smarter norwich - pixie energy · norfolk and a smarter norwich • we are launching smarter...
TRANSCRIPT
Smarter Norwich 18 October 2017
Today’s agenda
14:00 – 14:20 Registration
14:20 – 14:50 Welcome and launch of Smarter Norwich
Nigel Cornwall
Founder, Pixie Energy
14:50 – 15:20 The Smart Energy Norwich 2030 Vision
Nigel Hargreaves
Founder, Synfo
15:20 – 15:40 Smarter Norwich: Pillars of the Project
Tom Andrews
Analyst, Cornwall Insight
15:40 – 16:00 Pixie Energy: Data and Discovery
Ben Hardie
Analyst, Pixie Energy
16:00 – 17:00 Closing remarks, drinks reception and
networking
New technologies and players
• All solar PV and nearly half of
wind generation “embedded”
− many consumers already
“prosumers”
• 20% of generation now
intermittent, prices more volatile
− pressure on networks is
increasing
• Some trials and regulatory
dispensations but policy
aspirations largely unmet
Innovative
supply
Microgeneration
Load
management
Storage
Moixa
GLA
Bristol EC
Robin Hood Energy
Good Energy
Ecotricity
Tesla
Powervault
Daimler
“Piclo”
Hive
Nest
Energy Local
Ovo Communities
Siemens
Symbio
F&S Energy
Origami
Tonik
Flow
BulbIglooGreen
Energy
Transformation is happening but it is happening but in a piecemeal and
uncoordinated way
Opening Pandora’s box• But costs continuing to fall
− solar costs ~10% by 2025
− lithium ion storage ~60% by 2030
• Interest in “peer to peer” trading
increasing
− Piclo, “user chooser”, LEM in Cornwall
• Carbon budgets and 2050 target
will continue to act as catalyst
• Increasing local system resilience
also an important driver
− active network management
• Costs vs. affordability
− domestic bills set to increase £100 by
2020-21 based on legacy decisions
− caps vs. engagement
Efficient
sizing of
network
Trading
and
netting
Integrated
use of local
generation
Integrated
use of
demand &
storage
Moving to a smarter world will lead to a more efficient use of local energy
resources, greater energy resilience and potentially lower costs
What is Pixie Energy?
• Pixie Energy - an advisory and services company
established by Nigel Cornwall of Cornwall Insight to develop
and implement local energy market ideas and initiatives
▪ The East Anglian Energy Market Innovation Project is
now building on knowledge and relationships by scoping and
establishing innovation projects with local partners to yield
“learning by doing”, smarter, low-carbon solutions
▪ Overarching objectives, focussing on East Anglia:
− build regional energy map, highlighting opportunities and
challenges
− support local energy solutions and players
− examine demonstration or pilot schemes (including possible
rules changes)
− demonstrate business case for new commercial mechanisms
and models
The project takes national
knowledge and relationships
and will apply them for the
benefit of the East Anglian
region
Some other participants
Project structure
Website/Regional Knowledge Hub
Norfolk Suffolk CambridgeshireLocal Innovation Hubs
P2
Steering Group
Norfolk P1:
Smarter Norwich
P2 P2
Greater Cambs. P1:
Smart Communities
Suffolk P1:
Sproughton
Demonstrator
EA Energy Markets Innovation Project
Norfolk Suffolk Cambridgeshire Cross-County
Learning
P2Cross-County P1:
FiT
Export Aggregation
Projects
What is “smart”?
• Not just “specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time bound”
• Low-carbon generation, including existing assets as well as new
• Demand-side devices (battery and other storage, thermostats,
boilers etc)
• Sensors and data flow (smart meters a key enabler)
• Better visibility and control of the electricity network as well as
“behind the meter”
• Sharper incentives leading to additional value and cost
minimisation, benefitting customers and their communities
Norfolk and a smarter Norwich
• We are launching Smarter Norwich project
today in collaboration with Norwich
Community Solar
− similar bottom up approach, learning by doing
− supporting specific community schemes
• We are helping Norfolk County Council and
other councils
− but to date more appetite in Suffolk
• Looking to extend the network to housing
associations and existing RE owners
• Next major step is the Norwich Local Supply
Community project
Norwich has the potential to be at
the cutting edge of energy market
innovation, and Pixie Energy is here
to help.
Some simple things
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Variable tariffs DD Cheapest fixed tariffs DD Average of cheapest fixed tariffs Prepayment tariffs
11
Distributed
generation &
renewable sites
EVs and transport
infrastructuresLocal authorities
Domestic load &
housing
providers
Research &
data centres
Battery storage
University campus
& colleges
Industrial &
commercial load
Local Energy
Sharing
capacity
Load-
generation
matching
Strategic
planning
Community
benefits
DevelopersHospitals
Distribution Network
Operator
Trading platform
Bulletin
board
Some are more difficult …
Some assembly required
Reference slides
Domestic archetypes• A way to approximate energy use
Archetype DefinitionMean annual use of
electricity in kWh
Mean annual use of
gas in kWh
Archetype 1 Low-income electrically-heated 6,130 0
Archetype 2 All other electrically-heated 8,912 0
Archetype 3 Low-income non-metered fuel-heated 3,383 0
Archetype 4 All other non-metered fuel-heated 4,814 0
Archetype 5
Low-income, out-of-work single adults in small 1-bed
social rented flats 2,158 8,495
Archetype 6 Young working adults in rented flats 2,853 10,372
Archetype 7
Low-income single adults (lone parents or elderly) in
social rented houses 2,640 10,592
Archetype 8 Younger working families in medium-sized rented houses 3491 13,595
Archetype 9 “Average” mains gas-heated households 3,585 15,280
Archetype 10
Wealthy working families in 3-4 bed semi’s owned with
mortgage 4,588 18,784
Archetype 11
Asset-rich, “empty-nesters” in detached houses in less
urban areas 4,098 19,226
Archetype 12
Wealthy working families in larger detached houses in
less urban areas 5,306 23,832
Ofgem Low 2,000 8,000
Ofgem
Medium
Regulator’s definitions of high, medium and low users
3,100 12,500
Ofgem High 4,600 19,000
Households in Norwich
• Based on our analysis of census data
Archetype Count of households Percentage
Archetype 1 1622 3%
Archetype 2 3315 5%
Archetype 3 1821 3%
Archetype 4 3310 5%
Archetype 5 3083 5%
Archetype 6 4462 7%
Archetype 7 5227 9%
Archetype 8 13534 22%
Archetype 9 13410 22%
Archetype 10 6065 10%
Archetype 11 2794 5%
Archetype 12 1676 3%
Norwich: A smart energy city by 2030?
SEN 2030
Nigel Hargreaves
The energy system re-imagined
Other
communities
Heat &
Light
Transport
Water
Food
production &
processing
Health,
Welfare
& jobs
Comms &
data
Environmental Energy Pool
Local context
Norwich Citility
Heat &
Light
Transport
Water
Food
production
Health,
Welfare
& jobs
Comms &
data
Local context
Another citility
The changing power system
Thanks to Forum for the Future ‘Wise Minds: The Energy Transition and Large Utilities , 2017
Disruptors:
Cheap storage, ubiquitous sensing & metering, blockchain, direct
supply, V2G, local flexibility markets, social smartness, AI
Landscape:
Key driving trends
Favourable
Economics of
energy efficiency,
DERs and EVs
Energy Policy
priority lowering
cost through
innovation
Digital
Connectivity
More
renewables
Rise of the
‘Utilizen’ and
‘Citility’
Transactive grid
control moved
to grid edge
Smarter system
control
Disintermediation
Digitalisation
Democratisation
Decarbonisation
Regime:
Change in response
Outcomes:
Emerging trends
Rapid tech & market
innovation across
multiple sectors
More competition, more
products, more resilience
Wider equity distribution
and collaboration
Declining use of large
power stations
Decentralisation
The global picture
Global temperature1.5˚C
The levelised cost of solar electricity set to drop by 66% by 2040*
Solar and wind will account for 72% of $10.2 trillion spent on
new power generation to 2040*
Battery storage will come
as standard with rooftop
solar by the 2030s*
Investors are choosing
positive environmental,
social and governance
arrangements
*BNEF
The UK picture
DUKES 2017
Ins
tall
ed
ca
pa
cit
y –
MW
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Electrical generating capacity of renewable energy plant Other bioenergy
Offshore wind
Onshore wind
Solar PV
Hydro
Landfill gas
Generation output
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ge
ne
rati
on
TW
h
24.6% of total generation
(1%) over 2016 interim RED target
The local picture - Norfolk“Startup independents are becoming an important supplier of sustainable power in the
UK, making the grid more stable and resilient at the same time.” IET, June 2017
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Landfill Gas Dedicated Biomas Onshore Wind Sewage Gas Solar PV Anaerobic Digestion
Number of low carbon generators and installed
generation capacity in Norfolk for assets >1MW
Num
ber
of lo
w c
arb
on
genera
tors
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
MW
Generation capacity
Genera
tion c
apacity
Community energy in England & Wales
Equivalent
to energy
demand of 85,000
homes
74 Energy
efficiency
projects
More than 220
organisations
269 distinct
projects
121 MW
installed
capacity
265 GWh
generation
to date
Reducing
CO2
emissions
by 110,000 t0
10
20
30
40
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 20182002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Com
ple
ted g
enera
tion a
ctivitie
s
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
?
Insta
lled c
apacity
MWCommunity energy projects and installed capacity
A smart energy vision for NorwichPeer-to-peer
electricity trading
Small and large scale
energy storage
Use of local DERs
for local settlement
and balancing
Integrated use of
local centres of
demand (DSM)
• Better coordination of
local energy resources
• Revenue from local and
national energy services
market
• Additional energy trading
benefits to small
participants
• Greater energy resilience
and independence
• Local job creation in
smart energy
• Potential to reduce
energy poverty
• Attracts further smart city
innovations
• Inward investment
supports jobs and welfare
• Cleaner air!
Trade in e-services
rather than reliance
on subsidies
A smart energy roadmap for Norwich
Develop
community
energy
Network
regional
resources
Introduce
storage
Create a
local
energy
market
Sell
ancillary
services
Reduce fuel
poverty
Other
community
benefits
NCS
working
with a
local
installer
& Pixie
Energy
UKPN
developing a
smart flexible
grid
greater
collaboration
with NCS, PE
& LAs on local
network
development
At domestic
and municipal
scales. A new
vision for the
Generation
Park scheme
and other
brownfield
sites
Pixie Energy
launched to
promote a
local energy
market with
integrated
DER trading,
collaboration&
fundraising
platform
development
2017 2025-30
Add value to
locally owned
and operated
DERs by
optimising use
of local power
& storage.
Local
balancing &
selling
services to
users in the
wider grid
Cheaper
locally
generated
power to local
customers will
bring down
electricity
bills. This
impact will
occur after
earlier steps
as well
Added system
resilience for
participating
communities.
Environmental and
social benefits
including greater
control over power
costs, income from
selling services,
cleaner air and more
biodiversity returned to
the community
Asset integration for a smart energy city
Hydrogen,
compressed
air, Rail etc.
How Norwich could respond
Energy
centre
collaboration
Flexible
service
demand
Landfill
gas
Industrial
buildings
Municipal buildings
Commercial
warehouses ‘GenPark’
Wind
= Possible DER location
Integration with City Council Strategies
“A sustainable city with a good local environment that
people value.” Environmental Strategy 2015-19
Conclusion
This vision for Smarter Energy Norwich
2025-30 supports Norwich City Council’s
environmental strategy priorities by building
energy resilience at the nexus of key
sustainability concerns
2.3 Corporate Plan key priorities are:
• safe, clean and low carbon city
• prosperous city
• fair city
• healthy city with good housing
5.3 The council’s key environmental priorities are:
• Priority 1 (&2) – to reduce the city’s (& council’s) carbon dioxide emissions
• Priority 4 – to increase energy efficiency of housing stock
• Priority 5 – to ensure new development is carried out in a sustainable way
• Priority 6 – to support & encourage sustainable transport solutions
• Priority 7 – to support a low carbon economy in Norwich
Summary
10MW/MWh E.On grid scale battery
and CHP in Sheffield, 2017
• Growing tide of distributed energy
resources reshaping energy systems
• Opportunities to benefit communities
through innovation, resource integration &
planning
• Possible to create a market for energy
services with lower barriers to entry
• Potential for greater resilience, wider
wealth & better health distribution
• Pixie Energy can help bring together
key stakeholders to build a visionary
energy strategy for Norwich and Norfolk
Energy system
potential eg.
opportunities to
balance &
supply locally
The data & IT
need to be
available –
sensing and
IoT
Regulations
need to enable
access &
innovation to
reward new
system value
Commercials
need to stack up
so it is worth
doing
People need to
be willing and
engaged so they
participateAll conditions
need to be met -
at city scale
*
* Bristol Smart Energy City Collaboration
Smarter NorwichPillars of the project
Tom Andrews
What are we doing in Norwich?
• Community-owned, low carbon energy generation
− A crowdfunding platform to help local people invest in local community energy projects
• A local electricity supply community, providing:
− More revenue for generators
− A better price to consumers
− Improved visibility and balancing for the system
• Optimising the generation and energy use of local organisations
− Both electricity and heat
• Data mapping East Anglian energy infrastructure
− On which Ben will say more
Norwich Community Solar
• Pixie Energy is proud to be supporting Norwich Community Solar
• NCS is a community-owned cooperative, aiming to decrease the
city’s carbon footprint
• It will seek funding from members of the community
• This money will be spent on deploying solar panels on buildings in
the city
− In negotiations with several prominent community buildings, and has secured seed
funding for these projects
• The profits from the sale of electricity will benefit the community
− Hosting buildings will receive subsidised energy prices from the rooftop generation
– around 15% discount to market rates
− Investors will receive a rate of interest
− Surplus income to NCS will fund community benefit schemes
Crowdfunding
NCS - and other
community energy
groups -upload projects
which are ready for funding
Investors pledge
funding to projects
Once target is
met, pledges will be
collected
Assets built on
community buildings
Investors will
receive annual returns
(target 4%
return)
Automated processing
will minimise staff and therefore
cost
• To support NCS, Pixie Energy will build a crowdfunding platform,
advertising projects available for funding
• We will look to add a secondary market, to allow investors to trade
their existing stakes in projects, within the first year or so
A Norwich Supply Community
• Testing a new way of paying for local low-carbon generation
− Achieving a better return that the FiT, and replace the FiT when it ends
− Keeping the value in the community instead of being lost to national markets
• Investigating the use of batteries
− Exploring the benefit to a local independent supplier of managing their
imbalance position more precisely
− Looking at what values can pass through to the consumer
• Creating innovative tariffs
− Local, green, sunshine/Time of Use tariffs
− Priced according to real underlying costs to the industry
− Rewarding those who use energy flexibly
Norwich LSC proposal
• Matching Norfolk-based generation to supply local demand
− Identifying available uncontracted generation for routing through to the LSC; exports
from existing assets on a what-if basis
− Simulating tender of new-to-market exports (new or out of contract generators) for
the purpose of growing the generation available to the LSC at assessed market rates
• Collaborating with an independent energy supplier to create a local innovation
tariff
− Selling electricity to social housing tenants, local businesses, schools or other
participants rates simulating time of use (ToU) tariff rates
− Using market-leading Cornwall Insight assessments of forward industry costs
• Exploring optimising the use of low-carbon energy in conjunction with demand-
side technologies
− Smart meters and home energy management systems (HEMS)
− Using batteries and other demand-side interventions to time-shift energy generation
and consumption under HHS conditions
Benefits to Norwich
Wider participation
Community energy aspect allows local people to “buy in”
Wider distribution of revenue from low-carbon generation
Looks at market as it will be, not as it is:
• Market wide HHS
• Time of Use tariffs
Focus on real customers, not “average” customers
Cost/ value impacts
Supplier takes on responsibility for spill –preserving the value of this energy in local market
Enables customer flexibility to be accessed and assessed
Better value streams to generators should bring forward increased deployment
Increased optionality and firmness of consumer exports
Flexibility
Behind the meter response assuming half hourly settlement
Volume interventions as proxy for flexible technologies
Differentiated consumption archetypes provide a better guide to expected consumer behavior
Enhanced sharing of imbalances within supplier portfolio
Optimising local grids
• Pixie Energy is looking to work with large organisations in Norwich to
optimise their energy use
− Large energy users, for electricity and heat
− Typically, have large CHP engines and ambitions to deploy solar arrays
• Need to maximise the value of their existing energy assets, and want to
install additional renewable generation
− Also need more electricity capacity to expand facilities – and wanting a better
option than the high cost in time and money of conventional grid reinforcement
• Analysing load profiles – for heat and power – and looking at options to
balance energy use across nearby sites, we can:
− Link electricity and heat networks, to allow participants to operate and balance
their energy systems more economically
− Share capacity among participants, to minimise and defer network build-out
− Enable the deployment of more low-carbon generation
Why is peak demand important?
• New transmission and distribution lines to
distribute extra power are expensive!
• The cost of keeping enough flexible
generators on the system to provide power
during these peaks is higher still
• By reducing peak demand, either by energy
efficiency measures or by shifting
consumption away from peak periods, these
costs can be minimised
Peak demand drives most of the cost of the energy system,
though most domestic consumer
pricing doesn’t reflect this
The value of flex - domestic
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
kW
energ
y d
em
and
Half-hourly period
House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 House 6 Source: Elexon
The value of flex - domestic
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
kW
energ
y d
em
and
Half-hourly period
House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 House 6 Source: Elexon
The value of flex – domestic
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
kW
energ
y d
em
and
Half-hourly period
House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 House 6 Original peak
Additional technology
Electricity storage
Allows CHP to run at
times when
economically viable for
electricity but not heat
Charged from onsite
solar or CHPs or off-
peak grid energy
Additional Solar PV Thermal storage
Energy used at peak
time to minimise
expensive imports
Or to defer/ avoid new
connections capacity
Potentially very small
losses – allows seasonal
energy shift
Mature, low cost tech
(compared to electricity
storage)
Rooftop or carpark
canopies as well as
ground-mounted
Reliable income stream
Strong synergies with
CHP heat/ power
generation
Benefits to participants
More efficient use of assets
Avoid costs of new connections
Lower cost of energy
Changing behaviour
• Peak solar generation
in the UK does not
match peak demand
• Energy is spilled to the
grid, often unmetered,
and under valued
• This creates additional
expenses for the
national system, as it
must be balanced by
the system operator0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
Domestic use Solar peak
• If electricity demand can be shifted closer to the peak, or electricity stored until the
peak, this would benefit everyone
• To maximise benefits, shifts in consumption and technology to accommodate the
consumption which can’t be shifted will be needed
Pixie Energy- Data and Discovery
Ben Hardie
Land Ahoy!
• When most people think about renewable East Anglian energy
generation, they tend to think of offshores wind
• However there is a rapidly expanding distributed energy sector
throughout the East Anglian region
• Solar, onshore wind, biomass, and other renewable forms of
onshore energy generation have all seen substantial growth in
recent years
Norfolk Low Carbon Generator Distribution >1MW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Num
ber
of
Genera
tors
Landfill Gas Dedicated Biomas Onshore Wind Sewage Gas Solar PV Anaerobic Digestion
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
MW
Landfill Gas Dedicated Biomas Onshore Wind Sewage Gas Solar PV Anaerobic Digestion
The mapping tool
• The mapping work is going to provide baseline information about various
aspects of energy, primarily shown through geographical placemarks,
polygons and heatmaps via online, interactive maps
• The scope of the mapping will involve differentiating between the ambition to
understand the current energy landscape, as well as understanding future
projections and plans
• It is our ambition that the map will one day be accessible through our website
so that our clients and stakeholders can benefit from its data
• The mapping data is essential for a project like Smarter Norwich
What will the mapping tool cover?
• Energy Demand Hotspots
• Generators/Installations
• Combined Heat and Power Schemes
• EV Charging Points
• Battery Energy Storage
• Network Infrastructure (substations, GSPs, gas and electricity transmission networks)
• Energy Efficiency
• Electricity Consumption
• Fuel Poverty
• CO2 Emissions
The mapping is going to be applied to 34 local authority areas, the majority of which are
in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire. The mapping work will include
(but will not be limited to):
Local Authority AreasNorfolk
Norwich
Breckland
Broadland
Great Yarmouth
North Norfolk
South Norfolk
Kings Lynn &
West Norfolk
Suffolk
Ipswich
Babergh
Forest Heath
Mid Suffolk
St Edmundsbury
Suffolk Coastal
Waveney
Cambridgeshire
Cambridge
East Cambridgeshire
Fenland
Huntingdonshire
Peterborough
South
Cambridgeshire
Hertfordshire
Broxbourne
Dacorum
East
Hertfordshire
Hertsmere
North
Hertfordshire
St Albans
Stevenage
Three Rivers
Watford
Welwyn Hatfield
Others
South Holland
(Lincolnshire)
South Kesteven
(Lincolnshire)
Rutland
Uttlesford
(Essex)
A ‘SMART’ mapping tool
S = Specific
M = Measurable
A = Attainable/Achievable
R = Realistic
T = Time Bound
• 1 Landfill Gas Generator (2MW)
• 1 Sewage Gas Generator (2.88MW)
• ~30 Solar PV Installations >30kW (~9MW)
Norwich (5 mile radius) Low Carbon Generator Distribution >30kW Installed Capacity
Known Norwich Low Carbon Generators >30kW Total Installed Capacity: 13-14MW
Norwich Archetypes
Why use our map and who will benefit?
• Development
− The ability to know where generation and grid access already exists is immensely
useful for anyone looking to build or develop a site
− City planners and the local DNO will hugely benefit from this
• Increased resilience
− A localised smart grid can be much more resilient to unexpected change, the
mapping tool will further aid this
− In the event of an emergency, being able to quickly identify available assets
vastly increases resilience
• Demand mapping
− Identifying and studying demand patterns is essential intelligence for energy and
city planners
No future for the Feed-in Tariff
• As of July 2017, there are 4498.46kW of capacity accredited to the Fit
scheme in the Norwich city Council area
• The Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme supports below 5MW generation sites,
with payments for the electricity they generate and the power they export
onto the distribution network.
• The recently released Clean Growth Strategy heavily implies that that FiT
will come to and end in 2019
• It is our hope that Smarter Norwich will create a local energy market to
effectively replace FiT
• This means there is a double incentive to go renewable
What else is out there?
• Pixie is currently working 20 energy related projects across the East
Anglian Region, of which Smarter Norwich is only one
• These mostly involve local, renewable, community run generation
• It is perfectly plausible that Smarter Norwich can be replicated elsewhere
• Our mapping tool will eventually cover the region
Building the map
Expanding our map
• The Pixie mapping tool will eventually cover the whole of East Anglia
• It can be used to inform similar projects to these and many more across
the region
• For example we have already mapped assets in Ipswich
Thank you for Listening
Website: http://www.pixie-energy.com/
Twitter: @Pixie_Energy
E-mail: [email protected]