smart specialisation, culture, creativity and tourism …...tourism in italian convergence regions...
TRANSCRIPT
First SMARTER Conference on Smart Specialisation and Territorial Development
28-30 September 2016, Seville Spain
Smart specialisation, culture, creativity and
tourism in Italian convergence regions
Luciana Lazzeretti and Niccolò Innocenti
Department of Economics and Management
University of Florence
THE AIM OF THE WORK
This paper investigates whether cultural and creative industries
may be considered a driving force also for the less developed regions
in the South of Italy (the convergence regions) using a broad
approach in their definition (Lazzeretti and Capone 2015), which
includes also the tourist filiére.
In the present work we aim to answer the following questions:
What is the position of Italian convergence regions in creative and
tourist industries?
What is the role and impact of related variety and the clustering of
creative and tourist industries on employment growth in less
developed Italian provinces?
STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
Theoretical Background
• Smart Specialisation and Culture
• Cultural and Creative Industries definition
Research design
• Source of data
• Methods
• Unit of analysis
Results
• Concentration of CCIs
• Concentration of Tourism activity
• The determinants of employment growth
Concluding remarks
Work in progress
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
SMART SPECIALISATION AND CULTURE
The concept of Smart Specialisation (SS) (Foray 2009; McCann
and Ortega Argiles 2015; Foray 2015), ”combines industrial,
educational and innovation policies to suggest that countries or
regions identify and select a limited number of priority areas for
knowledge-based investments, focusing on their strengths and
comparative advantages” (OECD).
The importance of Culture as one of the area to be supported.
It has also been widely recognized that cultural and creative
industries can make an important contribution to Europe in order
to recover from the economic crisis (Bakhshi et al. 2008; Pratt
and Hutton 2013) and to foster innovation, thus contributing to
implementing strategies of Smart Specialisation (S3)
DEFINITION OF THE CCIS
The definition of creative industries has been long a fuzzy concept, until the contribution of the UK DCMS (2001-2013), which has become the standard of international-level comparison (UNESCO, 2013)
Critics about which industries are to be considered creative or not and which must be included in any analysis remain (Cunningham, 2013; Cunningham & Higgs, 2008; Markusen, Wassall, De Natale, & Cohen, 2008).
In this context, Bakhshi et al. (2013) have recently criticized the original DCMS approach (2001), underlining that even if the DCMS’s taxonomy has become a de facto world standard, it does not fully capture the reality of the phenomenon.
The DCMS (2013) itself has taken a new approach along the same lines, focusing on the idea of ‘creative intensity’ and using the proportion of people doing creative jobs within each industry to suggest which industries should be included
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
Source: Authors’ elaboration from Green paper (EC 2010).
RESEARCH DESIGN
Source of Data:
The sources of main data is ISTAT census Industry and services
(2011).
The ISTAT data are about the number of employees at Provincial
level (for the 26 provinces of the Italian convergence regions) and
disaggregated at 3-digit level, following the ateco (2007)
classification.
Methods:
Location Quotient (LQ), which indicates the concentration of
workers in the sector of interest, identifying what are the areas with a
higher concentration than the national average.
CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
Advertising
73.1 Advertising
Motion picture, video and tv
59.1 Motion picture, video and television program activities
Architecture
71.1 Architectural activities
Photography
74.2 Photographic activities
Arts and entertainment
90.0 Arts and entertainment activities
Programming and broadcasting activities - tv and radio
60.1 Radio broadcasting
60.2 Television programming and broadcasting activities
Computer programming
62.0 Computer programming, consultancy and related
activities
Publishing
58.1 Publishing of books, periodicals and other publishing
activities
58.2 Software publishing
Design activities
74.1 Specialized design activities
Sound recording and music
59.2 Sound recording & music publishing activities
Source: Authors’ elaborations from DCMS (2013).
CONCENTRATION OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE
WORKERS
Source: Authors’ elaboration from ISTAT 2011
CONCENTRATION OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE
WORKERS II
• In the presented map is possible to see that no province has a
value of employees in creative industries higher than the
national average.
• Only three provinces have values higher than 0.9, namely
Palermo, Matera and Benevento. Most of the other provinces
have values that vary between 0.7 and 0.9, while the lowest
levels (slightly below 0.6) can be found in the provinces of
Crotone, Caserta and Trapani.
• These results indicate a low specialization in cultural and
creative industries in the considered regions, with values very
far from the national hotspots (Milan, Rome etc.)
TOURISM FILIERE
Accommodation
55.1 Hotels and similar accommodation
55.2 Holiday and other short-stay accommodation
55.3 Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and
trailer parks
55.9 Other accommodation
Libraries, archives, museums and cultural activities
91.01 Library and archives activities
91.02 Museums activities
91.03 Operation of historical sites and buildings and
similar visitor attractions
91.04 Botanical and zoological gardens and nature
reserves activities
Restaurant and food/beverage service activities
56.1 Restaurants and mobile food service activities
56.2 Event catering and other food service activities
56.3 Beverage serving activities
Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities
93.1 Sports activities
93.2 Amusement and recreation activities
Creative, arts and entertainment activities
90.01 Performing arts
90.02 Support activities to performing arts
90.03 Artistic creation
90.04 Operation of arts facilities
Travel agencies and tour operators
79.1 Travel agency and tour operator
79.9 Other reservation service and related activities
Source: Our elaboration from EC (2003), Lazzeretti and Capone 2015 .
CONCENTRATION OF TOURIST WORKERS
Source: Authors’ elaboration from ISTAT 2011
CONCENTRATION OF TOURIST WORKERS II
• We can clearly see how, contrary to the results of the previous
figure, there are many provinces with values higher than the
national average.
• Reaching in some cases values higher than 1.3, such as for the
provinces of Vibo Valentia, Trapani and Brindisi. Among the 26
provinces considered, only six have a LQ value lower than 1
and only three (Caserta, Bari and Caltanissetta) reach values
under 0.9.
• Another observation concerns the environmental characteristics
of the provinces. Those with the highest values have many
kilometers of coastline and this fact suggests that the main
component of tourist attractiveness may be the seaside summer
activities.
A COMPARISON OF THE PROVINCES
Source: Authors’ elaboration from ISTAT 2011
A COMPARISON OF THE PROVINCES II
• In this graph, the considerations that we have already made in
the previous two sections are even more evident.
• No province is located in the right quadrant and almost all
the provinces are positioned in the quadrant at the top left,
showing again a significant weakness in the creative
industries and a relative strength in the tourist areas with
real points of excellence in line with the main Italian tourist
destinations.
• The sea tourism, which is integrated with other entertainment
activities and the experience economy, seems to be the most
important environmental and economic resource to be
enhanced. In fact, the main areas of attraction of the
considered provinces are mainly located in coastal areas.
THE DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYMENT
GROWTH AND THE RELATED VARIETY
The concept of relatedness may be defined as a highly significant
element for SS, as it is useful to derive some policy implications
and could be used in a spatial perspective, suggesting a
specialized diversification related to the existing and driving
technologies of the region (Boschma 2014; McCann and Ortega-
Argilés 2015)
According to the related variety approach (Frenken et al. 2007),
related variety defines shared competences between different
sectors, which are, in this view, related to each other but not too
much (Boschma and Iammarino 2009).
Here an econometric model is used to measure the impact of
related variety and concentration of creative and tourism
industries on employment growth.
RESULTS
Model 1 Model 2
Variables Emp. Grow 2001-11 Emp. Grow. 2001-11
Coeff Std Err Coeff Std Err
Variety 0.0320 0.0361
Rel. Var. 0.1285* 0.0695
Unrel. Var -0.0239 0.0377
LQ Creat. -0.4843** 0.1646 -0.4084* 0.1689
LQ Tur. -0.0066 0.0368 -0.0541 0.0502
Human Cap. 3.1391 1.8387 2.8597* 1.5613
Patent 0.0031 0.0152 0.0019 0.0124
Constant 0.1067 0.2232 0.0887 0.1936
R-Squared 0.401 0.511
N. of Cases 26 26
Significant at: *p<0.1, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.
Source: Authors’ elaboration.
• The variables are computed for the initial year 2001 for all the 26 provinces of the
convergence regions.
• The dependent variable Employment growth is given by the growth rate of
employment between 2001 and 2011 (ISTAT 2001, 2011).
RESULTS II
• The results show a significant and positive effect of the related
variety on employment growth underlying how the presence in a
province of a set of industries operating in related fields could be
an important driver for employment growth, even in a period
of recession.
• No significance is found among Lq of tourism workers and
employment growth.
• Lq of Creative workers shows significant results with a
negative sign. Having a higher level of creative workers in a
province in the 2001 does not help the employment growth in
the following decade, which grows less in those provinces
characterized by a higher concentrations of creative workers.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Creative industries per sé are not able to promote the growth of
less developed areas.
Is important to use an enlarged approach to really capture the
dynamics and interactions of the creative industries.
There is an important contribution of the related variety to the
employment growth of the area.
Becomes fundamental to integrate creative and tourism sectors
into other multi-sectoral activities in order to benefit from the
effects of cross-fertilization and transversality and from possible
policies of SS so as to achieve positive results in terms of
employment growth.
WORK IN PROGRESS
Additional studies are developing analyzing the role of related industries for the creative industries.
Using a methodology developed by Hidalgo (2007) an industry space is constructed revealing the relatedness among creative sectors and all the other sectors.
Showing how the creative sectors have a huge number of high level of relatedness with other industries.
In the following graph the dimension of the node represent the number of employees of the industrial category and the thickness of the line the level of relatedness among the two considered categories.
In the graph are presented only the relations with a relatedness level of 0,5 or higher.
RELATEDNESS AMONG CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
Source: Elaboration from ISTAT 2011, Innocenti and Lazzeretti 2016.
CREATIVE INDUSTIRES AND THE WIDER
ECONOMY
Source: Elaboration from ISTAT 2011, Innocenti and Lazzeretti 2016.
CREATIVE INDUSTIRES AND THE WIDER
ECONOMY
The first figure presented show the relatedness among creative
industries.
The second one present the relatedness of creative industries and
non creative sectors, showing how there are strong connections
among creative industries and many non creative industries.
(Design with Textile industries; Advertising with Commerce;
Architecture with Constructions etc.)
Reinforcing the ideas that the CCI’s should not be analyzed as
isolated and able to promote the growth and development of the
area on their own, but require the presence of other related
sectors that allow to generate synergies and exchanges of
knowledge and ideas.