Smart Grid, Smart CityDistributed generation and storage trialsJuly 2014

• What is Distributed Generation and Distributed Storage? • The bigger picture – photovoltaic systems• Overview of trial themes and trial areas• Results from solar PV and wind trials• Results from gas fuel cell trials• Results from battery storage trials• Observations and Conclusions

Presentation Overview

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Distributed Generation Can generate electricity at small scale Connected to the electricity grid at the customer

end Examples - PV arrays (solar panels), small wind

turbines, fuel cells May be installed at customer premises or

connected directly to the network

Distributed Storage Can store energy (rechargeable batteries) Connected to the electricity grid at the customer

end Have controllable charge and discharge ability May be installed at customer premises or within

the network

Related benefits, impacts and challenges = Energy Resource Management (ERM)

What is distributed generation & distributed storage?

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The bigger picture - installation of photovoltaic systems

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*Graph  and table produced from Clean Energy Regulator, June 2014  and ABS Census 2011 data

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200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

Solar P

anel Gen

eration Ca

pacity (k

Wp)

State vs State

QLD

NSW

VIC

SA

WA

TAS

ACT

NT

State% occupied

housesTotal PV systems

SA 30.3% 169,896QLD 28.6% 385,134WA 21.9% 158,130

NSW 13.4% 265,431VIC 12.9% 217,091ACT 12.7% 14,412TAS 12.1% 21,413NT 6.8% 3,258

Aust. 18.6% 1,234,765

One-way electricity flow

Network considerations for distributed generation

Two way electricity flow, low penetration

Two way electricity flow, high penetration

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Voltage Impacts

Network Planning

Rural “Thin Grid” -Scone (Upper Gundy)

Urban “Smart Future” –Newcastle

“Suburban Saturation” –Newington

Trial Themes and Trial Areas

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Technology Suitability and Maturity

Grid Performance and Impacts

Customer and Network Value

Distributed Generation and Storage as “Found Resources”

Sydney trial area (Newington)

Overview Suburb built for 2000 Olympics Athlete Village Almost every house with Solar PV (1kW or

0.5kW), ~60% townhouses, 40% apartments Approx. 1,800 customers supplied by

Homebush Bay Panel 13, 11kV feeder Underground network with 9 pad mount LV

transformers Around 1,020 PV systems with a total capacity

of 982kWp connected to the 11kV feeder

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Trials and modelling Feeder reconfigured PV repair campaign indicated around 20 to

25% of systems not working Grid battery modelling and simulations (60kW) Data capture from smart meters

Newcastle trial area (Elermore Vale/ Wallsend South)

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Overview Mostly residential area of established houses Approx. 1,800 customers supplied by

Jesmond zone 80784 11kV feeder Overhead and underground network with 17

pole top and 6 pad mount LV transformers Around 200 PV systems with a total capacity

of 315kWpTrials and modelling 40 RedFlow Zinc Bromide customer batteries 25 BlueGen gas fuel cells 2 small wind turbines Grid battery modelling and simulations (1MW) High penetration modelling of photovoltaic

systems and customer batteries

Scone trial area (Upper Gundy)

Recloser

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Overview Rural area Feeder section supplied by Scone zone

80962 11kV feeder (Miranee Rd recloser) 31 NMIs (20 customers) on section Overhead network with 24 pole top LV

transformers Total photovoltaic capacity of 15kWp on

feeder section

Trials and modelling 20 RedFlow Zinc Bromide customer batteries 8 small wind turbines High DGDS penetration trial with a generator

Distributed Generation – Renewable sources

Photovoltaic systems Typically systems <10kW on residential roofs Mature technology Established installation and connection

policies and procedures

Small wind turbines Very low penetration More suitable for rural areas 10 x 2.4kW rated, tail-less horizontal-

axis small wind turbines

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High penetration solar PV - Newington (clear solar)

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11kV

 feed

er lo

ad (k

VA)

TIME (AEST) on 30/09/2012

11kV feeder load (~1MWp and 60% of customers)

Average load (10 mins)

Minimum load (10 mins)

Maximum load (10 mins)

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High penetration solar PV - Newington (intermittent solar)

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11kV

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er lo

ad (k

VA)

TIME (AEST) on 29/09/2012

11kV feeder load (~1MWp and 60% of customers)

Average load (10 mins)

Minimum load (10 mins)

Maximum load (10 mins)

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Wind turbine – highly intermittent power

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Effect on low voltage network of high penetration DGDS

Newcastle trial area (Elermore Vale), Close St. transformer Measurement of low voltage

phase at the transformer and end of distributor Reverse power flow through

pole top transformer Within voltage ranges (230v

+10%, -6%) but close to limits at the end of the line

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Using the smart grid for voltage management

Newcastle trial area (Elermore Vale), Kerry Av. transformer, high penetration of batteries Voltage ranges before and after transformer tap changes

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Summer peak demand effects – Solar PV (Newcastle)

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Ausgrid system peak time (4:30-5:00pm AEDST) Jesmond 11kV feeder peak time (5:30-6:00pm AEDST) 20% of 352kWp feeder PV capacity generating between 5:30-6:00pm

Summer peak demand effects – Solar PV (Newington)

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Ausgrid system peak time (4:30-5:00pm AEDST) Homebush Bay Panel 13, 11kV feeder peak time (7:00-7:30pm AEDST) 0% of 982kWp feeder PV capacity generating between 7:00-7:30pm

Summer peak demand effects – Solar PV (Gundy)

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Ausgrid system peak time (4:30-5:00pm AEDST) Scone 11kV feeder peak time (6:30-7:00pm AEDST) 2% of 115kWp feeder PV capacity generating between 6:30-7:00pm

Distributed Generation – Controllable gas fuel cells

Solid oxide fuel cell Runs on natural gas supply Electrical output can be modulated (0.5-1.5kW) Size of dishwasher Requires natural gas, water, electricity and

communications systemsCogeneration system Waste heat recovery system Domestic hot water tank Gas instant hot water booster Improves overall system efficiency

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Control system BlueGen Net online portal

was used to control operation on a scheduled basis

Electrical efficiency At 1.5kW, ~53% Modulating 0.5-1.5kW,

~40% At 0.5kW, ~36%

Modulating power output – efficiency effects

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Fuel cell generation vs household consumption

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Average Po

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W per 30 mins)

Effect of fuel cell operation on household consumption

Household profile

Constant 1.5kW power

Modulated to 1.5kW (2pm‐10pm)

Typical average residential customer in Newcastle LGA, ~16kWh/day Gas fuel cell trialled capable of generating 36kWh/day (1.5kW power 24/7) Graph of participant usage ~28kWh/day summer average (40kWh on day shown)

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Cogeneration - Waste heat recovery performance

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Waste heat recovery highly dependent on customer hot water usage patterns. On average ~8 to 10% extra system efficiency.

Distributed Storage – customer versus grid

Customer Battery Storage Generates 5kW output up to 2 hours Weighs close to 500kg Size of a narrow household fridge Connected at the meter board Zinc Bromide flow battery

Grid Battery Storage Storage size 60kW for 2 hours 120kWh Lithium Ion batteries Size of a 20 ft container Directly connected to the local network

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Customer battery control and operation

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Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS) Vendor software hosted on Ausgrid servers Operator dashboard of network measurement points Additional control software developed by Ausgrid for improved control and automation

DR Mode Description of Demand Response Mode

DRM0 Operate the disconnection deviceDRM1 Do not consume energyDRM2 Do not consume at more than 50% of rated power

DRM3 Do not consume at more than 75% of rated power AND Generate reactive power if capable

DRM4 Increase power consumption (subject to constraints from other active DRMs)DRM5 Do not generate energyDRM6 Do not generate at more than 50% of rated power

DRM7 Do not generate at more than 75% of rated power AND Consume reactive power if capable

DRM8 Increase power generation (subject to constraints from other active DRMs)

Three modes of operation Daily scheduled charge/ discharge Operator controlled charge/ discharge based on peak event and real-time information Automated control based on pre-defined settingsStandards for Demand Response Modes (in development) Latest AS4777 draft for Inverter Energy Systems proposes to incorporate standard

Demand Response Modes and Interfaces similar to appliances under AS4755

Battery performance – summer peak day 5 (full power)

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Average A

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 Power (kW)

Elermore Vale Battery Performance (40 batteries) ‐ 30 November 2012

Actual performance

Ideal performance

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Battery performance – summer peak day 1 (half power)

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Elermore Vale Battery Performance (40 batteries) ‐ 18 January 2013

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Summer peak reduction

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Average Active Po

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Peak reduction effect of batteries on Jesmond feeder load: 18 January 2013

Estimated feeder Load (no batteries)

Actual feeder load (with  actual battery operation)

Estimated feeder load (ideal battery operation)

Actual: 0.4% (24kW)Ideal: 1.7% (91kW)

Theoretical Max. : 3.7% (200kW)

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3.5‐4 hrs

Single household (winter day) – no DGDS

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Evening peak

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Single household (winter day) – with DGDS (load matching)

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Export to grid Newington Feeder (,000 kW)

Battery charging Battery in load matching

Battery discharge and stripping

Exporting during peak times

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Single household (summer day) – no DGDS

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Air conditioner demand response 

Single household (summer day) – with DGDS (load matching)

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House load Import from grid Export to grid Newington Feeder (,000 kW)

Battery charging Battery in load following 

Battery runs out of charge, 48kWh used on this day and 15kWh between 2pm to 8pm

Photovoltaic systems• Mature technology• Long-term system performance?Small wind turbines• Mature technology, but high cost compared to PV• Not suitable in urban residential areas due to planning restrictions• More suitable in rural areas but restricted by local wind resourcesSolid Oxide Fuel cells• Still a maturing technology and multi-utility integration• Most suited to customers with high consumption• Most suited to areas with good utility services (gas, electricity, water)Zinc Bromide customer batteries• Still a maturing technology• Suitability depends on battery operation and characteristicsStandard control interfaces and battery operation• Standard control interfaces on Inverter Energy Systems still in early

stages of development

Technology Suitability & Maturity - Observations/Conclusions

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High penetration of distributed generation (Solar PV)• Key issues are voltage impacts• Impacts determined by network characteristics (not just

penetration)• Rural (thin) networks more influenced by high penetrations

Network monitoring and smart grid• Network monitoring can assist in voltage management

(including meters and other devices)

Customer batteries• Batteries can potentially be used to alleviate voltage impacts• Effectiveness is highly dependent on operation and functions

Grid Performance and Impacts – Observations/ Conclusions

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Photovoltaic systems• Current installations are driven by customer value resulting from

falling solar costs, government incentives and rising electricity prices• For networks, most DG can be considered “found resources”• Network value in reducing local peak demand is diminishedSmall wind turbines• Customer value is lower than similar sized PV system• Local wind resources harder to determineSolid Oxide Fuel Cells• Customer value is highly dependent on customer consumption• Better customer value obtained in regions with low gas pricesZinc bromide customer batteries• Customer value is highly dependent on load patterns, metering

configuration and battery operation and characteristics• Advanced battery functions allow greater customer benefits• Distributed batteries can potentially be used to reduce network peaks• Opportunities may exist for customer demand response incentives

Customer and Network Value – Observations/ Conclusions

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