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SMART GRID SOLUTION SMART GRID A Next-Generation Intelligent Power Grid for the Green Future

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Page 1: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

S M A R T G R I D S O L U T I O N

SMART GRIDA Next-Generation Intelligent Power Grid for the Green Future

Page 2: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

SMART GRIDLS Industrial Systems (LSIS) has long been the industry frontrunner in electric and automated solutions, providing innovative

technologies that bring convenience to humankind. Now, LSIS is laying the foundations for a happier future by building the

infrastructure named SMART GRID, a next-generation power grid for green growth. LSIS is turning your dreams into reality.

IT’S NECESSARY, NOT AN OPTION.

POWERFUL & CREATIVE CHALLENGE FOR

THE GREEN FUTURE

IT’S NECESSARY, NOT AN OPTION.

POWERFUL & CREATIVE CHALLENGE FOR

THE GREEN FUTURE

Page 3: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

INTRO SMART GRID 2 3INTRO SMART GRID 2 3

C O N T E N T S

04 _ Smart Grid Concept and Characteristics

08 _ Smart Grid Business Model

14 _ Smart Grid Products

16 _ LSIS’s Smart Grid Solution

18 _ Total Solution Provider

Page 4: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time
Page 5: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

NOW LEADING SMART GRID SOLUTION!

A world that exceeds your dreams in cutting-edge convenience.

A solution that exceeds our clients’ expectations in pure satisfaction.

Move toward a new future with LSIS’s “leading solution.”

Page 6: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

“LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.”

Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquirein real time the energy information they need, and uses this information toenable the supply, storage, consumption, and transaction of energy in the rightamount at the right time.

Keywords: Real-time signal, real-time measuring, demand response

1) Includes operators and managers

Ensures maximum efficiency in energy usage by enabling two-way, real-timesharing of power information between supplier and consumer.

■Maximizing energy efficiency

Naturally diffuses energy demand by channeling it toward low-rate hours, and encouragesvoluntary energy conservation by showing consumers usage volume and rate in real time.

■Motivating voluntary energy conservation

Contributes to the stable supply and distribution of new and renewable green energy,such as wind, solar, and nuclear power, which is prone to irregular generation volumes.

■Building the foundation for the diffusion of new and renewable energy

Dramatically improves the quality of electricity by using an intelligent power gridfor the advance detection and control of anomalies and malfunctions

■Improving the quality and reliability of electric power

What Is “Smart Grid”?

Why Is Smart Grid Necessary?

Smart Grid Diagram

A hardware infrastructure network that enables energy sharing between suppliers and users■Power Network

A network that enables the sharing of information about energy supply and demand■Communication Network

A network that enables precise transaction by quantifying energy value into price■Financial Network

Smart Grid Components

Integrated GasificationCombined Cycle (IGCC)

EnergyStorage

ChargeStation

Charge Spot

Superconducting Cable Air-Insulated

Switchgear

PhotovoltaicGeneration

PhotovoltaicGeneration

AMI Center

EMS

Wind Generation

Green Car

Green Car

HydrogenFueling Station

E-bike

Page 7: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

Power supply methodStructureCommunication methodTechnological baseEmergency recoveryMonitoring & inspectionControl systemPrice informationCustomer choice

Centralized powerRadial structureUnidirectional communicationAnalog / electronic-mechanicManual recoveryManual inspectionRegional control systemLimited price informationLimited choice of optional functions

Decentralized powerNetwork structureBidirectional communicationDigitalSemi-auto recovery, self-healingRemote inspectionPan-regional control systemAll-access price informationWide range of optional functions

■Diagram of Business Areas

Comparison of Current Grid and Smart Grid

Category Current Grid Smart Grid

Smart Grid Business Areas

Always dedicated to our customers, LSIS will use its superior services and technology to take convenient information sharingto a whole new level.

There is no more reason to hesitate before change.LSIS’s “Smart Grid” solution will be there to shine the way.

A next-generation intelligent powergrid for the green future—LSIS is opening the era of Smart Grid

Smart Grid Concept and Characterist ics 4 7

Smart Place

Smart Electricity Service

Provision of new electricity services

Smart Power Grid

Charging infrastructure for the vitalizationand operation of green cars

Infrastructure for efficient energy use

Smart Renewable

Smart Power Grid

Smart GridSmart Transportation

Diagram ofBusiness Areas

EMS DigitalSubstation

Solid InsulatedSwitchgear

Geothermal System

CCS (Capture &Storage of CO2)

Green Car/Charge Spot

Green Homes

LEDStreetlight

LED Display

Offshore Wind Farm

UnderwaterHDVC Cable

HVDC Station

BIPV

Fuel Cell Power Plant

Green Factory

Green Building

Underground Cable

Hydro Power Generation

Compact Substation

SuperconductingFault Current Limiter

Superconducting Fault Current Limiter

Smart Place Smart Transportation

Smart Elec. Service Smart Renewable

Intelligent grid infrastructure

Utilization ofclean energy

Page 8: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

THE BEST POSSIBLE GREEN SOLUTION

FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY, AND YOU!

A comprehensive Smart Grid solution optimized for the environment, the economy,

and the client! All the world’s eyes are now on LSIS.

Page 9: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

Smart Grid Business Model 8 9

Industry-leader LSIS is providing a comprehensive Smart Grid solution focused on new and renewable energy,

superconductors, energy storage, eco-friendly electrical machines, green cars, LED, power efficiency enhancement systems,

and power semiconductors. We are also working to make the vision of a Green Town built on Smart Grid technology a reality, by

building the necessary infrastructure for tomorrow’s Smart Green Homes, Smart Green Buildings, and Smart Green Factories.

Page 10: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

An Environment-friendly home that provides everythingnecessary to maintain complete comfort in a residentialenvironment through application of low-carbon green energyresources and AMI to maximize the energy efficiency

AMI, a demand response system based on the bi-directional communication, is a keyinfrastructure for Deployment of Smart Grid. AMI manages total electric power resources on demand side and provides the informationand services that enables the efficient energy use for electric company and customers.

SMART GREEN HOME

SMART ENERGY NETWORK

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

SMART GREEN BUILDING

A Green Building that maximizes the energy efficiency through low-carbon green energy resources and energy efficiency system andreduces the greenhouse gas emission and minimizes theenvironmental pollution by applying the environment-friendly devices

SMART GRID SOLUTION ISMART PLACE

Solar

Solar

E.V

E.V

ChargeSpot

Charge Spot

AC Drive

Energy

Storage DC Power Supply

Building Energy

Manaagement Center

I.H.D

Smart Home

Appliances

Fuel Cell

Fuel Cell

BIPV

LED Lamps

LED Lamps

Geo-Thermal

Concentrator

Smart Cabinet Panel

Smart Cabinet Panel

Smart Meter Smart Meter

Energy

Storage

Hybrid

Superconducting

Current Limiter

Solid Insulated

Switchgear

E-bike

Generation byRenewable Resources

�Wind Power Generation�Photovoltaic Generation�Hydro Power Generation

Power Transmission & Distribution

�Transmission & Distribution Line�Superconducting Cable�Underwater HDVC Cable

Decentralized PowerResources

�Energy Storage�Fuel Cell�CHP

Page 11: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

Smart Grid Business Model 10 11

SMART ENERGY PLATFORM

SMART GREEN FACTORY SMART GREEN SCHOOL

A factory that applied low-carbon energy resources, AMI,Environment-friendly devices and energy efficiency system tominimize the greenhouse gas emission, a waste of energy,and environmental pollution

A school that maximizes the energy efficiency through theapplication of renewable energy, energy efficiency system, rain-water detention system and provides environment-friendlyeducation with environment-friendly construction materials

Solar

Solar

Solar

E.V

E.V

E-Bus

E-Bike

Charge Spot

Charge Spot

AC Drive

Energy Storage

Energy Storage

CSS(Compact Substation)

LED Street LightLED Street Light

LED Ligght

LED Ligght

LED Lamp

LED Lamp

Factory Energy Management Center

Smart Meter

Smart Meter

Smart CabinetPanel

Smart CabinetPanel

School EnergyManagement Center

Fuel Cell

Fuel Cell

Hybrid

Superconducting

Current Limiter

Solid Insulated

Switchgear

Page 12: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

Infrastructure consisting of 220V power sources installed in individual homes and home communitiesfor easy and convenient charging

Slow charge method

LSIS’s EV Charge Solution consists of charging devices, stations, and operating systems for electric vehicles.

SMART TRANSPORTATION : EV Infrastructure

SMART GRID SOLUTION II

1. Home-based EV charging

1

2

3

4

Infrastructure for renting and changing batteries to instantly re-supply power, thus complementingthe lengthy charging time required for EVs

Battery change method2. Battery rental/replacement

Infrastructure for those who drive to work, with small chargers installed in company parking lots for recharging during work hours

Slow charge method3. Office-based EV charging

Infrastructure for rapid charging at EV quick-charge stations and short-term parking lotsat restaurants, stores, theatres, etc.

Quick charge method4. EV quick charging

Page 13: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

Smart Grid Business Model 12 13

SMART POWER GRID / SMART RENEWABLE

SMART GRID SOLUTION III

Energy Management SystemA large-scale power system control center that carries out economic load dispatch via effective system management

Electrical Equipment Control & Monitoring SystemOperational management and control of electrical equipment using digital relay

Substation Automation SystemReal-time monitoring and unmanned automatic operation of substations using digital relay

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition SystemReal-time monitoring of distant on-site equipment from the control center using a remote terminal unit (RTU)

Distribution Automation SystemMonitoring of distribution line switchgears, identification and recovery of malfunctions

Power Monitoring SystemMonitoring of electrical equipment in individual factories and buildings

Power Quality Monitoring System

Real-time management and analysis of power quality through the installation of PQ meters in main power supply systems

Advanced Metering InfrastructureCore infrastructure for the realization of a bidirectional communication-based information supply system andSmart Grid demand response (DR)

Power Equipment Diagnosis & Preventive System

A system that prevents malfunctions and accidents by constantly monitoring the functions of main facilities, andenables efficient equipment maintenance through the management of device-specific histories and databases

Decentralized power generation system comprising photovoltaic, fuel cell, and wind power, linked to thepower distribution network

EMS

ECMS

SAS

SCADA

DAS

PMS

PQMS

AMI

Renewable Power Generation

PDPS

Power EconomicsPower EconomicsProtectionProtection

Power QualityPower Quality

Diagnosis & MaintenanceDiagnosis & Maintenance

MOSMOS

Advanced MeteringInfrastructureAdvanced MeteringInfrastructure

ECMS

Utilities(GENCO)

Transmission Line

Distribution Line

Optimized Energy Information

Market Information

ECMS

SCADA, SAS DAS

PQMS

Analysis &

Monitoring System(PDPS)

PMS

AMI

Bidding & Posting

Diagnosis Data

Trader

Retailer

PQ Meter Transfer Switch

TRGIS

Cable DevicesSwitchgear

Call Center

Power Quality Devices(DVR, DSTATCOM)

Flow Control

TransmissionProtection Relay

DistributionProtection Relay FRU Digital

Protection Relay

RTU

Smart MetersBidirectional Communication

Residential Industry Commercial

TWBP Metering

Power Plant

SCADATransmission

SASSCADAPDPS

Substation

PMSPQMSAMI

Customer

GENCO-IT

Wind Power

Distribution

DASAMIPhotovoltatic Power

Page 14: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

•Began Korea’s first solar energy enterprise in 1986•Independent production of high-efficiency, high-quality photovoltaic modules•Differentiated tech support for customers (consulting, engineering, technical sales)

and turnkey solution capacity (from design to installation) for MW-class photovoltaic projects

•Actively carrying out photovoltaic inverter projects on the basis of actual experience in cutting-edge power electronics technology and photovoltaic systems

■Commanding more than 20 years of wide-ranging experience and technologies

Photovoltaic Energy

■Heightened cost competitiveness via independent development and mass production capacity

■Providing a total solution—from system installation and operation to maintenance—based on the utilization of client-specific applications

■Core equipment for constructing and operating smart and green buildings■ Intelligent digital circuit box capable of energy demand management, power quality monitoring, electrical safety monitoring,

and equipment monitoring for buildings and other large-scale consumers■Aimed at real-time integrated control and demand response (DR)

Fuel Cells

SMART GRID PRODUCTS

Smart Cabinet Panel (SCP)

•PCU (Power Control Unit): Green car motor control•On-Board Charger: Charging device equipped on PHEVs, EVs, etc.•EV-Relay: Power on-off between battery and PCU•PDU: Power distribution unit comprising the EV-relay, fuse, etc.

EV Charging

■Providing core electrical components for green cars based on over 20 years of accumulated technologies in power electronics and electrical devices

■Providing EV operating solutions including slow and quick charge stations

■Providing information on charging station locations and prices■Monitoring and protection of vehicle charge/depletion

conditions via the Battery Management System (BMS)

Electrical Components for Green Cars

SCP Local Monitoring & Control System Smart Meter System of SCPSCP

Smart Meter AMRUnit

ElectricSafety Unit

DemandControl & CBTripping Unit

Facility & CBMonitoring

Unit

DC PLCUnit

RS485 Multi-drop

Photovoltaic Module & System Photovoltaic Inverter Back-up Power Building System Generation System

Charger

EV-Relay

Power Control Unit

PowerDistribution Unit

Page 15: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

Smart Grid Products 14 15

※SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride): Powerful greenhouse gas with 23,000 times the GWP of carbon dioxide※ GIS: Gas Insulated Switchgear S-LBS: Solid Load Break Switch e-MOF: Eco-Friendly / Economic Metering Out Fit

DAIS: Dry Air Insulated Switchgear SIS: Solid Insulated Switchgear G-LBS: Gas Load Break SwitchOil-MOF: Oil Metering Out Fit

■Electrical devices that use eco-friendly technologies, including non-SF6 alternative insulation technologies, in response to international environmental regulations (Kyoto Protocol, REACH, WEEE)

■R&D and business projects for ensuring eco-friendliness across all categories of electrical devices (transmission, supply, reception) currently completed or underway

■Protection system that rapidly reduces problem currents in case of damage to the power system due to short circuits, lightning, etc.

■Development of a composite SFCL combining superconducting and high-speed switching technologies

Eco-Friendly Electrical Devices Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL)

SP6 Gas Insulated →Dry Air Insulated/World’s First

SP6 Gas Insulated →Solid Insulated/KERI Certified

SP6 Gas Insulated →Solid Insulated/KERI Certified/KEPCO Designated

Oil Insulated →Solid Insulated/KERI Certified

25.8kV GIS 25.8kV SISG-LBS

S-LBS

e-MOF

Oil-MOF Composite SFCLSupercon-ductor

High-Speed Switch

170kV DAIS

•FACTS (UPFC, etc.)•Power quality enhancers: Custom power devices

(DVR, etc.)

•Power modules for home appliances and display devices•Power modules for electrical automotive parts

•Motor Drives: Inverters, etc.•PCU for new/renewable energy•PCU for green cars

•UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)•Power Supplies

LED

■Switching device for power conversion and control, capable of handling high voltages and large currents�New/renewable energy inverters, green PCUs and motor drives, core components for high-efficiency home appliances

■Capable of manufacturing products, including AC Drives, tailored to the needs of customers who utilize power semiconductors

■Providing LED lighting, LED imaging, and lighting control solutions using a differentiated PLT Integrated Network System (PINS) technology

Power Semiconductors

Large Capacity

Mid/Large Capacity

Mid/Small Capacity

RFID AC Drive

Reader Tag High Voltage AC Drive

170kV GIS(Transmission Class)

Low Voltage AC Drive

■Production efficiency enhancement and inventory minimization using RFID�Real-time monitoring system for integrated resources and energy efficiency enhancement

■Construction of Korea’s first mass production line for readers■Completion of Korea’s largest mass production line for tags (May 2006)■Providing RFID products that meet customers’ varying needs

•Asset management/tracking system•Distribution/logistics system•USN-based real-time location system (RTLS)

■AC Drive: Optimized control of AC motors at industrial sites and public/private facilities �Energy conservation and efficiency enhancement

■LSIS: Maintains unique status with over 40% of the domestic market share and 20 years of industry experience

•Percentage of industry-emitted green house gases: Approx. 34%•Some 20 million industrial motors use up 65% of the world’s industrial

power supply•AC Drives can reduce energy consumption by pumps and pans to 60%

•International patent acquired•2008: Field-tested at the KEPCO Gochang testing facility•2010: Scheduled for actual operation at Uiseong, Gyeongbuk Province

LED Fluorescent Light/Streetlight Image LED

Page 16: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

VViissiioonn 22001155

“How to Grow”

WWoorrlldd CCllaassss 33PP

People/Product/Process

AA CCuullttuurree ooff OOppeennnneessss

Flexibility/Faithfulness/R&R/Harmony

THE NEXT GLOBAL BEST IS SMART GRID

THE NEXT GLOBAL BEST LEADER IS LSIS

As a domestic pioneer in Smart Grid development with a decade of dedicated effort and experience in the power IT business,

LSIS possesses the finest portfolio in Korea in the field of Smart Grid technology. We are ready to launch a wide variety of core products

for Smart Grid, including smart meters, AMI systems, demand response (DR) systems, micro-grid solutions, power converters,

and automated power distribution systems. Building on such innovative solutions, we also have the capacity to build green homes,

green buildings, and green factories. Moreover, we have set out to create Korea’s first green village and green factory as model cases.

LSIS is moving forward to realize tomorrow’s vision of a green business based on green growth engines, including power line

communication and electric vehicle charging systems.

Page 17: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

Korea is the No. 1 nation in semiconductors and shipbuilding Now, LSIS will continue the legend in a new field

LSIS’s Smart Grid Solution 16 17

From low voltage to ultra high voltage, LSIS’s wide-ranging devices and systemshave been recognized worldwide for their efficient design and superior quality.We have acquired not only ISO9001 and 14001 certification, but also accreditationfrom such testing agencies as KEMA, TUV, CESI, ASTA, and KERI. We offer onlythe finest quality products made in accordance with various internationalstandards, including IEC, UL, ANSI, CCC, JIS, and KS. LSIS is a total-solutionprovider of electrical systems, from engineering, design, manufacturing,installation, and operation all the way to diagnosis and rationalization.

Electric Power | Electrical Equipment, Electrical Systems

LSIS is Korea’s first PLC, inverter, and DCS developer. A longstanding pioneer inKorea’s automation industry, LSIS uses its abundant experience in the industrialfacilities sector to provide the very best control equipment and systems requiringstate-of-the-art technologies. We offer total solutions in automation through theapplication of various products.

Automation | Automated Equipment, Industrial IT

LSIS produces and supplies copper pipes made from 99.99% pure coppercathodes, used as basic materials in electronics and heavy chemical industries,as well as stainless steel pipes, used for heavy chemicals, construction, andmachinery.

Metal Manufacturing and Processing

Set to play a key role in distribution innovation, our RFID business providesadvanced technologies optimized for application in our clients’ fields. We operatea reader production line with an annual output of 100,000 units and a tagproduction facility with an annual capacity of 100 million. We are also buildingand operating a pilot production line for power semiconductors, a corecomponent in power electronic devices. LSIS continues to uncover new businessareas, including eco-friendly energy-saving automobile parts and electricalenergy conversion devices.

New Businesses

Our Power Testing & Technology Institute is a KOLAS-accredited facilityproviding world-class testing and evaluation services, with a wide range oftesting equipment including Korea’s first privately-owned 1,600MVA short circuittester. Our testing center offers international credibility through strategicalliances and mutual recognition of test results with the US’s UL, EU’s CE, theNetherlands’ KEMA, and Italy’s CESI.

High-voltage testingLightning impulse test

Quality testingVCB open-close test

Short circuit testingACB cutoff test

Environmental testing High-temp continuation test

Power Testing & Technology Institute

Page 18: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

TOTAL SOLUTION PROVIDER

Our customers can judge the feasibility of adopting the Smart Grid solution based on precise technological offerings. Let LSIS take care of everything from understanding your needs and analyzing installation environments

and profitability, to providing thorough and prompt customer service.

■Monitoring and management of system operation

■Response to customer requests for modification

Analysis andDesign of

InstallationEnvironment

Analysis ofCustomer

Needs

Analysis ofEstimated

Installation Costs

ProfitabilityAnalysis

Execution ofTest/PilotProjects

SystemInstallation and LinkedResources

Management

Support

■Personal sessions for analyzing customers’ exact needs and requirements

■Cognitive environment analysis by the RF Analysis Team

■Network environment analysis by the NetworkDesign Team

■Estimation of installation costs and system integration costs based on analysis results

■Accurate profitability analysis using calculation analysis tools

■Testing of projected functions and screening of anomalies

■Optimal response to standard variation via remote upgrades

■Thorough and prompt customer service support

■System installation oversight and linkage with supersystem via middleware

Page 19: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

T H E N E X T G L O B A L B E S T L E A D E R I S L S I N D U S T R I A L S Y S T E M S

SMART GRID

The Key of Green Growth The Engine of Next Generat ion

Page 20: SMART GRID SOLUTION · “LSIS’s Smart Grid aspires to be the world’s very best.” Smart Grid is an infrastructure that allows suppliers1) and consumers to acquire in real time

LS Smart Grid BU

LS Tower, 1026-6 Hogye-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 431-848

w w w . l s i s . b i z 2011. 05