smart sustainable management of scarce resources in the coastal zone proposal n° ica3-2001-1003...

SMARTSustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone

Proposal N° ICA3-2001-1003

Fourth Management Board MeetingTunis – Tunisia, September 12-15, 2004

Lebanon Case Study – WP06

SMART:Sustainable Managementof Scarce Resources

in the Coastal Zone

WP 00: Project coordination and administration

Maintained on-going communication with project partners & coordinator, as conditions required, in view of information demand, monitoring of its quality & exchange for project implementation, as well as secured all necessary organizational arrangements including compilation case study reporting, beginning application of modeling, & supplying cost statements + progress reports.


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WP 01: Requirements & Constraints Analysis

Completed

-Lists: issues, problems, policy-relevant information

-Documenting data requirements of required methods

-Help in data analysis

-Help in explaining constraints & alternatives


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WP 02: Socio-economic framework and guidelines

Completed

-Supplied data on population, demo …

-Supplied data to help analyze policies and economic options for water use

-Supplied data to help analyze water demand, the urban-rural interface plus sectoral projections

-Supplied data to help analyze water economics vis-à-vis water resources, water pricing & sectoral coping with change


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WP 03: Analytical tools, models

-Telemac modeling: On-Going

-Waterware modeling: On-Going

Case study description

Tripoli

Batroun

Abou Ali River

Med

iterr

anea

n Se

a

Telemac Modelling

•Matisse is used to build the mesh from bathymetry lines, depth points and coastline

– Bathymetry (source: previous study – Dar alHandasah)

– Coastline (source: topographic map, scale : 1:50000

Boundary condition solid limit 2222

Boundary condition imposed flow rate 5555 condition imposed

Boundary condition 5444

Telemac Case Study scenarios

Wastewater movement due to wind and river flow effect created using Subief2D

Example from Abou-Ali River basin-Lebanon for the period: 01/01- 31/12/2000

Scenario Abou-Ali 1998

Basin name Abou-Ali

Catchment area 430 km2

Minimum elevation 100 m

Maximum elevation 1500 m

Basin length 27 m

Channel length 37 km

Annual mm %

Precipitation 737.99 100

Evapotranspiration 471.54 63.90

Run off 249.10 33.75

Content change -22.82 -3.09

MonthTemperature

Precipitation

RunoffEvapo.PercolationBase flow

1998-917.6212.277.4713.0707.47

1998-1016.3718.405.1113.53059.63

1998-1114.4596.2120.0414.1703.34

1998-1210.92243.918.1578.4481.477.32

1998-18.82116.0140.1172.4855.2739.43

1998-28.7564.5138.0566.8713.9438.02

1998-310.02144.5333.5888.4149.3132.77

1998-412.4542.1640.1777.2919.8940.06

1998-515.85025.0935.94025.09

1998-618.97015.029.22015.02

1998-72109.891.850989

1998-821.6206.410.2806.41

Total 14.77737.99249.10471.54219.88229.94

area = 430 Forest = 15agriculture = 45 meadow = 10 Residual = 30 minelev = 100maxelev = 1500 Clength = 27Blength = 37width = 15 Drainage = 111

Initial Snowpack = 0

Initial Storage = 5.06

Initial Soil Moisture = 6.85

Initial Ground Water = 24.62

Precipitation Factor = 5.34

Temperature Factor = 1.02

Field Capacity = 190.06

Maximum Percolation = 64.84

Groundwater Response Lag = 241.72

Groundwater Response Coefficient = 1.84

Average Flow = 0.682

Total Precipitation = 577.60

Average Temperature = 20.07

*Catchment data *Model parameters *Model input summary

Stemp = 14.77 Sperc = 737.98Initial-soil = 12.72Initial-gw = 24.31 Initial-water = 37.04 Final-soil = 37.38Final-gw = 14.56 Total-perc = 737.98

*Model output: Water Budget

Total-evp = 471.54Total-runoff = 249.10 Final-water = 87.94Water-content-change = 50.91Average-runof-coeff. = 33.75Average-flow = 3.39 Total-mass = -33.56

Soil-water-budget = 60.06

Gw-budget = -9.75 = 3.39 Overall-budget = 50.91


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WP 04: Data Compilation and Analysis

-Supplied data to incorporate in SMART database

Mname M_Code R_CodeTripoli LBM1 LBAA1Zgharta LBM10 LBAA1Bcharri LBM11 LBAA1Koura LBM12 LBAA1Minieh - Danieh LBM13 LBAA1

W3 10 LBM12W3 10 LBM13W4 400 LBM1W4 400 LBM10W4 400 LBM11W4 400 LBM12W4 400 LBM13W5 35 LBM1W5 35 LBM10W5 35 LBM11W5 35 LBM12W5 35 LBM13W6 33290000 LBM1W6 11099000 LBM10W6 3636000 LBM11W6 459172 LBM12W6 4227000 LBM13

Year Value Pop_Char M_Code1997 30683 R LBM11997 122730 U LBM11997 15344 R LBM101997 35800 U LBM101997 6703 R LBM111997 10054 U LBM111997 741 R LBM121997 1375 U LBM121997 7791 R LBM131997 11687 U LBM13


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WP 05/07/08/09

Case Studies

WP06 Lebanon Case Study


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WP 06: Lebanon Case Study


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WP 06: Lebanon Case StudyTripoli, the second largest city in Lebanon along the eastern Mediterranean with a population of around 400000, is the end journey of the Abou Ali river which drains about 482 km2 of watershed (Fig. 1). The city lies in a small plain at the foot of a plateau with three tributaries of Abou Ali. The plateau, and the three tributaries, grade quickly up the steep slopes into Mount Lebanon chain to heights exceeding 1500 m where their major springs occur. Thus, within a short distance one is going from humid warm to dry and temperate. This nature, with sudden changes in topography as well as climate, induces socio-economic stresses on the community, which is scattered in lots of rural settlements, related to land exploitation and resource management.

Water balance

Input – output Storage changes = 0

*Precipitation

(including snow)

*Evapotranspiration

*Losses

To the sea

To the neighboring countries

*Surface water

rivers

Springs

Lakes and

reservoirs

*Groundwater

)including soil (

*Human quota

678 341 306

25 260

45

1

64

Domestic & industrial

Agricultural

39

28

11

678-(341+25+306+39)= -33

25

Groundwater storage 64-33= 31


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Growing & Changing Demands

There are acute shortages with a per capita demand of 220 m3. The annual water demand is 88 Mm3 which is supplied from surface and subsurface sources, with a very small amount, about 15 Mm3, is treated for re-use. The highest consumer is the agricultural sector at 65% - 70%, followed by 25%, 6%, 3%, and 1% for the domestic, industrial, touristic and environmental sectors, respectively.

Although the growth of Tripoli urban families at about 2% is lower than the inland rural, about 3%, its population increased about 33% with density of 14000/km2 since the 1980’s, while its urban built-up land increased about 200% since the 1960’s. Obviously, this meant a huge increasing demand and stress on water, as well as devouring its once fertile and productive land. Already the preceding identifies linkages between the socio-economic activity and water uses.


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Problems abound hindering the sufficient supply of water to meet growing and changing demands of the community. Several basic changes overtook the area, and are taking place that affect the linkages between socio-economics and water uses. We covered both the demographic and land use above, which leaves technological and institutional change.

Privatization Upgrading water networks

Waste water treatment Water prices

Increasing irrigation Conservation

Social fabric Institutional capacities

Code of Environment Better/efficient water use


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Water & Socio-economics

The resident population increased 33% since the 1980’s.

This puts the annual increase at about 2.3% which is certainly a large number.

But in addition, this is due to non-existing policies on birth control. In spite of that and the fact that rural families still have large sizes, i.e. 5 children are common, the economic difficulties and increased cost of living, almost twice since 1998, have forced urbanites to control their family off-springs. Thus, about 2% urban population growth compared to 3% rural population growth still makes a difference.


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With only 80 days of episodic rain and the rest are dry, while the need for water increases in summer, the community is facing recurrent water shortages. The poor management and old existing networks are not helping solve the problem. Although water resources are available to meet the needs, mismanagement and lack of proper policies result in water shortages. This is impacting the community markedly forcing them to drill their own wells. In the city this means a well for almost every building, i.e. thousands of unchecked, uncontrolled wells. That is affecting the local groundwater reserves forcing authorities to import the water from further localities, which implies higher costs on the citizen.


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The Tripoli community and surroundings are very much affected by water quality as water-related diseases recur almost on annual basis. Overall, most water sources, i.e. springs, wells, rivers … etc. are polluted with a high amount of organics, bacteria and other sewage-originating pollutants because of non-existence of treatment plants, no control on flow of pollutants directly into a river or even in wells. The use of septic tanks is supposedly widespread (no one surveyed how much septic they actually are), but they go un-maintained so become self-defeating. In many areas, slopes are graded into steps and greenhouses for protected agriculture are erected. They use lots of fertilizers, chemicals and irrigation practices that are rendering the groundwater saline. In industrial areas, effluents and wastewater are untreated in most cases, and go unchecked into valleys, rivers or the sea. The pollution is affecting both surface and groundwater.


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The preceding reflects the poor level of awareness among the community, and makes more difficult any water exploitation. This explains the low investment in water projects in the private sector. On the management side, again it explains the emphasis on the supply rather than the demand.Over and above this situation is the lack of implementation of landuse planning, both in the city and inland. Tripoli, which used to lie within large green stretches of gorgeous citrus, olives and vegetable gardens, is losing that green belt quickly being replaced by bare lands (for selling as real estate) or concrete buildings. The change is really drastic standing at 208% increase in urban area since the 1960’s with an associated decrease of 35% in agricultural lands. Analyzing current landuse resources, shows that only about 10% of prime land is properly used while one third is misused.


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Projects:

-Privatization

-Waste water treatment

-Solid waste management

-Tourism

management

pricing

allocation

quality control


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Land use/cover change

The capacity for humans to change their environment and thus affect their own quality of living is of high potential. Since Land cover is related to land use,

which are consumed by the community, increasing the density of population will result in a decrease in the

quality and quantity of natural resources. The link of water to land cover/use comes at the top of those

resources. SMART focuses on this link in a way to optimize it.


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For the SMART area in Lebanon, three data sets of Land use/cover maps (Figs 2.3.a, 2.3.b, 2.3.c) were obtained from

remotely sensed data and based on CORINE ( CoORdination des INformation sur l’Environnement) classification (level 3).

The first LUC (1988) was extracted from multispectral Landsat TM images of a resolution (30m).

A similar procedure was applied on a couple of Spot data (April & September, 1994).

The final LUC map was adopted using a visual interpretation of the Indian IRS (5m) that was verified and updated in June

2002 with intensive field work.


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Based on CORINE classification “level three”, an average of twenty eight classes were differentiated

(Table 2.3.1). For easier interpretation we sum up the results in five main categories: (1) Human practices, (2)

Agricultural lands, (3) Natural vegetation, (4) Bare lands, (5) Water bodies (Table 2.3.2).

LANDCOVERArea 1988Area 1994Area 2002 %change/Area

Conintinuous Urban Fabric4.84455.49877.0985+0.278%

Discontinuous Urban Fabric0.831940.763140.2356+4.845%

Industry and Commercial Units5.45934.24964.5002-0.118%

Road and Rail Network1.58231.62001.7254+0.017%

Port Areas0.41560.42440.4302+0.002%

Airports0.31600.31460.3130+0.000%

Mineral Extraction Sites2.98673.04894.5818+0.196%

Dumpsites0.04360.05820.0582+0.000%

Construction Sites2.65887.05265.5719+0.358%

Green Urban Areas0.00630.00000.0000-0.000%

Sport and Leisure facilities0.00000.18480.2021+0.024%

Vineyards8.20824.18745.1370-0.377%

Fruit trees and berry plantats90.466854.636442.2910-5.926%

olive grooves173.0549145.3165102.1784-8.719%

Annual Crops Ass Perm. Crops4.644934.822936.0471+3.863%

Complex cultivation Pattern0.54150.26090.8538+0.038%

Mixed Fruits and Annual Crops70.515577.3869125.8170+6.803%

Broad Leaved forest58.068584.7191101.1264+5.297%

Mixed Forest65.337822.946221.5854-5.382%

Natural Grassland108.227112.190711.6503-11.88%

Sclerophyllous Vegetation196.8959165.2161164.0902-4.035%

Transitional woodland/shrubs16.7902107.237796.1845+9.767%

Beach, dunes, and sand-plainxs0.35423.87145.6748+0.654%

Bare Rock0.543535.138933.7648+4.086%

Salt marches0.00001.19371.3382+0.164%

Water courses0.00000.27830.2449+0.030%

Water Bodies0.00000.06200.0933+0.011%


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Table 2.3.2 Major classification categories of the three LUC data sets LUC

1988 (Km2)

% area

occupied

1994 (Km2)

% area

occupied

2002 (Km2)

% area

occupied Human practices 19.145 2.4% 63.215 7.8% 64.796 8.1% Agricultural lands 347.432 42.7% 316.611 39% 312.324 38.2% Natural vegetation 445.320 54.8% 392.31 48.3% 394.64 48.5% Bare lands 0.898 0.1 39.001 4.72% 39.44 4.9% Water bodies - - 1.534 0.187% 1.676 0.296%


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Climate/Water Resources

Table 1: Available climatic data for SMART area of Lebanon

Given climatic data Station Precip. (mm)

Duration Time-series

Temp. (Cº)

Duration Time-series

Others Duration Time-series

Tripoli 1940-2003 daily Jan, 2001-

Nov,2003

daily - - -

Abdeh Jan, 1998-Mar, 2003

Ditto Apr, 1998-Jan,

2001

Ditto - - -

Batroun May, 2000-Oct, 2000

Ditto May, 2000-Oct,

2000

Ditto - - -

Kafer Shakhna

- - - Jan, 2002-May, 2002

Ditto Wind velocity

Jan, 2002-May, 2002

Daily

Zgharta - - -

Koura - - -

Bechmizine - - -

Amioun

1948-1978

Monthly

1948-1978

Monthl

y

- - -


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Climate/Water Resources

The study area lies at the foot of the highest peaked mountain in Lebanon enjoying a typical Mediterranean climate. There are about 80 days of episodic torrential rain and the rest is essentially dry. Since the SMART project is concerned with water issues, data on climate parameters and water yield must be gathered preferably in time series. Both these elements of the hydrologic cycle represent, in a broad sense, the water input (precipitation) and output (rivers discharge) that constitute part of the water balance within a specific hydrologic system, the Abou Ali river watershed. In addition, a number of climatic and hydrologic elements are necessary to run the Waterware and Telemac software, which are applied in this project (other sections).


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WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis

Scenarios & Driving ForcesAs revealed in the SMART documentation, the European framework on “DPSIR” (Driving force – Pressure – Status – Impact – Response) is used depending on indicators that reflect the forces that drive the pressures on the water system. To conform to the project requirements, the case studies had to formulate this approach classifying the driving forces indicators into 3 broad categories: population, economic development and the climate-hydrological cycle. The pressure indicators, on the otherhand, are classified into 4 main categories, all related to water: supply, demand, abstraction and pollution. These had to help define scenarios reflecting good or bad situations through identifying variables that lead to the scenarios. They have to start with the actual situation which is revealed through both “Baseline” data or status and “Business As Usual” (BAU). Then “Optimistic” and a “Pessimistic” scenarios are given in view of expert analysis of the case study.


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WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis - Scenarios & Driving Forces

Variables/ Driving Forces

Baseline BAU Optimistic Pessimistic

Urban growth rate

80,000 1.97% 1.5% 3%

Integrated National Master Land use planning

10% of the country

On-going project of comprehensive land use

planning (SDATL)

Full implementation of the SDATL with a focus on the coastal zone and control of water and sea

pollution

Partial implementation

of SDATL

National environmental policies and programs

Exist in established codes only

Restricted attempts, programs international

implemented to priorities

Adopt a national policy

for the environment

Partial implementation

Regulations and law enforcement, covering many aspects of environmental management

Many are old & not

enforced

- low levels of regulatory enforcement - lack of precision in the law - unclear role of responsibilities

Ratify & implement fully

code of environment

Ratify & implement

partially code of environment


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WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis - Scenarios & Driving ForcesVariables/derivin

g forces Baseline BAU Optimistic pessimisti

c Precipitation rate 900 mm/y +0 %

(steady state)

+10% -10%

Losses to the sea 2200 million

m3/y

+0 % (steady state)

-25% +25%

Increase of agricultural lands

169 km2 +2% +5% +15%

Increase in construction

68 km2 +5% +2% +10%

Increase of polluted water

Surface and

subsurface water

pollution

80% of surface water & 70% of

subsurface polluted

water

30% of surface water & 20% of polluted subsurface

water

50% of surface water & 40% of polluted

subsurface water

Water harvesting in lakes and reservoirs

2000 reservoir

On-going +20% -20%

Water exploitation awareness

Insufficient awareness

Insufficient

awareness

Comprehensive awareness

Continuity in

insufficient awareness

Losses from pipelines and network

Extensive losses

5-50% losses

0% 10-30%

Governmental control on water use (obligatory gauges)

Insufficient control

<50% 100% <75%

Proper exploitation of surface water sources

Improper exploitatio

n

Increasing 5-10%

20-25% <5%


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WP11: Dissemination & ExploitationTable 2.8.1 Dissemination – exploitation of SMART data Dissemination Exploitation 1. At National Level - contribute data to general scheme on land use planning, i.e. DTM,

Drainage, Soil, Land use/cover, Change detection, Hazards Data are given to “Council for Development & Reconstruction” (Dr. W. Charafeddine) through contribution to the Comprehensive Land use Planning Project in Lebanon, subcontracted by “Dar Al-Handasa” Consultants (Dr. S. Srour), & IAURIF (Dr. F. Awada) e-mail: [email protected]

The planning authorities are using that for analysis of requirements for comprehensive land use plan

2. At Municipal Level - contribute all maps and attribute data The GIS Center – Environmental Observatory of the Union of Municipalities of the North (Mr. A. Abdulwahab, Head) e-mail: [email protected]

The authorities put data in their GIS server, & use them for service, i.e. – other purposes

3. Environment - supply Ministry of Environment, especially coastal area people, with

relevant data: several sectors of different interests, general coordinator M. L. Chamas, e-mail: [email protected]

4. Water authority - supply Regional water authorities with relevant data as available Dr. J. Krayim, General Director, North Lebanon Water Authority, Fax (961.6) 430075

They will use them to supply their coastal programs They are useful for several administrative & water balance purposes


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WP11: Dissemination & Exploitation2. Scientific A PhD student is part of our staff (Mr. Basbous) carrying on his research focusing on themes & approaches of SMART project Mr. Basbous is carrying on work for his PhD (at Marne la Vallée University – France), his e-mail is: [email protected]

For scientific purpose

- supply local researchers with needed data Dr. J. Halwani: Lebanese University, e-mail: [email protected] Mr. K. Nabbout, another student doing his PhD at Dresden University of Technology (Germany), his e-mail: [email protected] - NGO: Environment Protection Committee, Mr. Amer Haddad, President, e-mail: [email protected]

They use them for their own research

- supply international organizations i.e. UNESCO, ESCWA, ACSAD, MAP with relevant data

ACSAD (Arab Center for Study of Arid & Desert lands): Dr. Abdallah Droubi & Dr. W. Erian, e-mail: [email protected] ESCWA: (Economic – Social Commission for Western Asia): Dr. M. Abdul Razzak, e-mail: [email protected] MAP (Mediterranean Action Plan): Dr. Marko Prem (PAP/RAC Center), e-mail: [email protected]

They put them on their databases &/or GIS servers as part of their Regional information system

- contribute to thematic networks of relevance The Euro-Mediterranean project MEDCOASTLAND net Another similar network: MedWaterLand net The Mediterranean network MERSI web Scientific paper: “Environmental water management through clustering to improve water availability in coastal Mediterranean areas; Tripoli – Lebanon”. This is a paper being prepared to be sent to the journal “Water Resources & Management”

Good spread of knowledge, exchange & networking

- public seminar in Area of Study by late 2004 Knowledge community spread

- Workshop to expose results & output – mid 2005 Especially important for decision-makers to apply on other areas

- contribute to scientific workshops or conferences as they emerge (when convenient) & we are aware of them:

Contribution to

Spread of scientific knowledge


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CONCLUSIONS

The Lebanese case study focusing on the second largest city in Lebanon along the Mediterranean coast, Tripoli, and the watershed of Abou Ali river that passes through it, typifies the eastern part of the Mediterranean in terms of dwindling water resources and the increasing stresses on the community because of that. It also typifies the underdeveloped southern Mediterranean countries in terms of failure of the essential elements of proper development: lack of full-fledge updated information, mismanagement of natural resources, weakness of institutional structures, old or lacking relevant legislation, limited environmental awareness and, therefore, poor implementation.


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RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Socio-economic frame- a better control on population growth- creating economic incentives for rural communities to stay in their areas- improve water services to the community through adopting a strategy of securing needs and implementing policies for that purpose (see B)- enhance geographical and sectoral water use linkages within a frame of re-using treated water (from one into the other)- find the proper balance in a new system of water pricing that is fair to supplier & user- educate the public for incorporating demand-control measures in their daily routine- educate the community on the impacts of land use change in further stressing the water balance


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RECOMMENDATIONSB. Water legislation frame-avail a simple water strategy: securing the needs of water to all the community within the set international standards, at reasonable prices, selectively chosen to reflect sectoral capacities, use and requirements within the coming 5 years- avail all policies that allow implementing the above strategy at its best, i.e. in view of a. determining needs and priorities geographically, b. assure quality control measures (standards, networks, gauging, monitoring quality …), c. define the proper time frames, d. evaluate the sources & resources, conventional & non-conventional, e. assure sustainability through proper assessment of supply-demand balance, now & for the coming future- upgrade and update all regulations on: a. water rights to fit more with modern social needs, b. on water sectoral allocation & pricing system, c. on standards of water quality- create new legislation to encourage and enhance the role of both the public and municipalities in contributing to water authorities handling the communities’ water affairs- speed up the ratification of the code of the environment


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RECOMMENDATIONS

C. Management/institutional capacity building- secure training for water authorities to undertake institutional reform and modernization- upgrade water management approaches focusing on demand management, environmental policies and decision-support systems- undertake capacity building for water authorities, especially in advanced modeling techniques, such as Water Ware & Telemac, to apply such knowledge in their operations to improve balancing, management of the water sector & make it a more efficient system- upgrade capacities on monitoring, quantitative measurements & quality control- define sources, quantity and determine needs to face water pollution from direct and indirect causes (agriculture, industry, solid wastes, wastewater … etc.), human & natural- train water staff to analyze & assess impacts of change detection, both natural (climate change) & human (land use)


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RECOMMENDATIONS

D. Awarenessorganize awareness campaigns to serve:a. the public in rapid environmental assessment for water quality & raise its level of involvement in self-restraint/control on deleterious practices (on pollution, drilling private wells, & water conservation)b. raise public’s conviction in water demand-control measures on the long runc. decision-makers willingness & convictions on introducing & implementing measures of demand measurementsd. the water authorities in getting to know such directives as the European Directive on Water Framework, and such tools as the Water Ware & Telemac packages.

Thank you …

smart sustainable management of scarce resources in the coastal zone proposal n° ica3-2001-1003...

Documents

water usesupplied data

catchment data

initial ground water

data analysishelp

water demand

initial storage

initial snowpack

vis water resources