smart traffic control system using zigbee/rfid...

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 912 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2017, pp. 912–924, Article ID: IJCIET_08_06_099

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=6

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING

ZIGBEE/RFID NETWORKS

P. Dayaker

Department of CSE, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India

P Honey Diana

Department of CSE, Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Technology,

Hyderabad, India

Y. Madan Reddy

Department of CSE, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT

This papers aims at reducing traffic congestion and unwanted long time delay

during the traffic light switch over especially when the traffic is very low. It is designed

to be implemented in places nearing the junctions where the traffic signals are placed,

in order to reduce the congestion in these junctions. It keeps a track of the vehicles in

each road and accordingly adjusts the time for each traffic light signals. The higher the

number of vehicles on the road the longer will be the time delay allotted for that

corresponding traffic light [1] signal.

Key words: ZigBee, microcontroller, IR Remote.

Cite this Article: P. Dayaker, P Honey Diana and Y. Madan Reddy, Smart Traffic

Control System Using Zigbee/Rfid Networks, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp. 912–924.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=6

1. INTRODUCTION

The problem with the traffic system is that for every minute the vehicles at the 4-way road will

be heavy and the traffic lights shall be changed to each side for some fixed time. Even though

there are no vehicles on a particular side, the traffic signals [2] will flow for given fixed time.

Due to that, there is time waste process.

Due to this other side vehicles have to wait for the time to complete the process. So to reduce

the wastage of time, we can implement the system that controls the traffic based on the heavy

flow of vehicles at any particular side. With this system, we shall count the number of vehicles

on each side at the junction and give the path to the particular side which has a heavy flow of

Smart Traffic Control System Using Zigbee/Rfid Networks


vehicles and keep remaining stop position. So that for this to count the number of vehicles at

the side of the junction, we shall use IR technology.

1.1. Current Methodology

Nowadays traffic lights are set on in the different directions with fixed time delay, following a

particular cycle while switching from one signal to other. This creates unwanted congestion

during peak hours. This is a time consuming system.

1.2. Proposed Methodology

Density based traffic light control is an automated way of controlling signals in accordance to

the density of traffic in the roads. IR sensors are placed in the entire intersecting road at fixed

distances from the signal placed in the junction. The time delay in the traffic [6] signal is set

based on the density of vehicles on the roads.

The IR sensors are used to sense the number of vehicles on the road. According to the IR

count, microcontroller takes appropriate decisions as to which road is to be given the highest

priority and the longest time delay for the corresponding traffic light.

1.3. Process Description

According to our procedure outline, at first the signs are begun by giving the power supply. The

initial step is to ensure that the signs are all in ON condition. Amid this all the movement signs

will flicker in yellow light. This demonstrates they are all in the working condition.

The following stage is to check for the thickness of movement in these streets. By thickness

what we are attempting to mean in that the quantity of vehicles accessible in a specific at a

specific timeframe. The thickness is figured here by methods for utilizing an IR circuit.

Contingent upon the quantity of vehicles that cut the light setting out from the recipient to

transmitter of the IR circuit the check of the vehicles [3] is enrolled in the microcontroller.

This is trailed by the following stage in which the microcontroller chooses as to which street

ought to be given the most astounding need. This depends on the thickness of activity on every

street and furthermore it relies on upon the speed at which an IR circuit enrols the check.

In the last stride, the microcontroller ensures that the most reduced thickness street is

likewise opened and that the postponement of the green light for that specific flag additionally

arrives at an end. When every one of the streets are opened in a grouping, at that point the

microcontroller again backpedals to the second step where it checks for the thickness of activity

in every street. The entire procedure is rehashed like a cycle. The primary point that will be

noted with respect to this procedure is that, at whatever point a specific street has no movement,

correspondingly, the yellow light in the activity flag will gleam.

1.4. Parameters Considered

Density of roads

Density of roads is classified as:

• Low

• Medium

• High

P. Dayaker, P Honey Diana and Y. Madan Reddy


Priority of roads

• If two or more roads of equal high priority any one road is opened.

• If all roads are having no traffic, yellow signal appears.

• No road is allowed to be closed continuously for more than maximum duration

• Without considering the density.

Delay of roads

The delay of each road is chosen according to the density

• Low-20seconds

• Medium-30seconds

• High-60seconds

2. BACKGROUND SURVEY

2.1. Embedded Systems

An installed framework is an exceptional reason PC framework intended to perform one or a

couple of committed capacities, regularly with on-going figuring requirements. It is generally

inserted as a component of a total gadget including equipment and mechanical parts.

Conversely, a broadly useful PC, for example, a PC, can do a wide range of assignments relying

upon programming. Installed frameworks control a hefty portion of the basic gadgets being

used today.

Since the implanted framework is devoted to particular undertakings, plan specialists can

improve it, decreasing the size and cost of the item, or expanding the unwavering quality and

execution. Some implanted frameworks are mass-created, profiting by financial aspects of

scale. Physically, implanted frameworks go from convenient gadgets, for example, advanced

watches and mp4 players, to expansive stationary establishments like movement lights,

manufacturing plant controllers, or the frameworks controlling atomic power stations.

Unpredictability differs from low, with a solitary microcontroller chip, to high with various

units, peripherals and systems mounted inside an expansive skeleton or walled in area.

As a rule, "installed framework" is not a precisely characterized term, the same number of

frameworks have some component of programmability. For instance, handheld PCs share a few

components with installed frameworks, for example, the working frameworks and microchips

which control [4] them however are not really implanted frameworks, since they enable diverse

applications to be stacked and peripherals to be associated.

2.2. Characteristics

Implanted frameworks are intended to do some particular undertaking, instead of be a

universally useful PC for different assignments. Some likewise have on going execution

limitations that must be met, for reasons, for example, wellbeing and ease of use; others may

have low or no execution prerequisites, enabling the framework equipment to be rearranged to

decrease costs.

Inserted frameworks are not generally independent gadgets. Many implanted frameworks

comprise of little, modernized parts inside a bigger gadget that fills a more broad need. For

instance, the components an implanted framework for tuning the strings, yet the general reason

for the Robot Guitar is, obviously, to play music. Thus, an installed framework in vehicles gives

a particular capacity as a subsystem of the auto itself.



The program guidelines composed for implanted frameworks are alluded to as firmware,

and are put away in read-just memory or blaze memory chips. They keep running with restricted

PC equipment assets: little memory, little or non-existent console or potentially screen.

Figure 2.1 A Typical Embedded System Block Diagram

2.3. Microcontroller

• Microcontroller is a universally useful gadget, which incorporates some of the parts of a

microchip framework on to a solitary chip. It has inbuilt CPU, memory and peripherals to make

it as a smaller than normal PC. A microcontroller consolidates on to a similar microchip:

• The CPU center

• Memory (both ROM and RAM)

• Some parallel advanced i/o

Microcontrollers will consolidate different gadgets, for example,

• A clock module to permit the microcontroller to perform undertakings certain eras.

• A serial I/O port to enable information to stream between the controller and different gadgets,

for example, a PIC or another microcontroller.

• An ADC to permit the microcontroller to acknowledge simple information handling.

Microcontrollers are:

• Smaller in estimate

• Consume less power

• Inexpensive

Microcontroller is an independent unit, which can perform works all alone with no

prerequisite for extra equipment like I/O ports and outside memory.

The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU center. Before, this has generally been founded

on a 8-bit microchip unit. For instance, Motorola utilizes an essential 6800 microchip center in

their 6805/6808 microcontroller gadgets.

In the current years microcontrollers have been produced around particularly planned CPU

centres, for instance the microchip PIC scope of microcontrollers.

The smaller scale controller, these days, is an irreplaceable gadget for electrical/electronic

architects and furthermore for experts in the territory, on account of its adaptability and its

gigantic application.



Conceived of parallel advancements in PC design and coordinated circuit manufacture, the

microchip or PC on chip initially turns into a business reality in 1971. With the presentation of

the 4 bit 4004 by a little, obscure organization by the name of Intel Corporation. Other, settled,

semiconductor firms soon took after Intel's spearheading innovation so that by the late 1970's

we could look over about six or so microchip sort. The 1970s likewise observed the

development of the quantity of PC clients from a Handful of specialists and programmers to a

great many business, modern, administrative, safeguard, and instructive and private clients now

getting a charge out of the upsides of cheap registering.

A bye result of microchip improvement was the miniaturized scale controller. A similar

manufacture methods and programming ideas that make conceivable broadly useful microchip

likewise yielded the miniaturized scale controller.

Among the utilizations of a smaller scale controller we can specify mechanical robotization,

cell phones, radios, microwave broilers and VCRs. Furthermore, the present pattern in

computerized gadgets is toward limiting to small scale controllers and chips that think an

incredible amount of sensible circuits, as PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices) and GALs

(Gate Array Logic). In committed frameworks, the smaller scale controller is the best

arrangement, since it is modest and simple to oversee.

2.4. Communication

Correspondence alludes to the sending, getting and handling of data by electric means. All

things considered, it begun with wire telecommunication in the mid 80's, creating with

communication and radio a few decades later. Radio correspondence turned into the most

generally utilized and refined through the development of and utilization of transistor,

coordinated circuit, and other semi-conductor gadgets. Most as of late, the utilization of

satellites and fiber optics has made correspondence significantly more far reaching, with an

expanding accentuation on PC and other information interchanges.

A cutting edge correspondences framework is first worried with the sorting, preparing and

putting away of data before its transmission. The genuine transmission at that point takes after,

with additionally preparing and the sifting of clamor. At long last we have gathering, which

may incorporate handling steps, for example, unravelling, stockpiling and elucidation. It is

additionally vital to consider the human elements impacting a specific framework, since they

can simply influence its outline, arranging and utilize. Remote correspondence has turned into

an imperative element for business items and a well-known research theme inside the most

recent ten years. There are presently more cell phone memberships than wired-line

memberships. Of late, one zone of business intrigue has been minimal effort, low-power, and

short-separate remote correspondence utilized for individual remote systems." Technology

headways are giving littler and more financially savvy gadgets for coordinating computational

handling, remote correspondence, and a large group of different functionalities. These

implanted specialized gadgets will be coordinated into applications running from country

security to industry mechanization and checking. They will likewise empower especially

custom fitted designing arrangements, making a progressive method for spreading and

preparing data.

With new advances and gadgets come new business exercises, and the requirement for

workers in these mechanical regions. Architects who know about installed frameworks and

remote correspondences will be sought after. Tragically, there are couple of delightful situations

accessible for improvement and classroom utilize, so understudies regularly don't find out about

these innovations amid hands-on lab works out. The correspondence mediums were turned

match, optical fiber, infrared, and for the most part remote radio.



2.5. IR Remote Theory

IR sensor is the blend of IR LED with Photo Diode. After this blend we are associating the

Darlington Pair Transistor. End of the IR sensor we need to interface a NOT entryway for the

upsetting reason implies low information have relating low yield. Finally this whole connector

is associated with anyone outside hinder to creating the interference of the primary program.

Infra-Red really is ordinary light with a specific shading. We people can't see this shading

since its wave length of 950nm is underneath the obvious range. That is one reason why IR is

decided for remote control purposes, we need to utilize it yet we're not keen on observing it.

Another reason is on the grounds that IR LEDs are very simple to make, and in this manner can

be extremely cheap.IR LED wave length go 1.6m to 7.4m. Materials utilized for IR LED are

InSB, Ge,Si, GaAs, CdSe . This IR is not in noticeable range for perception reason.

3. ARCHITECTURE

Figure 3.1 Architecture of Atmega16a Microcontroller



3.1. PIN CONFIGURATIONS

Figure 3.2 Pin Configuration Table 3.3 Pin Description

3.2. PIN DESCRIPTIONS Pin No. Pin name Description Alternate Function

1 (XCK/T0) PB0 I/O PORTB, Pin 0 T0: Timer0 External Counter Input.

XCK : USART External Clock I/O

2 (T1) PB1 I/O PORTB, Pin 1 T1:Timer1 External Counter Input

3 (INT2/AIN0) PB2 I/O PORTB, Pin 2 AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive I/P

INT2: External Interrupt 2 Input

4 (OC0/AIN1) PB3 I/O PORTB, Pin 3 AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative I/P

OC0 : Timer0 Output Compare Match Output

5 (SS) PB4 I/O PORTB, Pin 4

In System Programmer (ISP)

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

6 (MOSI) PB5 I/O PORTB, Pin 5

7 (MISO) PB6 I/O PORTB, Pin 6

8 (SCK) PB7 I/O PORTB, Pin 7

9 RESET Reset Pin, Active Low Reset

10 VCC VCC = +5V

11 GND GROUND

12 XTAL2 Output to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier

13 XTAL1 Input to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier

14 (RXD) PD0 I/O PORTD, Pin 0 USART Serial Communication Interface

15 (TXD) PD1 I/O PORTD, Pin 1

16 (INT0) PD2 I/O PORTD, Pin 2 External Interrupt INT0

17 (INT1) PD3 I/O PORTD, Pin 3 External Interrupt INT1

18 (OC1B) PD4 I/O PORTD, Pin 4 PWM Channel Outputs

19 (OC1A) PD5 I/O PORTD, Pin 5

20 (ICP) PD6 I/O PORTD, Pin 6 Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin

21 PD7 (OC2) I/O PORTD, Pin 7 Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match Output

22 PC0 (SCL) I/O PORTC, Pin 0 TWI Interface

23 PC1 (SDA) I/O PORTC, Pin 1

24 PC2 (TCK) I/O PORTC, Pin 2

JTAG Interface 25 PC3 (TMS) I/O PORTC, Pin 3

26 PC4 (TDO) I/O PORTC, Pin 4

27 PC5 (TDI) I/O PORTC, Pin 5

28 PC6 (TOSC1) I/O PORTC, Pin 6 Timer Oscillator Pin 1

29 PC7 (TOSC2) I/O PORTC, Pin 7 Timer Oscillator Pin 2

30 AVCC Voltage Supply = VCC for ADC

31 GND GROUND

32 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC

33 PA7 (ADC7) I/O PORTA, Pin 7 ADC Channel 7










3.3. DEVICE ARCHITECTURE

Blaze, EEPROM, and SRAM are altogether coordinated onto a solitary chip, expelling the

requirement for outside memory in many applications.

A few gadgets have a parallel outside transport choice to permit including extra information

memory or memory-mapped gadgets. All gadgets (with the exception of the littlest TinyAVR

chips) have serial interfaces, which can be utilized to associate bigger serial EEPROMs or

glimmer chips. All gadgets (with the exception of the littlest TinyAVR chips) have serial

interfaces

4. SYTEM DESIGN

4.1. Introduction

Planning of this framework is conceivable when you select the particular controller to suite. For

this we chose 89C51 controller. With the assistance of 89C51 controller movement control

framework can be actualized effectively with the assistance IR innovation. To the controller we

associated IR transmitter and collector circuit. Rather than IR transmitter and beneficiary we

can run with photograph diode and photograph transmitters too. Here we are utilizing four IR

sets for each side.

At whatever point vehicles achieve the intersection on each side, at that point IR identifies

the vehicle by sending sign to controller and the controller will numbers the check of vehicles.

Furthermore, figure the most extreme tally from them and give the way to side which has

greatest number by shining green LED and other LED and other three sides red LED might be

sparkle.

Figure 4.1 Overall Block Diagram

4.2. SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

The fundamental point of this power supply is to change over the 230V AC into 5V DC keeping

in mind the end goal to give supply for the TTL. This schematic clarification incorporates the

nitty gritty stick associations of each gadget with the microcontroller.

This schematic clarification incorporates the definite stick associations of each gadget with

the microcontroller. Give us a chance to see the stick associations of every single gadget with

the microcontroller in detail. This schematic clarification incorporates the point by point stick

associations of each gadget with the microcontroller.

4.2.1. Power Supply

In this procedure, we are utilizing a stage down transformer, a scaffold rectifier, a smoothing

circuit and the RPS. At the essential of the transformer, we are giving the 230V AC supply. The

optional is associated with the inverse terminals of the Bridge rectifier as the information. From

different arrangements of inverse terminals, we are taking the yield of the rectifier.



The extension rectifier changes over the AC originating from the auxiliary of the

Transformer into throbbing DC. The yield of this rectifier is additionally given to the smoother

circuit which is a capacitor in our venture. The smoothing circuit takes out the swells from the

throbbing DC and gives the unadulterated DC to the RPS to get a steady yield DC voltage. The

RPS manages the voltage according to our necessity.

4.2.2. Microcontroller

The microcontroller ATMEGA16A with Pull-up resistors at Port0 and precious stone oscillator

of 11.0592MHz gem in conjunction with a few capacitors of is set at eighteenth and nineteenth

pins of 89S51 to make it work (execute) appropriately.

4.2.3. IR Module

The IR transmitter and collector are info and yield gadgets. This is associated with the port P2

of the Microcontroller.

4.2.4. LEDS

Here the LEDs are associated with one of microcontroller port by utilizing a resistor.

5. IMPLEMENTATION

The applications as talked about in the plan are actualized and the source code identified with

the present work is incorporated the approaching section.

5.1. Software

5.1.1 µVISION3

µvision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that encourages you compose,

order, and investigate implanted projects. It epitomizes the accompanying parts:

• Project Manager

• Facility

• Tool Configuration

• Editor

• intense debugger

To enable you to begin, a few illustration programs (situated in the \C51\Examples,

\C251\Examples,\C166\Examples, and \ARM\...\Examples) are given.

! Hi is a straightforward program that prints the string "Hi World" utilizing the Serial

Interface [7].

5.1.2 µVISION2

BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN µvision2

To construct (gather, amass, and interface) an application in µvisionz, you should:

1. 1. Select Project - (for instance, 166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2). z. Select Project -

Rebuild all objective records or Build target.

µvisionz accumulates collects and connections the records in your venture.



Making YOUR OWN APPLICATION IN µvision2

To make another venture in µVision2 you should:

1. Select Project - New Project.

2. Select a registry and enter the name of the venture record.

3. Select Project - Select Device and select a 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 gadget From the Device

Database.

4. Make source records to add to the venture.

5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, Files, Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source

records to the venture.

6. Select Project - Options and set the device alternatives. Note when you select the objective

gadget from the Device Database every single unique alternative are set consequently. You

ordinarily just need to arrange the memory guide of your objective equipment. Default memory

demonstrates settings are ideal for generally applications.

7. Select Project - Rebuild all objective documents or Build target.

Investigating AN APPLICATION IN µVISION2

To investigate an application made utilizing uvision2, you should:

1. Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session.

2. Utilize the Step toolbar catches to single-stride through your program.

3. You may enter G, principle in the Output Window to execute to the primary C work.

4. Open the Serial Window utilizing the Serial #1 catch on the toolbar. Troubleshoot your program

utilizing standard alternatives like Step, Go, Break, et cetera.

5.2. STARTING µVISION2 AND CREATING A PROJECT:

µVision2 is a standard Windows application and begun by tapping on the program symbol. To

make another venture record select from the uvision2 menu

5.2.1. Project

New Project: This opens a standard Windows trade that methodologies you for the new pursuit

report name.

We recommend that you use an alternate coordinator for each wander. You can essentially

use the image Create New Folder in this talk to get another void coordinator. By then select this

envelope and enter the record name for the new pursuit, i.e. Project1.

µVision2 makes another wander archive with the name PROJECT1.Uv2 which contains a

default target and record hoard name. You can see these names in the Project.

5.3. Window – Files

Presently use from the menu Project - Select Device for Target and select a CPU for your

venture. The Select Device exchange box demonstrates the uvisionz gadget database. Simply

select the microcontroller you utilize. We are utilizing for our illustrations the Philips

80C51RD+ CPU. This choice sets essential instrument alternatives for the 80C51RD+ gadget

and streamlines along these lines the apparatus Configuration. This determination sets vital

device choices for the 80C51RD+ gadget and rearranges thusly the device Configuration

5.4 Building Projects and Creating A Hex Files

Ordinary, the apparatus settings under Options - Target are all you have to begin another

application. You may decipher all source documents and line the application with a tick on the



Build Target toolbar symbol. When you construct an application with language structure

blunders, uvisionz will show mistakes and be cautioning messages in the Output Window -

Build page. A double tap on a message line opens the source record in the right area in a

µvisionz proof reader window. When you have effectively produced your application you can

begin investigating.

After you have tried your application, it is required to make an Intel HEX document to

download the product into an EPROM software engineer or test system. uvisionz makes HEX

records with each form procedure when Create HEX documents under Options for Target -

Output is empowered. You may begin your PROM programming utility after the make

procedure when you determine the program under the alternative Run User Program #1.

5.4.1. CPU Simulation

µvisionz recreates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which ranges can be mapped for perused,

compose, or code execution gets to. The uvisionz test system traps and reports illicit memory

gets to being finished.

Notwithstanding memory mapping, the test system additionally offers help for the

incorporated peripherals of the different 8051 subordinates. The on-chip peripherals of the CPU

you have chosen are designed from the Device

5.4.2. Database Selection

You have made when you make your venture target. Allude to page 58 for more Information

about choosing a gadget. You may choose and show the on-chip fringe parts utilizing the Debug

menu. You can likewise change the parts of every fringe utilizing the controls in the exchange

boxes.

Begin Debugging

You begin the troubleshooting method of uvisionz with the Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session

order. Contingent upon the Options for Target - Debug Configuration, vision will stack the

application program and run the start-up code revisions spares the manager screen design and

re-establishes the screen format of the last investigate session. On the off chance that the

program execution stops, vision opens a supervisor window with the source content or shows

CPU directions in the dismantling window. The following executable articulation is set apart

with a yellow bolt. Amid troubleshooting, most manager highlights are as yet accessible.

For instance, you can utilize the discovery order or right program blunders. Program source

content of your application has appeared in similar windows. The µvisionz troubleshoot mode

varies from the alter mode in the accompanying perspectives:

• The "Troubleshoot Menu and Debug Commands" depicted on page z8 are Available. The extra

investigate windows are talked about in the accompanying.

• The extended structure or apparatus parameters can't be adjusted. All form Commands are

debilitated.

Dismantling Window

The Disassembly window demonstrates your objective program as blended source and gets

together a program or just gathering code. A follow history of beforehand executed guidelines

might be shown with Debug - see Trace Records. To empower the following history, set Debug

- Enable/Disable Trace Recording.

On the off chance that you select the Disassembly Window as the dynamic window all

program step orders deal with CPU guideline level instead of program source lines. You can



choose a content line and set or alter code breakpoints utilizing toolbar catches or the setting

menu orders.

You may utilize the discourse Debug - Inline Assembly. To adjust the CPU directions. That

enables you to revise botches or to roll out brief improvements to the object program you are

investigating

6. RESULTS

Figure 12.1 Connections and red signal Figure 12.2 Connections and green signal

Figure 12.3 Complete prototype model

From the series of experiments we have conducted the following results were obtained:

• Fuel is saved to about 70% compared to normal timer based traffic control

• Traffic can be cleared without any irregularities

• Time can be shared evenly for all intersections

• Effective time management

7. CONCLUSION

To diminish the blockage and undesirable time delay in movement, a propelled framework is

required. One such propelled innovation is programmed flagging utilizing IR sensors. The

sensors help in Keeping Count of vehicles entering streets and accordingly dispense time

postpone in this way giving exact need to every street until further notice. With this strategy,

we have entered another time of programmed movement flag control. Wired framework

organize gives an option for versatile remote correspondence by utilizing ZigBee[8] arrange.

ZigBee arrange gives organize availability in a minimal effort, low power utilization, and long

battery life.



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2013

[2] Implementing Intelligent Traffic Control System for Congestion Control, Ambulance

Clearance, and Stolen Vehicle Detection, Rajeshwari Sundar, Santhoshs Hebbar,

Varaprasad Golla, IEEE Sensors Journal , Volume: 15 Issue: 2, FEBRUARY 2015.

[3] Violation detection method for vehicular ad hoc networking, K. Sridharamurthy, A. P.

Govinda, J. D. Gopal, and G. Varaprasad, ” Security Commun. Netw., to be published.

[Online]. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sec.427/abstract

[4] Traffic light control in non-stationary environments based on multi agent Q-learning, M.

Abdoos, N. Mozayani, and A. L. C. Bazzan, “” in Proc. 14th Int. IEEE Conf. Intell. Transp.

Syst., Oct. 2011, pp. 580–1585.

[5] Traffic Solution. [Online]. Available: http://phys.org/news/2013–05- physics-green-city-

traffic-smoothly.html accessed 2013.

[6] Dr.S.Ramachandran and S.Aravindan An Analysis of Traffic, Transportation And

Operations of Nargolport, India –A Case Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp. 465–476.

[7] Pooja Sikdar, Prof. Ahsan Rabbani, Prof. N.K. Dhapekar and Dr. Govardhan Bhatt.

Hypothesis Testing of Road Traffic Accident Data in India. International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp. 430–435.

[8] A novel approach to implement green wave system and detection of stolen vehicles, A. K.

Mittal and D. Bhandari, in Proc. IEEE 3rd Int. Adv. Comput., Feb. 2013, pp. 1055–1059.

[9] High stable power aware multicast algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks, G. Varaprasad,

IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1442–1446, May 2013.

[10] ZigBee Specifications, ZigBee Alliance IEEE Standard 802.15.4k2013, 2014. [Online].

Available: http://www.zigbee.org/Specifications.aspx.

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