

l w

irin

g 32

Pa

ge 1

3 B

ulle

t 5 –

sen

sors

– is

this

a

code

issu

e or

a s

tand

ards

is

sue?

To

som

e de

gree

, Sm

art M

eter

s ex

ist a

nd

thei

r pr

imar

y jo

b is

to

com

mun

icat

e us

age

to th

e ut

ility

for

bill

ing

purp

oses

. M

eter

s an

d ap

plia

nces

will

lik

ely

have

inte

gral

co

mm

unic

atio

n ca

pabi

lity

(bot

h se

nd a

nd r

ecei

ve).

Ju

st lo

okin

g fo

r cl

ari fi

catio

n he

re

John

Tho

mps

on

2/1/

2011

C

lari

fi ed

Bot

h co

des

and

stan

dard

s w

ill b

e af

fect

ed;

com

mun

icat

ion

prot

ocol

s w

ill in

volv

e de

velo

ping

a s

tand

ard,

w

hile

sw

itchi

ng o

f lo

ads

will

be

a co

de

issu

e

33

Page

13

Bul

let 6

– s

ame

ques

tion

as

abov

e, is

this

a c

ode

or

stan

dard

s/pe

rfor

man

ce

issu

e?

John

Tho

mps

on

2/1/

2011

C

lari

fi ed

Bot

h co

des

and

stan

dard

s w

ill b

e af

fect

ed;

com

mun

icat

ion

prot

ocol

s w

ill in

volv

e de

velo

ping

a s

tand

ard,

w

hile

sw

itchi

ng o

f lo

ads

will

be

a co

de

issu

e

No.

Task

1 lo

catio

nC

omm

ent

Com

men

ter’

s su

gges

tions

Com

men

ter

Dat

e re

ceiv

edD

ispo

sitio

nR

emar

ks

App

endi

x A

(co

ntin

ued)

34

Page

13

Bul

let 7

– h

arm

onic

s –

can

we

get m

ore

clar

i fi ca

tion?

H

arm

onic

s ar

e an

issu

e w

ith li

ne v

olta

ge d

evic

es

too.

Sw

itch

mod

e po

wer

su

pplie

s, b

alla

sts,

co

mm

unic

atio

n de

vice

s,

and

othe

r po

wer

sw

itchi

ng

devi

ces

mak

e a

case

for

us

to u

nder

stan

d an

d co

ntro

l th

e ef

fect

s of

em

issi

ons

and

nois

e

John

Tho

mps

on

2/1/

2011

C

lari

fi ed

The

con

cern

is th

at

switc

hing

load

s in

duce

ha

rmon

ics;

and

that

th

e ef

fect

of

thes

e ha

rmon

ics

need

s to

be

unde

rsto

od a

nd

addr

esse

d in

ap

prop

riat

e co

des

35

Page

13,

Sec

t. 1.

2.2

Thi

s is

nic

ely

bund

led.

Can

C

al P

oly

offe

r m

ore

anal

ysis

reg

ardi

ng s

peci

fi c

affe

cts

on th

e co

de?

John

Tho

mps

on

2/1/

2011

C

lari

fi ed

Thi

s w

ill b

e ad

dres

sed

in

Task

2, r

egul

ator

y re

view

and

gap

as

sess

men

t 36

Pa

ge 1

5–16

, Se

ct. 1

.2.2

.7

Can

Cal

Pol

y of

fer

mor

e an

alys

is r

egar

ding

the

curr

ent r

equi

rem

ents

in th

e co

de r

elat

ive

to D

C

dist

ribu

tion?

John

Tho

mps

on

2/1/

2011

C

lari

fi ed

Thi

s w

ill b

e ad

dres

sed

in

Task

2, r

egul

ator

y re

view

and

gap

as

sess

men

t

37

Ove

rall

obje

ctiv

e ne

eded

to b

e to

rai

se th

e pr

o fi le

of

the

NE

C a

nd it

s re

latio

nshi

p to

Sm

art G

rid,

whi

ch I

bel

ieve

th

e re

port

doe

s

Jim

Pau

ley

2/1/

2011

N

oted

N

o ac

tion

requ

ired

(con

tinue

d)

38

1.2.

1.3

“Pow

er o

r co

ntro

l wir

ing

may

be

req

uire

d to

tie

into

pa

nelb

oard

s/lo

ad c

ente

rs.”

T

his

seem

s to

indi

cate

that

on

wir

ed S

mar

t Gri

d sy

stem

s th

e ut

ility

con

trol

w

ires

and

pos

sibl

e co

ntro

ls

wou

ld e

nter

into

site

pa

nelb

oard

s, th

us a

llow

ing

the

utili

ty to

inst

all o

n th

e lo

ad s

ide

of th

e se

rvic

e po

int.

The

rep

ort h

as

doze

ns o

f su

ch e

xam

ples

of

whe

re u

tiliti

es m

ay s

tep

into

the

site

ele

ctri

cal

syst

em. W

ill tr

aditi

onal

site

el

ectr

ical

con

trac

tors

acc

ept

this

new

type

of

inte

rven

-tio

n in

to w

hat t

hey

perc

eive

as

“th

eir

wor

k?”

Vin

ce

Bac

law

ski

wor

ksho

p no

tes

3/16

/201

1 C

lari

fi ed.

Tex

t am

ende

d to

re

ad “

Pow

er

or c

ontr

ol

wir

ing

inst

alle

d by

li

cens

ed

elec

tric

al

cont

ract

ors

may

be

requ

ired

to ti

e in

to

pane

lboa

rds/

load

cen

ters

”

The

ass

umpt

ion

is th

at

addi

tiona

l wir

ing

may

be

nee

ded

for

indi

vidu

al lo

ads

or

HA

Ns.

The

rep

ort

does

not

mea

n to

su

gges

t tha

t uti

liti

es

wou

ld b

e th

e en

tity

to

inst

all t

his

wir

ing.

We

conc

ur w

ith th

e co

mm

ente

r th

at w

ired

in

stal

latio

ns w

ould

m

ost l

ikel

y be

pe

rfor

med

by

licen

sed

elec

tric

al c

ontr

acto

rs

39

1.2.

1.3

“HA

N te

chno

logy

in th

e ho

me

will

ena

ble

the

elec

tric

ut

ility

to b

ette

r m

atch

en

ergy

sup

ply

with

dem

and

…”

Not

true

. The

HA

N is

rea

lly

just

the

com

mun

icat

ion

netw

ork

in th

e ho

me

and

is n

ot n

orm

ally

con

-ne

cted

to th

e ut

ility

un

less

the

HA

N is

im

bedd

ed in

the

smar

t m

eter

Vin

ce

Bac

law

ski

wor

ksho

p no

tes

3/16

/201

1 C

lari

fi ed

Rev

ised

to r

ead

“HA

N

tech

nolo

gy in

the

hom

e ca

n en

able

the

elec

tric

util

ity to

bet

ter

mat

ch e

nerg

y su

pply

w

ith d

eman

d (i

f the

H

AN

com

mun

icat

es

wit

h a

Smar

t Met

er) ,

…

”

No.

Task

1 lo

catio

nC

omm

ent

Com

men

ter’

s su

gges

tions

Com

men

ter

Dat

e re

ceiv

edD

ispo

sitio

nR

emar

ks

App

endi

x A

(co

ntin

ued)

40

1.2.

2 T

he r

epor

t now

has

a n

ew

mea

ning

for

EM

S (u

sed

for

ener

gy m

icro

-gen

erat

ion

syst

em in

this

sec

tion)

Vin

ce

Bac

law

ski

wor

ksho

p no

tes

3/16

/201

1 C

lari

fi ed

EM

S ch

ange

d to

EM

GS

whe

n re

ferr

ing

to th

e ge

nera

tion

syst

em

41

1.2.

2 A

gro

und

sour

ce h

eat p

ump

is

not r

eally

a m

icro

ge

nera

tion

reso

urce

Vin

ce

Bac

law

ski

wor

ksho

p no

tes

3/16

/201

1 A

gree

d R

emai

ning

ref

eren

ces

to

grou

nd s

ourc

e he

at

pum

ps r

emov

ed

42

1.2.

5 “C

omm

unity

Ene

rgy

Stor

age

(CE

S) –

CE

S de

fi nes

an

appr

oach

whe

re s

mal

ler

pack

ages

of

batte

ry e

nerg

y st

orag

e ar

e av

aila

ble

to

mor

e th

an o

ne c

usto

mer

w

ith li

mite

d ba

ck-u

p tim

e”

Such

ene

rgy

stor

age

and

supp

ly w

ould

be

avai

labl

e fo

r sp

eci fi

c lo

ads

such

as

com

pute

rs,

elec

tric

veh

icle

cha

rgin

g,

and

othe

r em

erge

ncy

load

s fo

r bo

th d

wel

ling

and

non-

dwel

ling

occu

panc

ies.

Whe

re

mor

e so

phis

ticat

ed

elec

tron

ic lo

ads

are

serv

ed, g

reat

er c

ontr

ol o

f vo

ltage

and

pow

er

fl uct

uatio

ns w

ill b

e re

quir

ed a

nd e

ven

mor

e in

tera

ctio

n be

twee

n th

e ut

ility

sys

tem

and

the

site

el

ectr

ical

sys

tem

will

be

requ

ired

. Que

stio

n is

, w

ill th

is le

ad to

con

fl ict

be

twee

n ut

ilitie

s an

d si

te

elec

tric

al c

ontr

acto

rs?

Vin

ce

Bac

law

ski

wor

ksho

p no

tes

3/16

/201

1 N

oted

T

he c

urre

nt u

nidi

rect

iona

l fl o

w o

f po

wer

bet

wee

n (u

tility

) su

pplie

rs a

nd

indi

vidu

al c

onsu

mer

s w

ill u

nder

go

sign

i fi ca

nt

reco

n fi gu

ratio

n as

the

smar

t gri

d un

fold

s. I

t is

env

isio

ned

that

this

w

ill b

e m

ost p

rom

i-ne

nt a

t the

util

ity/

cust

omer

inte

rfac

e,

incl

udin

g th

e us

e of

C

ES.

Hop

eful

ly, t

he

impl

emen

tatio

n of

C

ESs

in p

artic

ular

will

en

tail

the

deve

lopm

ent

of c

ontr

act l

angu

age

(and

inde

mni

fi cat

ion)

to

pro

tect

the

inte

rest

s of

util

ities

, con

sum

ers,

an

d el

ectr

ical

in

stal

lers

, miti

gatin

g co

n fl ic

t

(con

tinue

d)

43

1.2.

2.6

The

list

imm

edia

tely

bef

ore

the

1.2.

3 se

ctio

n sh

ould

in

clud

e a

safe

ty d

iscu

ssio

n of

the

pote

ntia

l for

tw

o-w

ay p

ower

fl ow

. Wha

t sa

fety

dev

ices

and

pr

oced

ures

are

nee

ded

whe

n th

e cu

stom

er c

an n

ow

expo

rt p

ower

to th

e gr

id?

A

utili

ty e

mpl

oyee

may

thin

k th

e lin

e is

dea

d be

caus

e he

/sh

e di

scon

nect

ed p

ower

fr

om th

e su

bsta

tion,

but

the

line

may

be

ener

gize

d fr

om

cust

omer

gen

erat

ion

Vin

ce

Bac

law

ski

wor

ksho

p no

tes

3/16

/201

1 C

lari

fi ed

A b

ulle

t was

add

ed to

the

list n

otin

g th

at

addi

tiona

l saf

ety

devi

ces

and

or s

igna

ge

may

be

requ

ired

as

mor

e ge

nera

tion

syst

ems

beco

me

prev

alen

t

44

1.2.

1.3

The

dis

cuss

ion

gets

a li

ttle

conf

used

bet

wee

n lo

ad

shed

ding

and

dem

and

resp

onse

The

EM

S vi

a th

e sm

art

met

er c

ould

red

uce

load

an

d tu

rn o

ff a

pplia

nces

, or

the

utili

ty c

ould

hav

e a

sepa

rate

sys

tem

to tu

rn

off

A/C

and

wat

er h

eate

rs

with

out g

oing

thro

ugh

the

met

er o

r th

e E

MS.

T

he E

MS

can

be a

m

odul

e in

the

smar

t m

eter

or

can

be a

st

and-

alon

e de

vice

in th

e ho

me

or b

usin

ess

Vin

ce

Bac

law

ski

wor

ksho

p no

tes

3/16

/201

1 A

gree

d Te

xt r

evis

ed to

inco

rpo-

rate

the

revi

ewer

’s

com

men

t

No.

Task

1 lo

catio

nC

omm

ent

Com

men

ter’

s su

gges

tions

Com

men

ter

Dat

e re

ceiv

edD

ispo

sitio

nR

emar

ks

App

endi

x A

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Ta

sk 2

lo

catio

n C

omm

ent

Com

men

ter’

s su

gges

tions

C

omm

ente

r D

ate

rece

ived

D

ispo

sitio

n R

emar

ks

1 T

he w

ay th

e w

ord

“may

” is

in

trod

uced

ser

ves

no p

urpo

se

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Not

ed

Prov

ide

spec

i fi c

chan

ge

reco

mm

enda

tion

2 D

e fi ni

tions

hav

e be

en s

ugge

sted

that

ar

e ei

ther

dup

licat

es o

f ex

istin

g de

fi niti

ons

or a

lrea

dy u

sed

in th

e N

EC

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Rem

oved

NFP

A 7

0 re

com

men

datio

ns f

or

de fi n

ition

s th

at h

ave

dedi

cate

d ar

ticle

s 3

Sugg

este

d re

visi

ons

may

be

mix

ing

NE

C a

nd N

atio

nal E

lect

rica

l Sa

fety

Cod

e (N

ESC

) au

thor

ity in

th

e w

ay th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

con

trol

, si

gnal

ing,

and

com

mun

icat

ion

inst

alla

tions

invo

lvin

g Sm

art G

rid

are

addr

esse

d

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Not

ed

Prov

ide

spec

i fi c

exam

ples

if

revi

sion

s ar

e de

sire

d/re

ques

ted

4 It

may

be

bette

r to

rem

ove

chap

ter

8’s

stan

d-al

one

stat

us a

nd b

ring

it

back

in w

ith c

urre

nt C

haps

. 1–7

, an

d us

e ch

apte

r 8

to c

olle

ct th

e co

ntro

l, si

gnal

ing,

and

com

mun

i-ca

tion

requ

irem

ents

use

d w

ith

smar

t gri

d

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Not

ed

Obs

erva

tion;

no

revi

sion

to

the

repo

rt is

req

uire

d

5 Su

rge

prot

ectio

n w

ill b

e m

ore

impo

rtan

t bec

ause

of

all t

he

Smar

t Gri

d re

late

d el

ectr

onic

eq

uipm

ent i

n th

e ho

me

and

the

fact

ther

e w

ill b

e m

ore

load

sw

itchi

ng in

side

the

hom

e or

bu

sine

ss a

s w

ell a

s at

the

utili

ty

Exp

lain

the

area

of

surg

e pr

otec

tion

bette

r V

ince

Bac

law

ski

wor

ksho

p no

tes

3/16

/201

1 N

oted

O

bser

vatio

n; n

o re

visi

on to

th

e re

port

is r

equi

red

App

endi

x B

Ta

sk 2

Com

men

t Res

olut

ion

Form

(con

tinue

d)

8 2.

1.1

Cur

rent

wor

ding

: Pow

er o

r co

ntro

l w

irin

g m

ay b

e re

quir

ed to

tie

into

pa

nelb

oard

s/lo

ad c

ente

rs

Wir

ing

spac

e in

pan

elbo

ards

an

d ot

her

encl

osur

es

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Bul

let p

oint

add

ed “

Wir

ing

spac

e in

pan

elbo

ards

and

ot

her

encl

osur

es”

9 2.

1.1

Cur

rent

wor

ding

: “A

ccom

mod

atio

ns

for

man

ual d

isco

nnec

t sw

itche

s”

Dis

conn

ect s

witc

hes

for

wha

t?

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Cla

ri fi e

d Te

xt r

evis

ed to

rea

d “A

ccom

mod

atio

ns f

or

man

ual d

isco

nnec

t sw

itche

s fo

r en

ergy

m

icro

gene

ratio

n,

co-g

ener

atio

n, a

nd

gene

ratio

n sy

stem

s”

10

2.1.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: “

Lim

iting

ha

rmon

ics

that

may

be

intr

oduc

ed

into

the

elec

tric

gri

d by

inve

rter

s …

”

Add

: and

oth

er n

on-l

inea

r lo

ads,

suc

h as

bal

last

s,

etc.

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Text

rev

ised

as

sugg

este

d

11

2.2.

1.1.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: “

revi

se (

3) to

rea

d –

Inst

alla

tion

of c

ondu

ctor

s an

d eq

uipm

ent t

hat c

onne

ct to

the

supp

ly s

ide

of e

lect

rici

ty o

r co

mm

unic

atio

n”

Prob

ably

sho

uld

incl

ude

com

mun

icat

ions

re

gard

less

of

the

exis

tenc

e of

sm

art g

rid

tech

nolo

gy

sinc

e C

hap.

8 c

over

s co

mm

unic

atio

n sy

stem

s

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Not

ed

Obs

erva

tion;

no

revi

sion

to

the

repo

rt is

req

uire

d

App

endi

x B

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Task

2

loca

tion

Com

men

tC

omm

ente

r’s

sugg

estio

nsC

omm

ente

rD

ate

rece

ived

Dis

posi

tion

Rem

arks

12

2.2.

1.1.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: “

revi

se (

3) to

rea

d –

Inst

alla

tion

of c

ondu

ctor

s an

d eq

uipm

ent t

hat c

onne

ct to

the

supp

ly s

ide

of e

lect

rici

ty o

r co

mm

unic

atio

n”

I di

sagr

ee w

ith th

is r

ecom

-m

enda

tion.

Thi

s sh

ould

no

t be

adde

d to

the

scop

e of

the

NE

C, b

ecau

se th

ese

devi

ces

are

not o

n th

e lo

ad s

ide

of th

e se

rvic

e po

int a

nd th

eref

ore

cove

red

by th

e ex

istin

g sc

ope.

A m

ore

appr

opri

-at

e lo

catio

n to

spe

ci fi c

ally

ad

dres

s th

ese

devi

ces

wou

ld b

e 23

0.82

. H

owev

er if

thes

e ar

e co

nsid

ered

load

man

age-

men

t dev

ices

then

it is

al

read

y co

vere

d be

23

0.82

(4).

Als

o se

e 23

0.82

(5)

for

anot

her

loca

tion

whe

re a

m

odi fi

catio

n ca

n be

mad

e to

spe

ci fi c

ally

add

ress

th

ese

smar

t dev

ices

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Not

ed

Thi

s co

mm

ent i

s in

con

fl ict

w

ith c

omm

ent 1

1.

Sugg

est t

hat t

he tw

o re

view

ers

reco

ncile

thei

r co

mm

ents

and

pro

vide

a

coor

dina

ted

resp

onse

(con

tinue

d)

13

2.2.

1.2.

1

Com

mun

ity E

nerg

y St

orag

e (C

ES)

If

ther

e ar

e pr

opos

als

to m

ore

than

one

art

icle

in th

e N

EC

that

use

thes

e te

rms

and

they

are

acc

epte

d th

en d

e fi ni

tions

in A

rtic

le

100

wou

ld b

e ap

prop

riat

e.

If a

pro

posa

l to

a sp

eci fi

c ar

ticle

is s

ubm

itted

and

ac

cept

ed, w

hich

use

s on

e of

thes

e te

rms

then

it

wou

ld b

e ap

prop

riat

e to

de

fi ne

the

term

in th

at

artic

le

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Ref

eren

ces

to E

lect

ric

Veh

icle

(E

V),

Plu

g-in

H

ybri

d E

lect

ric

Veh

icle

(P

HE

V)

char

ging

sta

tion,

Fu

el C

ell g

ener

atio

n,

Phot

ovol

taic

(PV

) ge

nera

tion,

and

Win

d Po

wer

gen

erat

ion

have

be

en r

emov

ed s

ince

thes

e te

chno

logi

es a

re d

e fi ne

d in

sep

arat

e ar

ticle

s. O

ther

te

rms

have

bee

n de

lete

d

E

lect

ric

The

rmal

Sto

rage

(E

TS)

Ene

rgy

Mon

itori

ng a

nd C

ontr

ol

Syst

em (

EM

CS)

, Ene

rgy

Man

agem

ent S

yste

m (

EM

S),

Ene

rgy

Info

rmat

ion

Syst

em (

EIS

)

Ele

ctri

c V

ehic

le (

EV

)

Plug

-in

Hyb

rid

Ele

ctri

c V

ehic

le

(PH

EV

) ch

argi

ng s

tatio

n

Fuel

Cel

l gen

erat

ion

Ph

otov

olta

ic (

PV)

gene

ratio

n

Smar

t Met

ers

Sm

art P

lugs

, Sm

art P

ower

Str

ips

T

herm

al E

nerg

y St

orag

e (T

ES)

Win

d Po

wer

gen

erat

ion

The

se te

rms

are

not c

urre

ntly

use

d in

th

e N

EC

and

ther

efor

e de

fi niti

ons

of th

e te

rms

are

not n

eede

d 14

2.

2.1.

2.1

Cur

rent

wor

ding

: “R

ecom

men

datio

n-

add

refe

renc

e to

EV

and

PH

EV

ch

argi

ng s

tatio

ns: r

ecep

tacl

e as

sem

bly

incl

udin

g al

l sup

port

ing

equi

pmen

t for

the

purp

ose

of

char

ging

EV

s an

d PH

EV

s.”

Thi

s sh

ould

go

in A

rtic

le 6

25

as it

onl

y pe

rtai

ns to

el

ectr

ic v

ehic

le c

harg

ing

stat

ions

(pe

r th

e N

EC

st

yle

man

ual)

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i W

orks

hop

Not

es

3/16

/201

1 A

gree

d R

efer

ence

rem

oved

App

endi

x B

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Task

2

loca

tion

Com

men

tC

omm

ente

r’s

sugg

estio

nsC

omm

ente

rD

ate

rece

ived

Dis

posi

tion

Rem

arks

15

2.2.

1.2.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: “

Fuel

Cel

l G

ener

atio

n R

ecom

men

datio

n-

add

refe

renc

e to

fue

l cel

ls: a

n el

ectr

oche

mic

al c

ell t

hat c

onve

rts

a so

urce

fue

l int

o an

ele

ctri

c cu

rren

t.”

692.

2 al

read

y co

ntai

ns a

de

fi niti

on o

f fu

el c

ells

. A

gain

, any

de fi

nitio

n or

re

visi

on o

f de

fi niti

on

shou

ld g

o to

this

art

icle

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Ref

eren

ce r

emov

ed

16

2.2.

1.2.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: “

Phot

ovol

taic

(PV

) G

ener

atio

n R

ecom

men

datio

n-

add

refe

renc

e to

PV

’s: a

met

hod

of g

ener

atin

g el

ectr

ical

pow

er b

y co

nver

ting

sola

r ra

diat

ion

into

di

rect

cur

rent

ele

ctri

city

usi

ng

sem

icon

duct

ors

that

exh

ibit

a ph

otov

olta

ic e

ffec

t”

Art

icle

690

alr

eady

con

tain

s ex

tens

ive

requ

irem

ents

fo

r PV

sys

tem

s, in

clud

ing

num

erou

s de

fi niti

ons

that

ar

e re

quir

ed to

und

erst

and

and

inst

all t

he s

yste

ms

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Ref

eren

ce r

emov

ed

17

2.2.

1.2.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: “

Rec

omm

enda

tion-

ad

d re

fere

nce

to w

ind

pow

er

gene

ratio

n: w

ind

turb

ines

whi

ch

prov

ide

a m

eans

for

the

conv

er-

sion

of

win

d en

ergy

into

el

ectr

icity

.”

New

Art

icle

694

was

in

clud

ed in

the

2011

NE

C

to a

ddre

ss s

mal

l win

d ge

nera

tion

syst

ems.

Mos

t la

rger

win

d ge

nera

tors

/w

ind

farm

s fa

ll un

der

90.2

(B)

as g

ener

atin

g fa

cilit

ies

unde

r th

e ex

clus

ive

cont

rol o

f ut

ilitie

s, a

nd a

re th

eref

ore

exem

pt f

rom

the

requ

irem

ents

of

the

NE

C

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Ref

eren

ce r

emov

ed

(con

tinue

d)

18

2.2.

1.3.

1 21

0.11

Bra

nch

circ

uits

req

uire

d.

Cur

rent

wor

ding

: Add

not

e to

21

0.11

(C)(

1) th

at s

mal

l app

lianc

e br

anch

cir

cuit

may

hav

e re

cept

acle

s w

hich

are

rem

otel

y m

onito

red/

cont

rolle

d

Not

sur

e th

is is

nee

ded

to b

e in

clud

ed a

s a

code

re

quir

emen

t. Sm

art p

lugs

m

ay b

e in

stal

led,

but

are

no

t req

uire

d. T

here

are

m

any

inst

alla

tions

that

are

al

low

ed. A

t mos

t, th

is

mig

ht b

e ap

prop

riat

e fo

r an

info

rmat

iona

l not

e

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Rev

ised

rec

omm

enda

tion-

ad

d in

form

atio

nal n

ote

to

210.

11 (

C)

(1)

that

sm

all-

appl

ianc

e br

anch

ci

rcui

ts, o

r re

cept

acle

s on

SA

BC

s, m

ay b

e re

mot

ely

mon

itore

d/co

ntro

lled

19

2.2.

1.3.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: A

dd n

ote

to

210.

11(C

)(1)

that

sm

all a

pplia

nce

bran

ch c

ircu

it m

ay h

ave

rece

ptac

les

whi

ch a

re r

emot

ely

mon

itore

d/co

ntro

lled.

Use

of

the

wor

d “m

ay”

here

is

inco

rrec

t as

ther

e is

no

real

info

rmat

ion

in th

is

info

rmat

iona

l not

e. B

ette

r w

ould

be

to a

ddre

ss th

ese

situ

atio

ns w

ith n

eede

d re

quir

emen

ts p

refa

ced

by

the

wor

ds “

Whe

re

rece

ptac

les

are

rem

otel

y m

onito

red

……

..”

How

ever

, thi

s se

ems

to b

e a

styl

e of

wri

ting

that

the

CA

L P

OLY

rep

ort

follo

ws

that

may

not

be

acce

ptab

le

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Not

ed

Thi

s co

mm

ent i

s in

con

fl ict

w

ith c

omm

ent 1

9.

Sugg

est t

hat t

he tw

o re

view

ers

reco

ncile

thei

r co

mm

ents

and

pro

vide

a

coor

dina

ted

resp

onse

App

endi

x B

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Task

2

loca

tion

Com

men

tC

omm

ente

r’s

sugg

estio

nsC

omm

ente

rD

ate

rece

ived

Dis

posi

tion

Rem

arks

20

2.2.

1.3.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

10.1

9(A

) In

form

atio

nal N

ote

Add

in

form

atio

nal N

ote

No.

5 in

21

0.19

(A):

“W

here

the

maj

or

port

ion

of th

e lo

ad c

onsi

sts

of

nonl

inea

r lo

ads,

har

mon

ics

may

in

crea

se th

e re

sist

ivity

of

the

cond

ucto

r le

adin

g to

hig

her

volta

ge d

rops

.”

Thi

s is

true

reg

ardl

ess

of

smar

t gri

d co

mpo

nent

s.

May

be a

n ad

ditio

n to

m

entio

n ha

rmon

ics

shou

ld b

e in

clud

ed, b

ut

this

is n

ot ta

ught

in m

ost

elec

tric

al c

lass

es a

nd

wou

ld g

ener

ally

req

uire

an

eng

inee

ring

stu

dy to

do

an

adeq

uate

eva

lua-

tion.

Thi

s m

ay b

e be

tter

suite

d fo

r A

rtic

le 3

10

with

a r

efer

ence

to

220.

61(C

)

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Cla

rify

C

ite th

e sp

eci fi

c A

rtic

le 3

10

sect

ion

that

is m

ore

suita

ble

for

the

info

rma-

tiona

l not

e

21

2.2.

1.3.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

10.5

2 D

wel

ling

Uni

t Rec

epta

cle

Out

lets

R

ecom

men

datio

n- c

onsi

der

addi

ng a

not

e to

210

.52

(E)

for

EV

and

PH

EV

rec

epta

cles

.

Thi

s re

com

men

datio

n so

unds

m

ore

like

a de

sign

issu

e an

d no

t a r

equi

rem

ent t

hat

mee

ts th

e pu

rpos

e of

the

Cod

e, w

hich

is th

e pr

actic

al s

afeg

uard

ing

of

pers

ons

and

prop

erty

fr

om h

azar

ds a

risi

ng f

rom

th

e us

e of

ele

ctri

city

. The

C

ode

cont

ains

pro

visi

ons

that

are

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y fo

r sa

fety

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Dis

agre

e 21

0.52

add

ress

es th

e ty

pe,

loca

tion,

and

spa

cing

of

dwel

ling

unit

outle

ts. T

he

sugg

estio

n re

late

s to

id

entif

ying

the

uniq

ue

requ

irem

ents

for

EV

and

PH

EV

out

lets

(con

tinue

d)

22

2.2.

1.3.

2 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

20.1

4 O

ther

Loa

ds

- A

ll O

ccup

anci

es

Rec

omm

enda

tion-

add

220

.14

(M)

EV

and

PH

EV

rec

epta

cles

.

Thi

s is

a la

rge

subj

ect t

hat

has

just

beg

un to

be

inve

stig

ated

. Util

ities

(E

USE

RC

) ar

e di

scus

sion

re

quir

ing

a se

para

te m

eter

fo

r PH

EV

’s a

nd E

V’s

. T

he lo

ads

need

to b

e id

enti fi

ed, b

ecau

se m

ost

char

gers

are

not

con

stan

t ra

te, h

avin

g a

bulk

, fl oa

t, an

d m

aint

enan

ce f

unct

ion

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Not

ed

Obs

erva

tion;

no

revi

sion

to

the

repo

rt is

req

uire

d

23

2.2.

1.3.

3 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: R

ecom

men

datio

n-

add

220.

14 (

M)

EV

and

PH

EV

re

cept

acle

s.

My

unde

rsta

ndin

g on

EV

and

PH

EV

is th

at th

e ra

ting

of

the

equi

pmen

t use

d va

ries

an

d th

eref

ore

the

outle

t E

V o

r PH

EV

rec

epta

cles

sh

ould

be

calc

ulat

ed

base

d on

the

ampe

re

ratin

g of

the

spec

i fi c

equi

pmen

t use

d.

Rec

omm

ende

d te

xt a

s fo

llow

s: (

M)

EV

and

PH

EV

Rec

epta

cles

O

utle

ts. A

n ou

tlet f

or E

V

and

PHE

V s

hall

be

calc

ulat

ed b

ased

on

the

ampe

re r

atin

g of

the

EV

an

d PH

EV

equ

ipm

ent

serv

ed

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

eed

Rev

ise

reco

mm

enda

tion

to

read

: 220

.14

(M)

EV

and

PH

EV

rec

epta

cles

ou

tlets

. An

outle

t for

EV

an

d PH

EV

sha

ll be

ca

lcul

ated

bas

ed o

n th

e am

pere

rat

ing

of th

e E

V

and

PHE

V e

quip

men

t se

rved

App

endi

x B

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Task

2

loca

tion

Com

men

tC

omm

ente

r’s

sugg

estio

nsC

omm

ente

rD

ate

rece

ived

Dis

posi

tion

Rem

arks

24

2.2.

1.3.

3 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

30.8

2 E

quip

men

t C

onne

cted

to th

e Su

pply

Sid

e of

Se

rvic

e D

isco

nnec

t R

ecom

men

datio

n- a

dd w

ind

pow

er s

yste

ms

to 2

30.8

2 (6

).

Rat

her

than

pro

vide

a li

st o

f ot

her

elec

tric

al s

ourc

es,

cons

ider

atio

n sh

ould

be

give

n to

rev

isin

g th

is

sect

ion

to in

clud

e al

tern

ate

pow

er s

ourc

es.

Tha

t will

not

be

limiti

ng

to f

utur

e te

chno

logi

es

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Part

ially

ag

reed

E

ITH

ER

rev

ise

reco

mm

en-

datio

n to

del

ete

refe

renc

e to

sol

ar p

hoto

volta

ic

syst

ems

and

fuel

cel

l sy

stem

s an

d co

llect

ivel

y re

fer

to th

ese

(and

win

d po

wer

) sy

stem

s as

al

tern

ate

pow

er s

ourc

es

OR

add

win

d po

wer

sy

stem

s to

the

list

25

2.2.

1.3.

3 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

30.8

2 E

quip

men

t C

onne

cted

to th

e Su

pply

Sid

e of

Se

rvic

e D

isco

nnec

t R

ecom

men

datio

n- a

dd w

ind

pow

er s

yste

ms

to 2

30.8

2 (6

).

See

com

men

ts to

Art

icle

90

Intr

oduc

tion

(Ref

er to

co

mm

ent 1

2)

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Not

ed

Thi

s co

mm

ent i

s in

con

fl ict

w

ith c

omm

ent 1

1.

Sugg

est t

hat t

he tw

o re

view

ers

reco

ncile

thei

r co

mm

ents

and

pro

vide

a

coor

dina

ted

resp

onse

26

2.

2.1.

4.1

Cur

rent

wor

ding

: 422

.31

Dis

conn

ectio

n of

Per

man

ently

C

onne

cted

App

lianc

es

Rec

omm

enda

tion-

aug

men

t 42

2.31

(A

) an

d (B

) fo

r ca

pabi

lity

to c

omm

unic

ate

with

sm

art m

eter

an

d E

MS

to b

oth

sens

e po

wer

st

atus

and

rem

otel

y di

scon

nect

ap

plia

nce

I do

n’t t

hink

this

is n

eces

sary

or

cor

rect

for

this

sec

tion.

T

his

sect

ion

addr

esse

s di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns f

or

serv

ice

and

mai

nten

ance

. T

he s

mar

t dev

ices

are

for

m

onito

ring

and

/or

cont

rolli

ng n

ot d

isco

n-ne

ctin

g to

pla

ce th

e eq

uipm

ent i

n a

safe

co

nditi

on to

ser

vice

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Dis

agre

e 42

2.1

stat

es th

at th

e ar

ticle

co

vers

ele

ctri

cal

appl

ianc

es in

any

oc

cupa

ncy.

If

the

inte

nt

of th

e se

ctio

n is

sol

ely

limite

d to

dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

for

ser

vice

and

m

aint

enan

ce, t

hen

the

scop

e st

ated

in 4

22.1

sh

ould

be

revi

sed

for

this

lim

itatio

n

(con

tinue

d)

27

2.2.

1.4.

2 C

urre

nt W

ordi

ng: 4

24.1

9 D

isco

nnec

ting

Mea

ns

Rec

omm

enda

tion-

aug

men

t 42

4.19

for

cap

abili

ty to

com

mu-

nica

te w

ith s

mar

t met

er a

nd E

MS

to b

oth

sens

e po

wer

sta

tus

and

rem

otel

y di

scon

nect

spa

ce-h

eat-

ing

equi

pmen

t

I do

n’t t

hink

this

is n

eces

sary

or

cor

rect

for

this

sec

tion.

T

his

sect

ion

addr

esse

s di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns f

or

serv

ice

and

mai

nten

ance

. T

he s

mar

t dev

ices

are

for

m

onito

ring

and

/or

cont

rolli

ng n

ot d

isco

n-ne

ctin

g to

pla

ce th

e eq

uipm

ent i

n a

safe

co

nditi

on to

ser

vice

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Dis

agre

e 42

4.1

stat

es th

at th

e ar

ticle

co

vers

fi xe

d el

ectr

ic

equi

pmen

t use

d fo

r sp

ace

heat

ing.

If

the

inte

nt o

f th

e se

ctio

n is

sol

ely

limite

d to

dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

for

ser

vice

and

m

aint

enan

ce, t

hen

the

scop

e st

ated

in 4

24.1

sh

ould

be

revi

sed

for

this

lim

itatio

n 28

2.

2.1.

4.3

Cur

rent

wor

ding

: 430

.75

Dis

conn

ectio

n R

ecom

men

datio

n-

augm

ent 4

30.7

5 fo

r ca

pabi

lity

to

com

mun

icat

e w

ith s

mar

t met

er

and

EM

S to

bot

h se

nse

pow

er

stat

us a

nd r

emot

ely

disc

onne

ct a

n in

divi

dual

mot

or

I do

n’t t

hink

this

is n

eces

sary

or

cor

rect

for

this

sec

tion.

T

his

sect

ion

addr

esse

s di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns f

or

serv

ice

and

mai

nten

ance

. T

he s

mar

t dev

ices

are

for

m

onito

ring

and

/or

cont

rolli

ng n

ot d

isco

n-ne

ctin

g to

pla

ce th

e eq

uipm

ent i

n a

safe

co

nditi

on to

ser

vice

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Dis

agre

e 43

0.1

stat

es th

at th

e ar

ticle

co

vers

mot

ors,

mot

or

bran

ch-c

ircu

it an

d fe

eder

co

nduc

tors

and

thei

r pr

otec

tion,

…. I

f th

e in

tent

of

the

sect

ion

is

sole

ly li

mite

d to

di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns f

or

serv

ice

and

mai

nten

ance

, th

en th

e sc

ope

stat

ed in

43

0.1

shou

ld b

e re

vise

d fo

r th

is li

mita

tion

App

endi

x B

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Task

2

loca

tion

Com

men

tC

omm

ente

r’s

sugg

estio

nsC

omm

ente

rD

ate

rece

ived

Dis

posi

tion

Rem

arks

29

2.2.

1.4.

4 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 4

40.1

1 D

isco

nnec

ting

Mea

ns, G

ener

al

Rec

omm

enda

tion-

aug

men

t 44

0.11

for

cap

abili

ty to

com

mu-

nica

te w

ith s

mar

t met

er a

nd E

MS

to b

oth

sens

e po

wer

sta

tus

and

rem

otel

y di

scon

nect

AC

/R

efri

gera

tion

equi

pmen

t.

I do

n’t t

hink

this

is n

eces

sary

or

cor

rect

for

this

sec

tion.

T

his

sect

ion

addr

esse

s di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns f

or

serv

ice

and

mai

nten

ance

. T

he s

mar

t dev

ices

are

for

m

onito

ring

and

/or

cont

rolli

ng n

ot d

isco

n-ne

ctin

g to

pla

ce th

e eq

uipm

ent i

n a

safe

co

nditi

on to

ser

vice

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Dis

agre

e 44

0.11

sta

tes

that

the

prov

isio

ns o

f Pa

rt I

I ar

e in

tend

ed to

req

uire

di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns

capa

ble

of d

isco

nnec

ting

air-

cond

ition

ing

and

refr

iger

atin

g eq

uipm

ent,

…If

the

inte

nt o

f th

e se

ctio

n is

sol

ely

limite

d to

dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

fo

r se

rvic

e an

d m

aint

e-na

nce,

then

the

scop

e st

ated

in 4

40.1

1 sh

ould

be

rev

ised

for

this

lim

itatio

n 30

2.

2.1.

4.5

Cur

rent

wor

ding

: 445

.18

Dis

conn

ectin

g M

eans

Req

uire

d fo

r G

ener

ator

s R

ecom

men

datio

n-

augm

ent 4

45.1

8 fo

r ca

pabi

lity

to

com

mun

icat

e w

ith s

mar

t met

er

and

EM

S to

bot

h se

nse

pow

er

stat

us a

nd r

emot

ely

star

t/sto

p on

-site

gen

erat

ors.

I do

n’t t

hink

this

is n

eces

sary

or

cor

rect

for

this

sec

tion.

T

his

sect

ion

addr

esse

s di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns f

or

serv

ice

and

mai

nten

ance

. T

he s

mar

t dev

ices

are

for

m

onito

ring

and

/or

cont

rolli

ng n

ot d

isco

n-ne

ctin

g to

pla

ce th

e eq

uipm

ent i

n a

safe

co

nditi

on to

ser

vice

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Dis

agre

e 44

5.1

stat

es th

at th

e ar

ticle

co

ntai

ns in

stal

latio

n an

d ot

her

requ

irem

ents

for

ge

nera

tors

. If

the

inte

nt

of th

e se

ctio

n is

sol

ely

limite

d to

dis

conn

ectin

g m

eans

for

ser

vice

and

m

aint

enan

ce, t

hen

the

scop

e st

ated

in 4

45.1

sh

ould

be

revi

sed

for

this

lim

itatio

n

(con

tinue

d)

31

2.2.

1.4.

6 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: R

ecom

men

datio

n-

augm

ent 4

80.5

for

cap

abili

ty to

co

mm

unic

ate

with

sm

art m

eter

an

d E

MS

to b

oth

sens

e po

wer

st

atus

and

rem

otel

y ch

arge

/di

scha

rge

batte

ries

.

Mos

t of

thes

e re

com

men

da-

tions

to p

rovi

de r

emot

e co

ntro

l of

cert

ain

syst

ems/

appl

ianc

es m

ake

sens

e an

d ar

e no

t ge

nera

lly c

ritic

al.

How

ever

, the

re a

re m

any

stor

age

batte

ry s

yste

ms

inst

alle

d th

at a

re c

ritic

al

for

cont

inui

ty o

f es

sent

ial

serv

ices

or

syst

ems,

and

it

may

be

argu

ed th

at

cont

rolli

ng th

e ch

arge

of

thos

e ba

ttery

sys

tem

s m

ight

com

prom

ise

the

inte

nt o

f th

e sy

stem

if n

ot

fully

cha

rged

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Agr

ee

Rev

ised

rec

omm

enda

tion-

au

gmen

t 480

.5 f

or

capa

bilit

y to

com

mun

i-ca

te w

ith s

mar

t met

er a

nd

EM

S to

bot

h se

nse

pow

er

stat

us a

nd r

emot

ely

char

ge o

r di

scha

rge

batte

ries

, unl

ess

the

stor

age

batte

ry s

yste

ms

are

criti

cal f

or c

ontin

uity

of

ess

entia

l ser

vice

s or

sy

stem

s

32

2.2.

1.4.

6 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 4

80.5

D

isco

nnec

ting

Mea

ns

Rec

omm

enda

tion-

aug

men

t 480

.5

for

capa

bilit

y to

com

mun

icat

e w

ith s

mar

t met

er a

nd E

MS

to

both

sen

se p

ower

sta

tus

and

rem

otel

y ch

arge

/dis

char

ge

batte

ries

.

I do

n’t t

hink

this

is n

eces

sary

or

cor

rect

for

this

sec

tion.

T

his

sect

ion

addr

esse

s di

scon

nect

ing

mea

ns f

or

serv

ice

and

mai

nten

ance

. T

he s

mar

t dev

ices

are

for

m

onito

ring

and

/or

cont

rolli

ng n

ot d

isco

n-ne

ctin

g to

pla

ce th

e eq

uipm

ent i

n a

safe

co

nditi

on to

ser

vice

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Dis

agre

e 48

0.1

stat

es th

at th

e pr

ovis

ions

of

this

art

icle

sh

all a

pply

to a

ll st

atio

nary

inst

alla

tions

of

stor

age

batte

ries

. If

the

inte

nt o

f th

e se

ctio

n is

so

lely

lim

ited

to

disc

onne

ctin

g m

eans

for

se

rvic

e an

d m

aint

enan

ce,

then

the

scop

e st

ated

in

480.

1 sh

ould

be

revi

sed

for

this

lim

itatio

n

App

endi

x B

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Task

2

loca

tion

Com

men

tC

omm

ente

r’s

sugg

estio

nsC

omm

ente

rD

ate

rece

ived

Dis

posi

tion

Rem

arks

33

2.2.

1.5.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 5

17.3

1 Sc

ope

- E

mer

genc

y Sy

stem

s R

ecom

men

datio

n- a

men

d se

ctio

n to

ens

ure

that

bot

h lif

e sa

fety

and

cr

itica

l bra

nche

s re

mai

n po

wer

ed

duri

ng lo

ad s

hedd

ing.

Thi

s sh

ould

n’t b

e ne

cess

ary

as th

e re

quir

emen

ts o

f C

haps

. 5, 6

, and

7

over

ride

Cha

ps. 1

–4.

Art

icle

517

(an

d ot

hers

) w

ill r

equi

re th

e lif

e-sa

fety

re

quir

emen

ts r

egar

dles

s of

the

reco

gniti

on o

r us

e of

sm

art g

rid

load

sh

eddi

ng f

or g

ener

al u

ses

Vin

ce B

acla

wsk

i w

orks

hop

note

s 3/

16/2

011

Cla

rify

R

eque

st c

omm

ente

r re

asse

ss

if th

e re

com

men

datio

n sh

ould

rem

ain

or b

e w

ithdr

awn

34

2.2.

1 N

ote

that

the

chan

ges

are

to s

ectio

ns,

not a

rtic

les

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d R

efer

ence

d ch

ange

d

35

Gen

eral

C

onsi

der

a ju

sti fi

catio

n se

ctio

n W

orks

hop

Gro

up

Com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 C

lari

fi ed

The

sub

stan

tiatio

n as

soci

ated

w

ith e

ach

artic

le

refe

renc

e is

inte

nded

to

func

tion

as th

e ju

sti fi

catio

n 36

G

ener

al

Thi

s sh

ould

als

o ap

ply

to m

anuf

ac-

ture

d ho

usin

g W

orks

hop

grou

p co

mm

ents

3/

29/2

011

Cla

rify

R

eque

st c

omm

ente

r id

entif

y sp

eci fi

c A

rtic

le 5

50

issu

es th

at s

houl

d be

ex

amin

ed

37

Tabl

e 2.1

Con

side

r ca

lling

thes

e “c

once

rns”

in

stea

d of

“su

gges

ted

revi

sion

s”

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d R

efer

ence

cha

nged

38

2.2.

1.1.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: R

evis

e (3

) to

rea

d “I

nsta

llatio

n of

con

duct

ors

and

equi

pmen

t tha

t con

nect

to th

e su

pply

sid

e of

ele

ctri

city

or

com

mun

icat

ion .

”

Don

’t u

se th

e w

ord

“sid

e”

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 C

lari

fi ed

NFP

A 7

0 25

0.2

uses

the

term

“s

uppl

y si

de”.

Els

ewhe

re

it is

hyp

hena

ted

(250

.30

A 2

) “s

uppl

y-si

de”

39

2.2.

1.2.

1 So

me

of th

ese

de fi n

ition

s ha

ve

alre

ady

been

add

ed to

in th

e ne

w

addi

tion

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d R

efer

ence

s to

sub

ject

s w

ith

dedi

cate

d ar

ticle

s re

mov

ed

(con

tinue

d)

40

2.2.

1.3.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

10.1

1 B

ranc

h C

ircu

its R

equi

red

Rec

omm

enda

tion-

add

not

e to

21

0.11

(C

) (1

) th

at s

mal

l-ap

pli-

ance

bra

nch

circ

uits

may

hav

e re

cept

acle

s w

hich

are

rem

otel

y m

onito

red/

cont

rolle

d.

Subs

tant

iatio

n- s

mar

t plu

gs m

ay

be in

stal

led

for

thes

e ci

rcui

ts.

Don

’t li

mit

to th

e de

vice

–

coul

d be

the

who

le

circ

uit

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d R

evis

ed r

ecom

men

datio

n-

add

info

rmat

iona

l not

e to

21

0.11

(C

) (1

) th

at

smal

l-ap

plia

nce

bran

ch

circ

uits

, or

rece

ptac

les

on

SAB

Cs,

may

be

rem

otel

y m

onito

red/

cont

rolle

d.

Subs

tant

iatio

n- s

mar

t pl

ugs

may

be

inst

alle

d fo

r th

ese

circ

uits

41

2.

2.1.

3.1

Cur

rent

wor

ding

: 210

.19(

A)

Info

rmat

iona

l Not

e W

here

the

maj

or p

ortio

n of

the

load

con

sist

s of

non

linea

r lo

ads,

har

mon

ics

curr

ents

may

incr

ease

the

resi

stiv

ity o

f th

e co

nduc

tor

lead

ing

to h

ighe

r vo

ltage

dro

ps

Con

duct

or s

izin

g m

ay b

e im

pact

ed –

we

don’

t hav

e th

e da

ta

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 C

lari

fy

Req

uest

com

men

ter

to

rest

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion

if a

rev

isio

n is

des

ired

42

2.2.

1.3.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

10.5

2 D

wel

ling

Uni

t Rec

epta

cle

Out

lets

R

ecom

men

datio

n- c

onsi

der

addi

ng a

not

e to

210

.52

(E)

for

EV

and

PH

EV

rec

epta

cles

Ref

er to

625

.3

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 C

lari

fy

Req

uest

com

men

ter

to

rest

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion

if a

rev

isio

n is

des

ired

App

endi

x B

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Task

2

loca

tion

Com

men

tC

omm

ente

r’s

sugg

estio

nsC

omm

ente

rD

ate

rece

ived

Dis

posi

tion

Rem

arks

43

2.2.

1.3.

2 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

15.2

(A)(

4)In

form

atio

nal N

ote

Rec

omm

enda

tion:

Add

In

form

atio

nal N

ote

No.

4 in

21

5.2(

A)(

4): W

here

the

maj

or

port

ion

of th

e lo

ad c

onsi

sts

of

nonl

inea

r lo

ads,

har

mon

ics

curr

ents

may

incr

ease

the

resi

stiv

ity o

f th

e co

nduc

tor

lead

ing

to h

ighe

r vo

ltage

dro

ps

May

not

be

nece

ssar

y –

anot

her

non

linea

r lo

ad

harm

onic

issu

e

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 C

lari

fy

Req

uest

com

men

ter

to

rest

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion

if a

rev

isio

n is

des

ired

.

44

2.2.

1.3.

3 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

20.4

4 R

ecep

tacl

e L

oads

- O

ther

Tha

n D

wel

ling

Uni

ts R

ecom

men

datio

n- c

onsi

der

addi

ng C

omm

erci

al E

V a

nd

PHE

V c

harg

ing

stat

ions

and

CE

S to

Tab

le 2

20.4

4

Term

CE

S –

cam

pus

rath

er

than

com

mun

ity –

CE

S is

a

DO

E p

rogr

am –

don

’t

use

this

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d D

elet

ed r

efer

ence

to C

ES

45

2.2.

1.3.

5 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 2

40.3

Tab

le 2

40.3

O

ther

Art

icle

s R

ecom

men

datio

n-

add

win

d po

wer

sys

tem

s, f

uel c

ell

syst

ems,

EV

and

PH

EV

cha

rgin

g st

atio

ns, a

nd C

ES

The

201

1 ed

ition

has

re

fere

nces

W

orks

hop

grou

p co

mm

ents

3/

29/2

011

Cla

ri fi e

d T

he 2

011

editi

on o

f N

FPA

70

has

ded

icat

ed a

rtic

les

for

win

d, f

uel c

ells

, and

E

V c

harg

ing,

but

the

tabl

e do

esn’

t ref

er to

th

em

46

2.2.

1.4.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 4

22.3

1 D

isco

nnec

tion

of P

erm

anen

tly

Con

nect

ed A

pplia

nces

R

ecom

men

datio

n- a

ugm

ent

422.

31 (

A)

and

(B)

for

capa

bilit

y to

com

mun

icat

e w

ith s

mar

t met

er

and

EM

S to

bot

h se

nse

pow

er

stat

us a

nd r

emot

ely

disc

onne

ct

appl

ianc

e

Nee

d in

fo o

n co

ntro

l W

orks

hop

grou

p co

mm

ents

3/

29/2

011

Agr

eed

Rev

ised

rec

omm

enda

tion-

au

gmen

t 422

.31

(A)

and

(B)

for

capa

bilit

y to

co

mm

unic

ate

with

sm

art

met

er a

nd E

MS

to b

oth

sens

e po

wer

sta

tus

and

rem

otel

y co

ntro

l/di

scon

nect

app

lianc

e

(con

tinue

d)

47

2.2.

1.7.

1 C

urre

nt w

ordi

ng: 7

00.4

Cap

acity

R

ecom

men

datio

n- a

men

d 70

0.4

(B)

to in

clud

e sa

fegu

ards

, suc

h as

a

diff

eren

t EM

S, a

gain

st th

e em

erge

ncy

syst

em b

eing

trea

ted

as a

reg

ular

sys

tem

for

the

purp

oses

of

load

she

ddin

g. A

lso

cons

ider

add

ing

pers

onne

l st

anda

rds

rega

rdin

g w

ho s

houl

d be

allo

wed

to d

eter

min

e w

hen

load

she

ddin

g is

app

ropr

iate

for

th

ese

syst

ems

Not

rea

lly p

erso

nnel

st

anda

rds

– it’

s ad

min

is-

trat

ive

cont

rol –

it’s

a 7

0E

issu

e

Wor

ksho

p gr

oup

Com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d E

limin

ated

the

last

sen

tenc

e of

the

reco

mm

enda

tion.

E

limin

ated

add

ition

al

sim

ilar

refe

renc

es in

N

FPA

70

Cha

p. 7

48

De fi

nitio

ns f

or a

cron

yms,

con

sist

ent

voca

bula

ry w

ith N

FPA

and

oth

er

orga

niza

tions

Wor

ksho

p B

lue

Gro

up

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d R

eque

st c

omm

ente

r to

cite

sp

eci fi

c ar

eas

of

disa

gree

men

t 49

Fo

cus

on w

hat a

re th

e im

med

iate

im

pact

s ve

rsus

fut

uris

tic

Wor

ksho

p B

lue

Gro

up

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 C

lari

fy

Req

uest

com

men

ter

to

clar

ify

if a

rev

isio

n is

re

ques

ted

50

Nee

d an

FC

C f

ocus

W

orks

hop

Blu

e G

roup

C

omm

ents

3/29

/201

1 C

lari

fy

Req

uest

com

men

ter

to

clar

ify

if a

rev

isio

n is

re

ques

ted

51

Rep

ort f

orm

at –

link

issu

es to

cod

e pr

ovis

ions

– p

rior

itize

W

orks

hop

Blu

e G

roup

co

mm

ents

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d Pr

iori

tizat

ion

will

be

cond

ucte

d as

par

t of

Task

4

52

2.3

Oth

er in

dust

ry s

tand

ards

that

sho

uld

be r

evie

wed

in a

dditi

on to

N

EM

A, I

EE

E, U

L, a

nd N

IST

PA

PS

CSA

, SA

E, I

EC

C, C

IEC

N

MX

, ISO

– w

e w

ant a

m

ore

glob

al fl

avor

Wor

ksho

p B

lue

Gro

up

com

men

ts

3/29

/201

1 A

gree

d R

evie

w o

f ad

ditio

nal

stan

dard

s is

des

irab

le,

how

ever

, thi

s is

out

side

th

e cu

rren

t sco

pe

App

endi

x B

(co

ntin

ued)

No.

Task

2

loca

tion

Com

men

tC

omm

ente

r’s

sugg

estio

nsC

omm

ente

rD

ate

rece

ived

Dis

posi

tion

Rem

arks

53

2.3

Oth

er in

dust

ry s

tand

ards

that

sho

uld

be r

evie

wed

in a

dditi

on to

N

EM

A, I

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Rem

arks

smart grid and nfpa electrical safety codes and standards

Engineering

general use

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exclusive use

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