smart mail box
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1. INTRODUCTION
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
Transmitter Section
Receiver Section
Green Led
Red Led
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MAIL-BOX SENSOR[IRPair]
RFTRANSMITTER
[FA100A]
BUZZER
MICROCONTROL
LER
[89C51]
RF RECEIVER
[PCR2A]
LC MOULE
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Block Diaram Discri!tion
MicrocontrollerA!"#C$%
In this pro'ect (e ha)e used the microcontroller A!"cS$%* a hi+hly sophisticated controller
from the ",$% family -ecause of a num-er of reasons. It has ",$% compati-le instruction
set and architecture (hich is uite familiar and easily pro+rammed usin+ assem-ly
lan+ua+e* since assem-ly lan+ua+e reuires in depth /no(led+e of the architecture and
instruction set .
Sensor
In this pro'ect (e use sensor as a IR !ransmitter& recei)er. !hese simple de)ices operates
at #0,nm and (or/ (ell for +eneric IR systems includin+ remot control and touch1less
o-'ect sensin+.usin+ a simple ADC on any microcontroller (ill allo( )aria-le readin+ to
-e collected from the detector
R2 Module
!he R2 module* as the name su++ests* operates at Radio freuency. !he correspondin+
freuency ran+e )aries -et(een 3,/h4&3,,Gh4.this R2 module comprises of an R2
!ransmitter& an R2 Recei)er.this pair operates at a freuency of 030mh4. !ransmitter
recei)es srrial data and transmit it (irelessly and recei)er recei)e it.!he transmission occur
at a rate of %/-ps1%,/-ps.
Mail15o6
Mail -o6 is placed to collect mails or in)itations from outside of the house. A pri)ete -o6*
at a home* into (hich mail is deli)ered -y the mail carrier.
LCD Module
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In recent years the LCD is findin+ (idespread use replacin+ LEDs. A simple %7 character
display of 8 ro(s is connected to the circuit to sho( address and data at any memory
location. !his LCD is also used to pro)ide different messa+es to the user.
"LO#C$ART
Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly
Start
Lette
r
arri)
al9
Cou
nt
%$9
Mail
-o6
open
9
Ac/no
(led+e
ment9
Initiali4e the system
Indicate mail -o6 full* on the
-o6 full led* on -u44er &led
!urn off -u44er* led
Increment mail count*
display it * turn on -u44er
&led
:o
;es
:o
;es
:o
;es
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM D%SCRI&TION
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R%CTI"I%R UNIT
?e ha)e to con)ert AC )olta+e to DC usin+ rectifier. 5rid+e rectifier is used. !his o@p
)olta+e often rectifier is in rippled form* so (e ha)e to remo)e ripples from DC )olta+e.
!he diodes are %:0,,B.
IN&UT "ILT%R
Capacitor acts as filter. !he principle of the capacitor is char+in+ and dischar+in+. It
char+es in the positi)e half cycle of the AC )olta+e and it (ill dischar+e in the ne+ati)e
half cycle. So this allo(s only AC )olta+e and does not allo( the DC )olta+e. !his filter is
fi6ed -efore the re+ulator. !he capacitor used here is %,,, u2* 8$.
R%GULATOR UNIT
Re+ulator re+ulates the o@p )olta+e constant depends on upon the re+ulator. !he re+ulator
used is B",$ for positi)e $ re+ulation. It has 3 pins.
%. input pin
8. +round pin
3. output pin
OUT&UT "ILT%R
Capacitor acts as filter. !he principle of the capacitor is char+in+ and dischar+in+. It
char+es in positi)e half cycle of the AC )olta+e an it (ill dischar+e in ne+ati)e half cycle.
So it allo( only allo(s AC )olta+e and does not allo( the DC )olta+e. !his filterer fi6ed
after the re+ulator. !he capacitor used here is a %u2.
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'.( MICROCONTROLL%R UNIT )AT*+C,1-
!he A!"#C$% is a lo(1po(er* hi+h1performance CMOS "1-it microcomputer (ith
0 -ytes of 2lash pro+ramma-le and erasa-le read only memory
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supports t(o soft(are selecta-le po(er sa)in+ modes. !he Idle Mode stops the C !CO:* !MOD* SCO:*
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"IGUR% &IN DIAGRAM O" *+C,1
&in Descri!tion
/CC Supply )olta+e.
GND Ground.
&ort 0
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&ort (
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&S%N
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2lash memory can -e erased in seconds compared to 8, minutes needed for "B$%.
2or this reason "#C$% is used in place of "B$% to eliminate the (aitin+ time needed to
erase the chip and there-y speed up the de)elopment time. !he de)elopment system
reuires a ROM -urner that supports flash memory. !he entire contents of ROM should -e
erased in order to pro+ram it a+ain the
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!he heart of "#C$% is the circuitry that +enerates the cloc/ pulses -y (hich all
internal operations are synchroni4ed.
access. !he D
A 9 B C&U reisters
!he A and 5 re+ister holds results of many operations* particularly math and lo+ical
operations. !he A re+ister is also used for all data transfers -et(een the "#C$% and any
e6ternal memory.
"las 9 &roram Stat5s #or2
2la+s are % -it re+isters pro)ided to store the result of certain pro+ram instructions.
!he fla+s are +roups inside the pro+ram status (ord and the po(er control
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suita-le circuits. =nli/e micro1controller (ith a on :eumann architecture* (hich can use
a sin+le memory address for either pro+ram code or data* -ut not for -oth* the "#C$% ha)e
Har)ard architecture* (hich uses the same address* in different memories* for code and
data. Internal security accesses the correct memory -ased on the nature of operation in
pro+ress.
Internal RAM
It had %8" internal RAM* (hich is or+ani4ed* into distinct areas. 38 -ytes from
address ,,H to %2H that ma/e up thirty t(o (or/in+ re+isters or+ani4ed as four -ands of
ei+ht re+isters each. A -it addressa-le area of si6teen -ytes occupies ram -yte addresses
8,H to 82H. A +eneral purpose RAM area a-o)e the -it area from 3,H to B2H addressa-le
as -ytes.
Stack an2 Stack &ointer
!he stac/ refers to an area of internal ram that is used in con'unction (ith certain
op codes to store and retrie)e data uic/ly. !he ei+ht1-it stac/ pointer re+ister is used to
hold an internal ram address called the top of the stac/. !he address held in the S< re+ister
is the location in the internal ram (here the last -yte of data (as stored -y a stac/
operation.
?hen data is to -e placed on the stac/ the S< increments -efore storin+ data on the
stac/ up +ro(s* as data is stored. As data is retrie)ed from the stac/* the -yte is read from
the stac/* and then the S< decrements to point to the ne6t a)aila-le -yte of stored data. !he
S< is set to ,BH (hen the "#C$% is reset and can -e chan+ed to any internal ram addressed
-y the pro+rammer.
S!ecial "5nction Reisters
!he "#C$% operations that do not use the internal ram address from ,,H to B2H are
done -y a +roup of specific internal re+isters each called special function re+isters* (hich
may -e addressed much li/e internal ram* usin+ addresses from ",%% to 22H. Some S2RFs
are also -it addressa-le. !his feature allo(s the pro+rammer to chan+e only (hat needs to
-e altered* lea)in+ the remainin+ -its in that S2R unchan+ed.
In!5t6O5t!5t !ins: &orts an2 Circ5its
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&in Alternate Use S"R
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!he timers ha)e -een included on the chip to relie)e the processor of timin+ and
countin+ chores. ?hen the pro+ram (ished to count a certain num-er of internal pulses or
e6ternal e)ents* a num-er is placed in one of the counters. !he num-er represents the
ma6imum count less the decide count* plus %.!he counter increments from the initial
num-er to the ma6imum and then roles o)er to , on the final pulse and also set a timer
fla+. !he fla+ condition may -e tested -y an instruction to tell the pro+ram that the count
has -een accomplished* or the fla+ may -e used to interrupt the pro+ram.
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RF MOULE
An R" mo25leradio freuency module is a usually small electronic circuit used
to transmit and@or recei)e radio si+nals on one of a num-er of carrier freuencies. R2
modules are (idely used in electronic desi+n o(in+ to the difficulty of desi+nin+ radio
circuitry. Good electronic radio desi+n is notoriously comple6 -ecause of the sensiti)ity of
radio circuits and the accuracy of components and layouts reuired to achie)e operation on
a specific freuency. Desi+n en+ineers (ill desi+n a circuit for an application (hich
reuires radio communication and then Kdrop inK a radio module rather than attempt a
discretedesi+n* sa)in+ time and money on de)elopment.
R2 modules are most often used in medium and lo( )olume products for
consumer applications such as +ara+e door openers* (ireless alarm systems* industrial
remote controls* smart sensor applications* and (ireless home automation systems. !hey
are sometimes used to replace older infra redcommunication desi+ns as they ha)e the
ad)anta+e of not reuirin+ line1of1si+ht operation.
Several carrier frequencies are commonly used in commercially-
available R modules! includin" 433#92 $%&! 315 $%&! 868 $%& and
915 $% '(ese frequencies are used because of na)ional and
in)erna)ional re"ula)ions "overnin" )(e used of radio for communica)ion
*++lica)ions,
ehicle monitorin+
Remote control
!elemetry
Small1ran+e (ireless net(or/
?ireless meter readin+
Access control systems
?ireless home security systems
Area pa+in+
Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_device -
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Industrial data acuisition system
Radio ta+s readin+
R2 contactless smart cards
?ireless data terminals
?ireless fire protection systems
R 'ransmi))er
*n R )ransmi))er module is a small ./ sub-assemblyca+able of
)ransmi))in" a radio ave and modula)in" )(a) ave )o carry da)a#'ransmi))er modules are usually im+lemen)ed alon"side a micro
con)roller (ic( ill +rovide da)a )o )(e module (ic( can be
)ransmi))ed# i) is also a +ar) of )ransreceiver#
S100*'ransmi))er $odule,- This low cost RF transmitter can be used to
transmit signal up to 100 meters (the antenna design, working environment and supply
voltage will seriously impact the effective distance) !t"s good for short distance, battery
power device development
#ey $enefits, F%1000& 'ireless Radio Transmitting odule*
'ide input supply (+ - to 1+-)
.asy to integrate (-/, 2 and 2ata)
2evice in deep sleep mode when 2ata pin is grounded
-ery small dimension
R Receiver
*n R receiver module is ca+able of recevin" a si"nal from )(e
)ransmi))er sec)ion#mos) cases )(e receiver sec)ion mus) be +laced
adus)an) )o )(e microcon)roller
Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_terminalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_Circuit_Board_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_terminalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_Circuit_Board_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_controller -
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.R2*Recevin" $odule,- '(is R Receiver can be useb )o receive
si"nal from )(e )ransmi))er S100*#
S+ecica)ions,-
:ominal )olta+e> DC$,.$
operatin+ current>$mA
operatin+ freuency> 3%$MH@033MH
2IG> !ransmitter&Recei)er Module2S%,,A&
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RF Receiver
PinNo
Function Name
1 round (0-) round+ %erial data output pin 2ata
3 6inear output pin4 not connected 7
5 %upply voltage4 - -cc
%upply voltage4 - -cc
8 round (0-) round
9 round (0-) round
: &ntenna input pin &T
ncoder
*n E!"#$%r is a device! circui)! )ransducer! sof)are +ro"ram!
al"ori)(m or +erson )(a) der,-informa)ion from one forma) der,-ano)(er!
for )(e +ur+oses of s)andardi&a)ion! s+eed! secrecy! securi)y or
com+ressions#
%'12 ncoder .,-;T1+. is a +arallel data inputs into serial outputs These bits are classified into :
(&0*&9) address bits and 5(&20*&23) data bits ?sing the address pins we can provide :
bit security code for secured data transmission between the encoder and the decoder
The encoder and decoder should use the same address and data format ;T1+. is
capable of operating in a wide -oltage range from +5- to 1+- and also consists of a built
in oscillator .
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ecoder
A Deco2eris a de)ice (hich does the re)erse operation of anencoder* undoin+ the
encodin+ so that the ori+inal information can -e retrie)ed. !he same method used to
encode is usually 'ust re)ersed in order to decode. It is a com-inational circuit that con)erts
-inary information from n input lines to a ma6imum of 8nuniue output lines.
H!%8D Decoder IC:- HT12D is a decoder integrated circuitthat belongs to +1+ series of
decoders This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications,
like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc !t is mainly provided to interface
RF and infrared circuits They are paired with +1+series of encoders The chosen pair of
encoder@decoder should have same number of addresses and data format
!n simple terms, ;T1+2 converts the serial input into parallel outputs !t decodes
the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and
sends them to output data pins The serial input data is compared with the local
addresses three times continuously The input data code is decoded when no error or
unmatched codes are found & valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at -T pin
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IR SENSOR
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain
characteristics of its surroundin+s -y either emittin+ and@or detectin+ infrared radiation. It
is also capa-le of measurin+ heat of an o-'ect and detectin+ motion. Infrared (a)es are not
)isi-le to the human eye.
In the electroma+netic spectrum* infrared radiation is the re+ion ha)in+ (a)elen+ths
lon+er than )isi-le li+ht (a)elen+ths* -ut shorter than micro(a)es. !he infrared re+ion is
appro6imately demarcated from ,.B$ to %,,,Nm. !he (a)elen+th re+ion from ,.B$ to 3Nm
is termed as near infrared* the re+ion from 3 to 7Nm is termed mid1infrared* and the re+ion
hi+her than 7Nm is termed as far infrared.
Infrared technolo+y is found in many of our e)eryday products. 2or e6ample* ! has
an IR detector for interpretin+ the si+nal from the remote control. ey -enefits of infrared
sensors include lo( po(er reuirements* simple circuitry* and their porta-le feature.
#orkin &rinci!le
A typical system for detectin+ infrared radiation usin+ infrared sensors includes the
infrared source such as -lac/-ody radiators* tun+sten lamps* and silicon car-ide. In case of
acti)e IR sensors* the sources are infrared lasers and LEDs of specific IR (a)elen+ths.
:e6t is the transmission medium used for infrared transmission* (hich includes )acuum*
the atmosphere* and optical fi-ers.
!hirdly* optical components such as optical lenses made from uart4* Ca28* Ge and
Si* polyethylene 2resnel lenses* and Al or Au mirrors* are used to con)er+e or focus
infrared radiation. Li/e(ise* to limit spectral response* -and1pass filters are ideal.
2inally* the infrared detector completes the system for detectin+ infrared radiation.
!he output from the detector is usually )ery small* and hence pre1amplifiers coupled (ith
circuitry are added to further process the recei)ed si+nals.
IR Sensors (or/ -y usin+ a specific li+ht sensor to detect a select li+ht (a)elen+th
in the Infra1Red IR spectrum. 5y usin+ an LED (hich produces li+ht at the same
(a)elen+th as (hat the sensor is loo/in+ for* you can loo/ at the intensity of the recei)ed
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li+ht. ?hen an o-'ect is close to the sensor* the li+ht from the LED -ounces off the o-'ect
and into the li+ht sensor. !his results in a lar+e 'ump in the intensity* (hich (e already
/no( can -e detected usin+ a threshold.
E&%'%!() O* i!*rar%$ %(%"(i!+ S,)(%'
& typical system for detecting infrared radiation is given in the following
block diagram>
1
1. Infrared Source
&ll obAects above 0 # radiate infrared energy and hence are infrared
sources !nfrared sources also include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon
carbide, and various others For active !R sensors, infrared 6asers and 6.2s ofspecific !R wavelengths are used as !R sources
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2.Transmission Medium
Three main types of transmission medium used for !nfrared transmission
are vacuum, the atmosphere, and optical fibers
The transmission of !R B radiation is affected by presence of 7C+, water vapour
and other elements in the atmosphere 2ue to absorption by molecules of water
carbon dioDide, oEone, etc the atmosphere highly attenuates most !R wavelengths
leaving some important !R windows in the electromagnetic spectrum4 these are
primarily utiliEed by thermal imaging@ remote sensing applications
edium wave !R ('!R3* Gm)
6ong wave !R (6'!R:*15 Gm)
7hoice of !R band or a specific
wavelength is dictated by the technical re=uirements of a specific application
3. Optical Components.
Cften optical components are re=uired to converge or focus infrared
radiations, to limit spectral response, etc To converge@focus radiations, optical
lenses made of =uartE, 7aF+, e and %i, polyethylene Fresnel lenses, and mirrors
made of &l, &u or a similar material are used For limiting spectral responses,
bandpass filters are used 7hoppers are used to pass@ interrupt the !R beams
. Infrared detectors.
-arious types of detectors are used in !R sensors !mportant specifications
of detectors are
>hotosensitivity or Responsivity
Responsivity is the Cutput -oltage@7urrent per watt of incident energy ;igher the
better
oise .=uivalent >ower (.>)
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.> represents detection ability of a detector and is the amount of incident light
e=ual to intrinsic noise level of a detector
2etectivity(2H 2*star)
2H is the photosensitivity per unit area of a detector !t is a measure of %@ ratio of
a detector 2H is inversely proportional to .> 6arger 2H indicates better sensing
element
!n addition, wavelength region or temperature to be measured, response time,
cooling mechanism, active area, no of elements, package, linearity, stability,
temperature characteristics, etc are important parameters which need attention
while selecting !R detectors
!.Si"nal Processin"
%ince detector outputs are typically very small, preamplifiers with associated
circuitry are used to further process the received signals
;.1. LCD INT%R"AC%
In recent years the LCD is findin+ (idespread use replacin+ LEDs. A simple %7
character display of 8 ro(s is connected to the circuit to sho( address and data at any
memory location. !his LCD is also used to pro)ide different messa+es to the user. !he pin
details of LCD are as follo(s> CC and SS pro)ide $ and G:D respecti)ely* (hile
EE is used for controllin+ LCD contrast. !he EE is connected to G:D.
&in Diaram
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2i+".ierre 7urie !t is the phenomena of generating electricity when mechanicalpressure is applied to certain materials and the vice versa is also true
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)ransis)or# '(e lifes+an of an sur+asses )(e s(or) life of an
incandescen) bulb by )(ousands of (ours# 'iny s are already
re+lacin" )(e )ubes )(a) li"() u+ . %'
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;.. K%IL ? /ISION COM&IL%R
Nision is an IDE Inte+rated De)elopment En)ironment that helps you (rite*
compile* and de-u+ em-edded pro+rams. It encapsulates the follo(in+ components>
A pro'ect mana+er.
A ma/e facility.
!ool confi+uration.
Editor.
A po(erful de-u++er.
Nision adds many ne( features to the Editor li/e !e6t !emplates* uic/ 2unction
:a)i+ation* Synta6 Colorin+ (ith -race hi+hli+htin+* Confi+uration ?i4ard for dialo+
-ased startup and de-u++er setup.
B5il2in an A!!lication in ?/ision
!o -uild compile* assem-le* and lin/ an application in Nision* you must>
%. Select TC%77TEAM
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7. Select 5in an A!!lication in ?/ision(
!o de-u+ an application created usin+ Nision8* you must>
%. Select De-u+ 1 Start@Stop De-u+ Session.
8. =se the Step tool-ar -uttons to sin+le1step throu+h your pro+ram. ;ou may enter G:
mainin the Output ?indo( to e6ecute to the main C function.
3. Open the Serial ?indo( usin+ the Serial 1-utton on the tool-ar.
0. De-u+ your pro+ram usin+ standard options li/e Step* Go* 5rea/* and so on.
Device Database
A uniue feature of the eil Nision8 IDE is the De)ice Data-ase (hich contains
information a-out more than 0,, supported microcontrollers. ?hen you create a ne(
Nision8 pro'ect and select the tar+et chip from the data-ase* Nision8 sets all assem-ler*
compiler* lin/er* and de-u++er options for you. !he only option you must confi+ure is the
memory map.
As ne( de)ices -ecome a)aila-le* they are added to the data-ase alon+ (ith data
sheets and header files.
;.;.&ROGRAM ASS%MBL=
An em-edded system is a special purpose computer system* (hich is completely
encapsulated -y the de)ice it controls. It is called Qem-edded -ecause the micro controller
is inside some other systems. An em-edded system has specific reuirements and performs
pre1defined tas/s unli/e a +eneral purpose personal computer. An em-edded system is a
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com-ination of computer hard(are and soft(are and perhaps additional mechanical or
other parts* desi+ned to perform a dedicated function.
;.,.&ROT%US /%RSION .'
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Circ5it Sim5lation
At the heart of
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So5rce Level De>5in
?hilst
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PRO.RAM
#equ com!0fc(
#equ da)!0fd(
#equ eo)!0fe(
rese),mov s+!>30(
mov +1!>07(
mov +3!>00(
mov +0!>00(
mov +2!>00(
mov r4!>00(
mov d+)r!>ms"0
lcall messa"e
lcall delay
mov d+)r!>ms"1
lcall messa"e
re+, nb +1#0!coun)
nb +1#1!rese)
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sm+ re+
coun), inc r4
mov a!r4
cne a!>0f(!indi
mov +1!>17(
mov d+)r!>ms"2
lcall messa"e
sm+ de17
indi, se)b +1#3
se)b +1#5
nis(, nb +1#0!nis(
mov a!r4
lcall bcd
lcall ascii
lcall dis+lay
mov r3!>1f(
de1, mov r7!>01(
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de2, mov r6!>0(
de3, mov r5!>0(
de4, nb +1#0!coun)
nb +1#1!rese)
nb +1#2!ac:
dn& r5!de4
dn& r6!de3
dn& r7!de2
c+l +1#3
c+l +1#5
dn& r3!de1
clr +1#5
de5, mov r7!>01(
de6, mov r6!>0(
de7, mov r5!>0(
de8, nb +1#0!coun)
nb +1#1!rese)
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nb +1#2!ac:
dn& r5!de8
dn& r6!de7
dn& r7!de6
c+l +1#3
sm+ de5
ac:, clr +1#3
clr +1#5
sm+ re+
rese)1, lm+ rese)
mov r3!>1f(
de17,mov r7!>01(
de18,mov r6!>0(
de19,mov r5!>0(
de20, nb +1#1!rese)1
nb +1#2!ac:1
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dn& r5!de20
dn& r6!de19
dn& r7!de18
c+l +1#3
c+l +1#5
dn& r3!de17
clr +1#5
de13,mov r7!>01(
de14,mov r6!>0(
de15,mov r5!>0(
de16, nb +1#1!rese)1
nb +1#2!ac:1
dn& r5!de16
dn& r6!de15
dn& r7!de14
c+l +1#3
sm+ de13
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ac:1, clr +1#3
clr +1#5
crs), nb +1#1!rese)1
sm+ crs)
messa"e,
lcall ready
clr a
movc a!?a@d+)r
inc d+)r
cne a!>eo)!comd
re)
comd, cne a!>com!da)a
clr +2#5
sm+ messa"e
da)a,
cne a!>da)!sendi)
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se)b +2#5
sm+ messa"e
sendi), mov +0!a
clr +2#6
se)b +2#7
clr +2#7
sm+ messa"e
ready,
mov r0!+2
clr +2#7
mov +0!>0(
clr +2#5
se)b +2#6
ai),
clr +2#7
se)b +2#7
b +0#7!ai)
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clr +2#7
mov +2!r0
re)
ms"0, #db com!3c(!06(!0e(!01(!80(!da)!AB* $* /CDA!eo)
ms"1, #db com!3c(!06(!0e(!01(!80(!da)!AEF$/R C
$*SA!com!0.7(!da)!A00A!eo)
ms"2, #db com!3c(!06(!0e(!01(!80(!da)!A $* /CD-
FA!com!0.1(!da)!AEC C $*S 15A!eo)
bcd,
mov b!>0a(
div ab
mov r1!b
mov r2!a
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re)
ascii,
mov a!r1
anl a!>0f(
add a!>30(
mov r1!a
mov a!r2
anl a!>0f(
add a!>30(
mov r2!a
re)
dis+lay,
lcall messa"e2
mov a!r2
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lcall messa"e1
mov a!r1
lcall messa"e1
re)
messa"e2,
lcall ready
clr +2#5
mov +0!>0c7(
clr +2#6
se)b +2#7
clr +2#7
re)
messa"e1,lcall ready
se)b +2#5
mov +0!a
clr +2#6
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se)b +2#7
clr +2#7
re)
delay, mov r1!>06(
d1, lcall delay1
dn& r1!d1
re)
delay1,
de9, mov r7!>01(
de10,mov r6!>0(
de11,mov r5!>0(
de12,dn& r5!de12
dn& r6!de11
dn& r7!de10
re)
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,. "ABRICATION O" &CB
,.1.&CB D%SIGN
:o( a days the printed circuit it -oard hear after mention as
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a-solutely clear circuit dia+ram is a)aila-le* if necessary* (ith a component lists. Amon+
the components
reuirin+ input@ output connection come near the connection. All components are placed in
such a manner that disorderin+ of the components is not necessary if they ha)e to -e
replaced.
In the desi+nin+ of a
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a-ility for lon+ periods of se)eral months so that relia-le solder 'oints can -e produced
durin+
assem-ly.
Immersion platin+
Electroless platin+
Electroplatin+
%tc3in
!his can -e done -oth -y manual and mechanical (ays -y immersin+ the -oard
onto a solution of formic chloride and finally cleanin+ the -oard -y soap.
In all su-tracti)e
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pressure on the resistor -ody. ertically mounted resistors should not -e flush to the -oard
surface to a)oid strain on the solder 'oints as (ell as on the component lead 'unction due to
different thermal e6pansion
coefficients of lead and -oard materials* (here necessary resilient spaces to -e pro)ided.
Coated or sealed components should to -e mounted in such to pro)ide a certain len+th
alon+ the leads.Especially (hen plated throu+h holes (here the solder flo(s up in the hole*
clean lead of at least %mm a-o)e the -oard are recommended.
Drillin
Drillin+ of the component mountin+ holes into
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"lo@in c3aracteristics are reE5ire2 in a 4l5
It should pro)ed a co)er o)er materials and e6clusi)e air up to
the solderin+ temperature.
It should dissol)e any o6ide on the metal surfaces or on the solder and carry
such un(anted elements a(ay.
It should -e readily displaced from the metal -y the molten solderin+ operation.
Residues should -e remo)a-le after completion of the solder. !o achie)e a
soldered 'oint the solder and the -ase metal must -e heated a-o)e the meltin+ point of the
solder used. !he method -y (hich the necessary heat is applied* amon+ other thin+
depends on
:ature and type of the 'oint
Meltin+ point of the solder
"l5
Generally applied solderin+ methods are iron solderin+* torch solderin+* mass
solderin+* electrical
Solderin+ furnace solderin+ and other methods. Components are -asically mounted
only one said of the -oard. In dou-le1sided
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1/PCB LAOUT
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R%SULT 9 ANAL=SIS
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SCO&% AND SUGG%STIONS
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*. BIBILOGRA&$=
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