smartphone solutions3

7/29/2019 Smartphone Solutions3

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Issue 2.0

Date 2012-07-17

Smartphone Solutions

White Paper


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Contents

Change History .................................................................................ii

1 Executive Summary ......................................................................1

2 Challenges on Networks by Mobile Internet Applications ........2

2.1 Application Categories and Characteristics ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... .. 2

2.2 Characteristics of Small-Packet Services (SNS, IM, and VoIP) and their Impact on

Networks ................. ............................................................................... 4

2.3 Characteristics of Video Service and Their Impact on Networks ............................ 5

2.4 Cloud Service Characteristics and Impact on Network ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6

2.5 Web Applications Characteristics and Impact on Network ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7

2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 7

3 Challenges on Network by Mobile Internet Terminals ................8

3.1 Terminal Capabilities and Challenges on Network .... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .... .. 8

3.2 OS Development and Challenges on Network ................................................ 10

3.3 Conclusion .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... ....11

4 Solutions ......................................................................12

4.1 E2E Solutions ...........................................................................................12

4.1.1 Problem Descr ipt ion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..12

4 . 1 . 2 S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

4.2 PS Solutions ............................................................................................14

4.2.1 Problem Descr ipt ion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .14

4 . 2 . 2 S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7

Issue1.0

DescriptionThis is the first release.

Date2012-07-17

Prepared BySmartphone ecosystem R&D support team

Approved ByZhao Qiyong (employee ID: 00119431)

Change History


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4.3 UMTS RAN Solutions ....... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. 18

4.3.1 Problem Description..........................................................................18

4.3.2 Solutions .................................................................................20

4.4 LTE Solutions .................................................................................23

4.4.1 Problems Description ........................................................................ 23

4.4.2 Solutions .................................................................................24

5 Summary ......................................................................29

5.1 Challenge Overview ................................................................................29

5.2 Solutions and Suggestions ............................................................................30

A Acronyms and Abbreviations .....................................................32

B Reference ......................................................................37

C Contributors ...................................................................... 38


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Figures

Figure 3-1 Traffic volumes for each mobile operating system ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10

Figure 4-1 Signaling load on wireless networks by different applications over iOS and Android .. .. .. .. .. 12

Figure 4-2 Signaling load differences from a network with Huawei equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 13

Figure 4-3 Repeated activation request impacts on network activations and KPI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 14

Figure 4-4 Unexpected signaling impact due to firewall faults ................................................. 15

Figure 4-5 PDP update Procedure Triggered by IU/RAB Release Signaling .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15

Figure 4-6 PDP update due to Service Request messages .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16

Figure 4-7 Comparison of paging volumes between CS domains and PS domains in operator M network

............................................................................................................................. 16

Figure 4-8 Small packets for smartphones ....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 19

Figure 4-9 Access signaling increases due to frequent services of smartphones .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 19

Figure 4-10 Decreased efficiency in air interface under MBB model .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20

Figure 4-11 Signaling flow during a data transmission process before the PCH function and the Enhanced

Fast Dormancy function are enabled ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... 21

Figure 4-12 Signaling flow during the transmission process of a big data packet after the PCH function

and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ......................................................... 21

Figure 4-13 Signaling flow during the transmission process of a small data packet after the PCH function

and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ......................................................... 21

Figure 4-14 UE always-online solution in LTE ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25

Figure 4-15 Signaling-control solution for users with high mobility during handovers in LTE networks .. 26

Figure 4-16 Dynamic DRX solution in LTE networks ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 27

Figure 4-17 Service-based differentiated control solution in LTE Networks .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28


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Tables

Table 2-1 Mainstream mobile Internet categories and characteristics .................................................. 2

Table 2-2 Impacts and solutions ........................................................................................... 7

Table 3-1 3GPP capabilities for typical smartphones ...................................................................... 8

Table 3-2 Screen resolution and video capability for typical smartphones ........................................ 9

Table 3-3 Background behaviors for screen off between iOS and Android devices ............................ 11

Table 3-4 Terminal chips supporting 3GPP Release 8 fast dormancy .................................................. 11

Table 5-1 Impact of mainstream mobile internet services................................................................ 29

Table 5-2 Impact of Smartphone on the network.......................................................................... 30

Table 5-3 Solution overview (based on 3GPP Release 8 protocol and earlier versions) ................. 30


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1

The quickly development of Smartphone energizes the weary mobile Internet.

The same as the innovative traditional Internet, Smartphone is blossoming

freely and have been widely used in our daily life, learning, and working.

Based on function attributes and data packet features, mobile Internet

applications are categorized into instant messaging (IM), voice over IP (VoIP),

streaming, social networking services (SNS), web browsing, cloud, email, file

transfer, gaming, and machine-to-machine (M2M) dialog. The mobile Internet

applications can also be classified in other ways.

The 3GPP protocol was defined to meet the requirements of persistent

connection and peak throughput at initial stage. However, various Internet

applications generate traffic models which are extremely different from

traditional voice services. These traffic models bring severe challenges for the

3GPP protocol.

Major changes in traffic characteristics are the increases in small packets, short

connections, signaling and data traffic, and abnormal traffic. For Universal

Mobile Telecommunications System (UTMS) networks in idle status, all these

changes lead to sharp increases on signaling and other system resource load.

They also bring severe threat on network performance, and affect application

data throughput capability and network profitability in the long run.

For the healthy development of mobile broadband (MBB) in the long term,

developers are all seeking methods to achieve improvements for technique

standards, existing networks, and smartphones. Developers are considering

improvements in the following aspects:

For standard design, the factors, such as small packets, bearer efficiency,

network architecture, and protocol layer optimization are considered.

For existing networks, original traffic models for reference are changed,

software, hardware and parameters are reconfigured, and new features

are enabled.

For Smartphone and applications, a win-win situation is expected

between network resource consumption and user experience. This paper

proposed solutions and suggestions targeting at identified problems

caused by smartphones and applications in deployed UMTS and LTE

networks based on 3GPP Release 8 and earlier versions.

These solutions cannot replace network reconstructions or capacity expansion

to meet the requirements of increasingly growing subscribers, signaling and

data traffic.

1 Executive Summary


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2

2.1 Application Categories and Characteristics

Mobile Internet is the combination of mobile communications and

Internet. Mobile communications and Internet have gained their own great

achievements. However, their terminal modes, network architectures,

application categories, and user behaviors differ obviously. If the Internet

mainly providing data service is integrated into mobile communications

which provide voice service, great impacts are inflicted on network resource

efficiency, capacity, and signaling.

With the development of mobile Internet in recent years, its service categories

and characteristics are different from traditional Internet. Table 2-1 describes

the categories of current mobile Internet and their main characteristics.

2 Challenges on Networks by

Mobile Internet Applications

Table 2-1 Mainstream mobile Internet categories and characteristics

Category DescriptionTypical

ApplicationCharacteristic

IM

Sending or receiving instant

messaging

Whatsapp, Wechat,

iMessage

Small packets, less

frequently

VoIP Audio and video callsViber, Skype, Tango,Face Time

Small packets,continuously

StreamingStreaming media such asHTTP audios, HTTP videos,and P2P videos

YouTube, Youku,Spotify, Pandora,PPStream

Big packets,continuously

SNS Social networking sitesFacebook, Twitter,Sina Weibo

Small packets, lessfrequently

Web BrowsingWeb browsing includingwireless access protocol(WAP) page browsing

Typical webbrowsers are Safariand UC Browser

Big packets, lessfrequently

CloudCloud computing andonline cloud applications

Siri, Evernote, iCloud Big packets

Email

Mails including webmail,Post Office Protocol 3(POP3), and Simple MailTransfer Protocol (SMTP)

GmailBig packets, less

frequently

File Transfer

File transfer including P2Pfile sharing, file storage,and application downloadand update

Mobile Thunder,App Store

Big packets,continuously

GamingMobile gaming such associal gaming and cardgaming

Angry Birds, DrawSomething, Wordswith Friends

Big packets, lessfrequently

M2MMachine TypeCommunication

Auto meter reading,mobile payment

Small packets


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The preceding features are defined as follows:

If packet per second (PPS) is greater than 20, the data is transmitted

continuously.

If PPS is less than 10, the data is transmitted less frequently.

A data packet larger than 1000 bytes is defined as a big packet.

A data packet less than 600 bytes is defined as a small packet.

Main traffic volume for mobile Internet is used for web browsing, and the

rest is used for streaming media and file transfer. Mobile Internet is widely

deployed and the traffic rate increases. Smartphones are equipped with more

functions. Mobile streaming media services will be widely used and the main

traffic volume will be occupied by video service. Instant communications with

text, voice, and video are more preferable, and network access becomes

more frequently. Meanwhile, the technique Hypertext Markup Language

(HTML5) becomes increasingly mature. Cloud service will replace traditional

web browsing and file transfer as the dominant player. The smartphones for

mobile Internet become small and diverse. More and more smart machine

terminals and M2M services, such as smart electrical household appliances,

auto meter reading, and mobile payment come into being.


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2.2 Characteristics of Small-Packet Services

(SNS, IM, and VoIP) and their Impact on

Networks

Small packet services on mobile Internet consist of SNS, IM, and VoIP.

Depending on the traffic conditions, small packets are divided into

intermittent small packets and continuous small packets. Intermittent small

packets, continuous small packets and their impact on networks are analyzed

in the following.

Factors leading to intermittent small packets include the following items:

Short messages with little information, such as friends presence update,

text chatting, and IM

Periodic keep alive messages, for example, keep alive messages for

connections between servers and subscribers

For these messages with less than 2000 bytes total traffic and less than 20

packets, the transmission duration is less than 3s, and the interval is 30s to

40 minutes periodically. On one hand, these messages lead to frequent RRC

status switches. The RRC status switches from IDLE/PCH to FACH/CELL_DCH

frequently. Service requests and IU releases become more frequent, which

bring great signaling impact on RAN and PS network terminals. On the other

hand, the data transmission duration is short. Radio channels remain in the

CELL_DCH status for a long period of time due to an inactive timer, which is a

waste of radio channel resources.

Servers maintain network connections with clients. When the clients send

requests, servers send notifications to receive ends. Paging messages are

generated over the network and air interface. If emergencies occur or

timed messages are required, servers send messages to large numbers of

smartphones in the network at the same time. This inflicts severe impact on

paging.

Continuous small packets are mostly generated in audio calls and video calls

in VoIP applications.

During a call, the packet interval is 40 ms to 60 ms and the length of a packet

is smaller than 300 bytes (100 bytes for an audio packet and 300 bytes

for a video packet). The forwarding performance of a network terminal is

calculated using the packet length of 500 bytes. Too many small packets lead

to unqualified forwarding.

Packet aggregation can eliminate the impact of small packets on networks.

The following mechanisms are used to eliminate the impact of small packets

on networks.

NSRM: Requests from multiple applications are delayed for a certain

period of time and then sent together.

APNS, C2DM: One application manages notifications of al l applications.


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2.3 Characteristics of Video Service and Their

Impact on Networks

YouTube, Netflix, and Youku provide Over the Top (OTT) services that use

HTTP to transfer video traffic. Compared with the User Datagram Protocol

(UDP)-based Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) used by desktop video, HTTP

can achieve firewall traversal using a proxy server. HTTP can also facilitate

adaptation to radio network environment changes using the gateway caching

technique.

HTTP progressive steaming and HTTP adaptive streaming protocols are

typically used for video transfer. HTTP adaptive streaming protocols include

Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Microsoft HTTP Smooth Streaming (HSS),

and 3GPP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). In these protocols,

all files are downloaded using HTTP. The file size depends on a video's bit

rate and duration. The typical value ranges from a few hundred KB to tens of

MB. In the downlink, all are big IP packets with more than 1400 bytes. In the

uplink, TCP ACK and HTTP Get packets are transmitted. Large bandwidth is

required for downloading data from the server with best effort.

Subscriber experience for video services is determined by buffering

performance in clients. The download speed in the buffer area determines

the time a subscriber has to wait before a video is played and the number

of pauses during video playing. For video transmitted over UDP, UDP packetloss can prevent pauses during video playing. However, pixelation occurs. For

HTTP video transmitted over TCP, if TCP packets are lost in networks, servers

retransmit these packets. The TCP throughput decreases, and the download

rate of the client decreases. The pause duration prolongs.

Videos transmitted using HTTP contain a great deal of information, and large

bandwidths are required. The following options can be used to mitigate these

problems.

Pacing: reduces the transmission rate to an appropriate level to fulfill

the display of the video and reduces downloaded buffering capacity for

clients to prevent bandwidth waste.

Code adapting: Video transcoding based on smartphone screen size and

network bandwidth can reduce the bit rate of video signals.

Caching: caches the data at the network side to improve video delivery

rate and reduce transmission traffic.


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2.4 Cloud Service Characteristics and Impact

on Network

Cloud services include infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service

(PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS). Common subscribers typically

use SaaS services. One category of SaaS is uploading data to network for

computing in the cloud, such as Siri and Google voice search. Another

category is online interaction and synchronization, such as Evernote. More

uplink traffic would be generated with the first category of cloud service.

With telecommunications evolved from narrowband to broadband, from

wireline access to radio access, information uploading becomes more and

more convenient. Cloud computing with strong capabilities replaces local

computing. Local data is transmitted to the cloud for computing, and then

the cloud sends back the calculation results. More uplink traffic is generated

when the application transmits data to the cloud. Tests show that 10 KB to

20 KB uplink traffic is generated for every one Siri service or other voice input.

However, the downlink traffic is about 2 KB to 20 KB. With the popularity

of SaaS, the network traffic models in the future will change. Terminal

specifications and network deployment must be prepared in advance.

Abundant uplink traffic enables swift response to the information that

subscriber inputs, which fulfills better subscriber experience.

For PaaS, frequent data backup and synchronization between the terminaland cloud lead to more bandwidth demand on the network. The applications

manage the subscriber contents and save them on the data center server.

When the contents are visited, applications obtain the latest data from the

data center server. Subscribers are not aware that the data is saved in local

disks or on the network. Each operation on terminals ( login, adding contents,

query, and modification) causes one time of data backup and synchronization.

For networks, these operations generate more frequent synchronizations and

more traffic volume. Local buffer and background synchronizations effectively

improve subscriber experience and network friendliness. The optimal network

can be selected to enhance data synchronization efficiency and prevent the

pause during subscriber operations.


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2.5 Web Applications Characteristics and

Impact on Network

Web browsing service is most widely used on mobile Internet at present.

Most mobile phone browsers send requests with HTTP to download HTML

web pages from a web server. The HTML web pages are parsed and shown

on mobile phones. The data volume transmitted over mobile phone browsers

is equal to that over personal computer browsers, and data distortion never

occurs.

Mobile phone browsers, such as Opera Mini and UCWEB browse web pages

with a third-party agent server. A mobile phone sends a browsing request to

the third-party server. The third-party server connects the mobile phone and

the website. The website transmits data to the third-party server. The third-

party server compresses the data and generates smaller pages with less traffic

volume for the mobile phone browser. The mobile phone browser parses

the compressed data and displays it on the screen. In this mode, the data

transmission volume is smaller, but data distortion occurs.

HTML5 provides browsers with overall applications using the technologies of

Canvas, WebSocket, Storage, Audio, and Video. Most local programs function

appropriately. Web-based applications bring great impact on network traffic

volume and behaviors. Therefore, subscriber service usages and commercial

modes change, which leads to greater impact on telecommunicationsindustry.

2.6 Conclusion

Table 2-2 describes mobile Internet impact on networks and relative solutions.

Impact Cause Solutions

Signaling

Uplink small packets,

including keeping alive andstatus query messages

Qualcomm Network Socket Request

Manager (NSRM)

Checks the updates withperiodic polling

Push mechanisms in the operatingsystem, including Apple PushNotification Service (APNS) and Cloudto Device Messaging (C2DM)

Capacity andsubscriber experience

The transmission contains alarge amount data.

Compressions such as UCWEB

Adaptive content protocols, includingHTTP and Live Streaming

Local cache

Table 2-2 Impacts and solutions


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3 Challenges on Network by

Mobile Internet Terminals

3.1 Terminal Capabilities and Challenges onNetwork

With development of mobile internet, network capabilities and smartphone

capabilities are changing quickly. Nowadays, most smartphones comply with

3GPP Release 6, and only some comply with 3GPP Release 7 or Release 8. The

number of smartphones for LTE is increasingly growing with rapid deploymentof LTE networks. Table 3-1 describes the 3GPP radio access capabilities for

typical smartphones (in time sequence from left to right).

More and more smartphones support HSPA+ features like 64QAM, multi

input and multi output (MIMO), continuous packet connectivity (CPC), and

enhanced Cell_FACH. The new iPad compliant with 3GPP Release 7 has a

downlink capability of Cat. 14 Mbit/s to 21.1 Mbit/s. The new iPad supportsDC-HSDPA feature in Release 8, with a downlink capability of Cat. 24 Mbit/s

to 42 Mbit/s. What's more, new iPad also supports HSPA+ and LTE Cat.3.

Smartphone screen size and resolution have been improved rapidly. Lumia

800 screen resolution is 480 x 800 pixels, and the screen resolution for the

latest Samsung terminal is 720 x 1280 pixels. New iPad screen resolution

reaches 1536 x 2048 pixels. All mainstream devices support 1080P@30fps video

display.

CapabilityiPhone 4(iOS4.2)

iPad 2(iOS4.2)

HTC HD7

(Windows

phone7)

Nexus S

(Android2.3)

iPhone 4S(iOS5)

Lumia 800

(Windows

Phone 7.5

Mango)

Galaxy S II HD

LTE(Android4.0)

New iPad(iOS5.1)

ChipInfineonX-Gold

618

Qualcomm

MDM6610QSD8250

1GHzHummingbird

Qualcomm

MDM6610

Qualcomm

MSM8255

Qualcomm

MSM8660

Qualcomm

MDM9600

3GPP R6 R6 R6 R6 R6 R6 R7 R8

HSDPACat.8 - 7.2

MbpsCat.8 - 7.2

MbpsCat.8 -

7.2 MbpsCat.8 -

7.2 MbpsCat.10 -

14.4 MbpsCat.10 -

14.4 MbpsCat.14 -

21.1 MbpsCat. 24 -42 Mbps

HSUPACat.6 -

5.76 MbpsCat.6 -

5.76 MbpsCat.5 -

2.0 MbpsCat.6

5.76 Mbps

Cat.6 5.76

Mbps

Cat.6 5.76 Mbps

Cat.6 5.76 Mbps

Cat.6 -5.76 Mbps

LTE No No No No No No Yes Yes

Table 3-1 3GPP capabilities for typical smartphones


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The computing capability and multi-radio capability for smartphones develop quickly,

and their screen becomes larger and larger. Mobile Internet applications shift from

email to abundant services, such as web browsing, instant messaging, SNS, VoIP, cloud

service, video on demand, and live cast. Table 3-2 describes the screen resolution and

video capability for several new smartphones.

For web browsing and video playing services, higher screen resolution leads

to increases in traffic volume. Power consumption has been a bottleneck for

smartphones all along.

Table 3-2 Screen resolution and video capability for typical smartphones

Lumia 800(Windows Phone7.5 Mango)

Galaxy SII HD LTEAndroid4.0

New iPad (iOS5.1)

Screen resolution

480 x 800 pixels,3.7 inches(~252 ppi pixeldensity)



Video capability 720P@30fps 1080P@30fps 1080P@30fps


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3.2 OS Development and Challenges on

Network

The most widely used operating systems for smartphones are Apple iOS,

Google Android, and Microsoft Windows Phone. Figure 3-1 shows network

traffic volumes for each mobile operating system.

From January, 2011 to May, 2012, iOS devices accounted for more than

50% of the network traffic volume, and even up to 60% sometimes.

From January, 2011 to May, 2012, the network traffic volume increased

steadily from 15% to 20% of the total.

Windows Phone followed behind with a traffic volume accounting for

less than 5%.

Source: netmarketshare

Based on mature iOS and software on protocol stack, Apple devices provide

services of fast dormancy, being online permanently, and push notifications.

The network resource utilization and user experience of push services

due to permanent online requirement are different for iOS and Android

devices. For iOS, background applications do not generate cellular data

flows. The heartbeats of background services are regarded as those for

Apple push server. These services are in the deactivated status. For Android,

most background services have a single heartbeat. The unified heartbeat

mechanism in iOS reduces the frequent network connection requests and

disconnection signaling during screen off. Table 3-3 describes the comparison

of background behaviors for screen off between iOS and Android devices.

Figure 3-1 Traffic volumes for each mobile operating system

iOS

70.00%

40.00%

10.00%

60.00%

30.00%

00.00%

July,2011

August,2011

September,2011

October,2011

November,2011

December,2011

January,2012

February,2012

March,2012

April,2012

May,2012

50.00%

20.00%

Android

Java ME

BlackBerry

Symbian

Other


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Network connection requests for iOS and Android are 2 and 30 respectively

in one hour according to Table 3-3. When the terminal is in the connected

status but without push messages, the number of connections for devices

Android operating system is 15 times of that for devices using iOS operating

system. Frequent connection requests from devices with the Android

operating system bring congestion for network.

3.3 Conclusion

Due to short connection duration and large power consumption, chip

suppliers, including QCT, STE, Renesas, and Intel provide chips with fast

feature for smartphones. Huawei launched Ascend P1 mobile phone in

January, 2012. The U9201L and U9501L customized by operators are

launched in 2012. All these mobile phones support the 3GPP Release 8 fast

dormancy feature.

For frequent access requests generated by background behaviors, the C2DM

and push services are added to Android 2.2. However, these mechanisms

have not been widely applied in current applications.

Table 3-3 Background behaviors for screen off between iOS and Android devices

Background

BehaviorAndroid OS iOS

QQ Heartbeat cycle: 540s No heartbeat

Whatsapp

Double heartbeats: onewith cycle of 285s, andthe other with a cycle of900s

No interaction if heartbeat stops in15 minutes of screen off

Facebook Heartbeat cycle: 3600s No heartbeat

Twitter Heartbeat cycle: 900s No heartbeat

Sina microblog No heartbeat No heartbeat

OS heartbeat Gtalk cycle: 28 minutesHeartbeat cycle adaptive to firewallaging time: 30 minutes

Number ofinteractions perhour

30 2

Table 3-4 Terminal chips supporting 3GPP Release 8 fast dormancy

ChipVendors

QCT Renesas STE Moto IceraIntel

(Infineon)MediaTek

Fastdormancy

Support Support SupportPartially

supportSupport Support Support


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To embrace the development of mobile Internet and Smartphone capabilities,

Huawei provides innovative solutions for end to end (E2E), PS core network,

UMTS RAN, and LTE based on network characteristics and protocol standards.

4.1 E2E Solutions

4.1.1 Problem Description

Heartbeat messages for most smartphone applications maintain connections

with servers and update their status. Many Applications adopt small heartbeat

intervals to update the status. Frequent heartbeats together with smartphone

fast dormancy feature are the root cause of massive signaling on wireless

networks, as shown in Figure 4-1.

Source: Huawei mLAB

In actual network applications, some applications generate large amount of

signaling. A certain VoIP causes more than 300 signaling messages over an

Android terminal per hour. Figure 4-2 shows Service Requests per user at busy

hour.

4 Solutions

Figure 4-1 Signaling load on wireless networks by different applications over iOS and Android

Signaling Times per Hour by iOS App

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

Source : Huawei mLAB

17.31

57.14

65.45

4.00

15.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00

Signaling Times per Hour by Android App

120.00

20.0015.00

4.00 2.0012.00


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Too frequent signaling brings too much load to wireless and core network

equipment.

4.1.2 Solutions

Some optimizations can be adopted for networks and devices to reduce

Service Request messages and network overload.

URA/CELL_PCH

Fast dormancy saves batteries for smartphones if no data is transmitted.

Terminals in URA/CELL_PCH status can stay connected to radio

networks, and power consumption reduces. In this status, even frequentinteractions of heartbeat and service data do not cause too many radio

connections and releases.

Enhanced fast dormancy enables the network to keep smartphones

in URA/CELL_PCH status more effectively. Enhanced fast dormancy

requires mutual supports and cooperation from chip suppliers, terminal

providers, and wireless networks.

Optimized Heartbeat Mechanism

Smartphone application providers and developers must consider

wireless network characteristics to reduce the too frequent heartbeats.

Therefore, the impact on networks is decreased and terminal power

consumption is lower.

Network Control on Signaling from Terminals

For terminals incapable of URA/PCH_CELL, wireless network controls

their behaviors to reduce impacts on signaling. The core network and

radio access network can be united together to control signaling. The

core network identifies the terminals with signaling impact, and the

radio access network controls the terminal signaling.

Figure 4-2 Signaling load differences from a network with Huawei equipment

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

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Proposals:

In the short term, the URA/CELL_PCH can be applied to reduce overall

network signaling. Subsequently, the network control on signaling from

terminals can be applied to ensure network security and reliability. In

the middle- to long-term, the optimized heartbeat mechanism can be

applied to control signaling from the service source.

4.2 PS Solutions

4.2.1 Problem Description

PS-PB1: Repeated Activation Request Signaling

Smartphones must be online permanently, and they keep attempting

activations if any failure occurs.

For activation failures due to network faults, smartphones continuously

attempt to be activated, so that services can be activated once the

network equipment recovers. On live networks, network equipment faults

seldom occur. Activation failures are mostly caused by incorrect terminal

configurations, absence of subscription, and lack of call cost. If such failures

occur, services cannot be activated in a short period. Repeated activation

request signaling leads to extensive unnecessary signaling load.

Repeated activation request signaling is generated when activation fails.

Many repeated activation requests are accompanied with activation failures,

and therefore activation success rate decreases.

On networks of operator T, repeated activation request signaling caused by

activation failures accounts for 98.76% of total signaling. Total activation

success rate is lower than 3% as shown in Figure 4-3.

2010

-12-500

2010

-12-501

2010

-12-502

2010

-12-503

2010

-12-504

2010

-12-505

2010

-12-506

2010

-12-507

2010

-12-508

2010

-12-509

2010

-12-5

10

2010

-12-5

11

2010

-12-5

12

2010

-12-5

13

2010

-12-5

14

2010

-12-5

15

2010

-12-5

16

2010

-12-5

17

2010

-12-5

18

2010

-12-5

19

2010

-12-520

2010

-12-521

2010

-12-522

2010

-12-523

2,500,000 25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

0

500,000

Source : Asian Operator T

PDP Activation Req 1.24%

PDP Reactivation

Req 98.76%

PDP Activation Success Rate (%) (Blackberry.net)

TPTAL

Success Rate(%)

Figure 4-3 Repeated activation request impacts on network activations and KPI


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15

If unexpected network faults occur, repeated activation requests cause severe

network overload. The AAA server cannot be reached due to operator B

firewall faults, and many activations fail. A large number of terminals send

repeated activation requests and generate signaling about five times more

than that in normal conditions. The wireless network is overloaded as shown

in Figure 4-4.

PS-PB2Smartphone Signaling Impacts on GGSN in

Direct Tunnel Networking Mode

In direct tunnel networking mode, IU Release and Service Request messages

trigger a PDP update procedure over the Gn interface. The serving GPRS

support node (SGSN) and gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) process

related signaling. The details are shown in Figure 4-5 and Figure 4-6.

Figure 4-5 PDP update Procedure Triggered by IU/RAB Release Signaling

Figure 4-4 Unexpected signaling impact due to firewall faults

Firewallbreakdown


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Frequent data services and fast dormancy for smartphones cause many IU

releases and service requests. On a common network, the signaling impacts

the RNC and SGSN. In direct tunnel networking mode, the signaling has more

impact on the SGSN, and the impact even spreads to the GGSN.

PS-PB3: Continuous Paging Signaling Increases

The push notifications from smartphones bring growing paging. On networks

of Asian operator M, for example, the paging volume in circuit switched (CS)

domain remains stable in ten months. However, the paging volume in packet

switched (PS) domain increases by three times. See Figure 4-7 for more

information.

Paging is implemented in a large coverage area, with nearly one hundred cells

or base stations involved. The growing paging volume brings heavy load for

wireless network and paging channel congestion occurs.

Figure 4-7 Comparison of paging volumes between CS domains and PSdomains in operator M network

Figure 4-6 PDP update due to Service Request messages


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4.2.2 Solutions

For the problems described in section 4.2.1 "Problem Description", PS core

network provides solutions to reduce signaling impacts on networks from the

following aspects.

Configure the networ k to control terminal behaviors to prevent repeated

activation requests and unexpected signaling.

Do not apply the direct tunnel networking mode for terminals using

huge signaling volume, so as to reduce the impact on networks. Use

intelligent paging in LTE networks.

PS-SLT1: Repeated Activation Request Controls

For repeated activations, the network can form fake activations by using

certain cause values, and even separate subscribers to reduce impacts on

networks.

Terminal providers must process the rejected cause value delivered by

networks, and standardize terminal behaviors. Terminal providers, network

equipment suppliers, and operators can discuss terminal behaviors jointly and

provide optimization proposals.

T3446 timer is introduced as the backoff timer in 3GPP Release 10. Therefore,

the network can control terminal behaviors and reduce signaling impacts. If

repeated activations are detected, the network can use the timer to control

the waiting time of terminal.

Proposals:

For GU networks, the network side controls repeated activations to

reduce the impacts on existing networks.

For LTE networks, if 3GPP Release 10 is realized, repeated activation

control is based on backoff timer.

PS-SLT2: PS Smart Direct TunnelIn direct tunnel networking mode, appropriate signaling load planning for

GGSN must be used to prevent network overload.

The SGSN identifies signaling from terminals and traffic volume, and uses

direct tunnel solutions flexibly to reduce signaling impacts on the GGSN.

Direct tunnel is not used for terminals with frequent signaling. Direct tunnel

is only available to some specific terminals such as USB Dongle, which can be

determined based on international mobile equipment identity (IMEI).


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Proposals:

Appropriately evaluate and plan the GGSN based on the direct tunnel

solution and traffic models.

Operators determine whether to apply the direct tunnel solution based

on network traffic volume and signaling.

PS-SLT3: LTE Intelligent Paging

With continuous increases of paging volume, intelligent paging is introduced

to narrow the paging areas and reduce network paging load. Intelligent

paging in LTE networks are fulfilled by PS network and LTE radio access

network. The UMTS is achieved in RAN side. For LTE intelligent paging,

paging controls differ for smartphones with different mobility. Paging in a

single eNodeB is used for smartphones with small mobility. Paging -in multiple

eNodeBs in a TA or TAL is used for smartphones with large mobility. LTE radio

paging load and paging success rate can be balanced.

Proposals:

Use intelligent paging for LTE networks to reduce paging loads for

wireless networks.

4.3 UMTS RAN Solutions4.3.1 Problem Description

UTRAN-PB1: Increase in Access Request Signaling

Small packets are mostly transmitted in smartphone services. Smartphones are

frequently synchronized with Internet server in short cycles. Large numbers

of PS services are generated and each has small data volume as shown in1

Figure 4-8. For power saving, some smartphones send signaling connection

release indication procedure (SCRI) to RNC release RRC connection. Each small

packet transmission must experience RRC connection, synchronization of PSdata, and release of RRC connection. Frequent connections and releases lead

to access signaling storm as shown in Figure 4-9.

Frequent services for smartphones cause large signaling volume. The RNC

must process more signaling, and the LBBP CPU usage increases. Some

operators do not take measures to tackle smartphone signaling storm.

Overloads for RNCs and eNodeBs affect the network stability.


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UTRAN-PB2: Paging Signaling

The paging due to push services of smartphones affect PS core network andwireless network. In UMTS, Paging Area is the entire location area, routing

area, and UTRAN registration area. If UEs in idle/URA_PCH status receive

paging, about 1000 cells can receive the paging. The increasing number of

these UEs leads to paging channel congestion, high paging drop rate,

UTRAN-PB3: Decreased Efficiency in Air Interface

Small packets for smartphones lead to signaling impact and decreased

efficiency in air interface. Small packets are characterized by small data

volume, short duration, frequent transmissions, and long online time. When

data transmission ends, enhanced dedicated channel (DCH) resources are

released only after inactive timer expires. Therefore, large numbers of UEs

stay in CELL_DCH status. Uplink and downlink power is consumed on

dedicated signaling channels, high speed dedicated physical control channel

(HS-DPCCH), and E-DPCCH. Decreases in data transmission power lead to

decreases in cell throughput and air interface efficiency. For cells under full

load, an average of 40 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) users are

online. The HSDPA throughput is less than 1 Mbit/s, and only 30% power is

used for data transmission. The air interface efficiency is low.

Figure 4-8 Small packets for smartphones

Figure 4-9 Access signaling increases due to frequent services of smartphones

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

30000000

35000000

2010-6-22 2010-7-21 2010-8-3 2011-4-11 2011-4-12 2011-4-18 2011-4-19

SmartphoneLegacyU

E

Time

Signalling activity

Data activity


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4.3.2 Solutions

In the UMTS RAN, the following measures are taken to solve the typicalnetwork problems mentioned in section 4.3.1:

Reduce activation request signaling, enable the control of smartphones

state transition on the network side, and enhance common channels

to avoid impact on the network caused by repeated activation request

signaling.

Implement hierarchical paging, narrow the paging area, and reduce the

paging signaling in air interfaces.

Improve the air interface utilization efficiency by control channel

overhead reduction and smart state transition.

UTRAN-SLT1: Solution to the Signaling Storm in UTRAN

The PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function can be used to

reduce the number of RRC access signaling. If the Enhanced Fast Dormancy

function is enabled, the RRC will not be released after the RNC receives the

SCRI signaling sent by the smartphone. Instead, the smartphone is transferred

to the CELL_FACH/PCH. The amount of RRC signaling is therefore greatly

reduced. Figure 4-11 shows the signaling flow during a data transmission

process before the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function

are enabled. Figure 4.12 shows the signaling flow during the transmission

process of a big data packet after the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast

Dormancy function are enabled. Figure 4.13 shows the signaling flow during

the transmission process of a small amount of data after the PCH function

and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled.

Figure 4-10 Decreased efficiency in air interface under MBB model

VS.HSDPA.UE.Mean.CellHSDPA TOP Average Throughput


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Figure 4-11 Signaling flow during a data transmission process before the PCH function

and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled

New PS procedure- P2F2P(small Data Packet)

New PS procedure- P2F2DF2P(Big Data Packet)

Old PS procedure

Figure 4-12 Signaling flow during the transmission process of a big data packet after

the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled

Figure 4-13 Signaling flow during the transmission process of a small data packet after

the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled

Proposals:

In the short term, the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function

is used to reduce the impact of signaling storm.

In the long term, enhanced common channel can be used to reduce the number

of network access-related signaling and reduce the impact of signaling storm.


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UTRAN-SLT2: UTRAN Hierarchical Paging

Enable the hierarchical paging function to narrow the paging area and

reduce the paging load of the UMTS network. For example, paging is firstlyperformed in the cell where the activity of the smartphone recently took

place. If the paging fails, the RNC pages the smartphone in the entire location

area (LA), routing area (RA), or UTRAN registration area (URA).

Proposals:

Enable the hierarchical paging function to reduce the paging load of the

UMTS network.

UTRAN-SLT3: Air Interface Efficiency Improvement in

UTRAN NetworksReduce the control channel power by control channel overhead reduction

and interference reduction, so that most of the power in the cell can be

used to transmit data. For example, the uplink CQI feedback period can be

adjusted dynamically based on the cell load or service characteristics and the

DPCCH power offset can be adjusted based on the cell load auto negotiation

function; using CCPIC technique can reduce DPCCH interference to other

channels.

Enable the smart state transition function. For smartphone services (such

as the heart beat service and IM service), the duration between a data

transmission is short and interval between two data transmission processesis long. Therefore, after data transmission, the smartphone can be quickly

transferred from the dedicated channel to the common channel to save the

resource of the dedicated channel and improve the air interface utilization

efficiency.

DTX_DRX (CPC) of CELL_DCH is introduced in UMTS Release 7. When the

smartphone does not transmit or receive data in the dedicated channel, its

transmitter or receiver is closed to reduce interference on other phones, save

the resource of the dedicated channel, as well as improve the utilization

efficiency of the air interface.

Enhanced common channel (HS-FACH/HS-RACH and CELL_FACH-DRX) isintroduced in UMTS Release 7 and UMTS Release 8. A large number of small

data packets can be transmitted in the CELL_FACH instead of in the CELL_

DCH to save the dedicated channel resources.

Proposals:

In the long term, save the dedicated channel resources and improveair interface efficiency by control channel overhead reduction and the

smart state transition function.

In the long term, save the dedicated channel resources by CPC andenhanced common channel.


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4.4 LTE Solutions

4.4.1 Problems Description

The frequent use of mobile phones, the heart beats, and message push

of various applications lead to frequent exchanges between smartphones

and the network. This generates a large amount of signaling related to the

network access and state transition, and negatively affects the network

stability. According to the UMTS network operation experience, the number

of network accesses initiated by smartphones, which are the mainstream

terminal type in LTE networks, is more than 40 times that of the feature

phones. Therefore, the above challenge still exists.

Meanwhile, the capability improvement of smartphone hardware and the

frequent use of applications lead to a surge in traffic. It is predicted that from

2012 to 2016, the growth rate of traffic will reach 60% or higher, which will

lead to network congestion. Services such as P2P and FTP that have large

data volume and low requirements for delays may affect the user experience

of other services, such as video and web browsing.

The popularization of smartphones and the increase in mobile applications

also change people's habits in using phones. The busy-hour is no longer

limited in only one or two time range, but extends to more than ten hours.

Meanwhile, the wireless bandwidth capability improves and the screens

of phones become larger and larger. These bring severe challenges to the

standby time supported by the phone battery, and power-saving issue

becomes more and more urgent

To ensure good user experience and stability of LTE networks, the following

solutions can be adopted:

Signaling control. This solution ensures network stability without

affecting user experience.

Power-saving. With this solution, phones quickly enter into the sleep

state when it is not involved in data transmission. This reduces power

consumption and extends the standby time.

Differentiated service control. With this solution, the quality of services

with higher priorities can still be ensured even if traffic congestion

occurs.


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4.4.2 Solutions

LTE-SLT1: Signaling-Control in LTE Networks

According to the analysis of the live network, LTE signaling impact mainly

occurs in the following two situations:

A large number of smartphones access the network simultaneously,

resulting in an overloaded network.

A large number of smartphones are performing services that require

frequent exchanges, such as heart beats, message push, and

state information notice. This leads to frequent state transition of

smartphones between the idle state and connected state.

The following solutions are provided to deal with the previous problems:

LTE-SLT11: Smooth Admission Control Solution in LTE

Networks

In the scenario where a large number of terminals access the network

simultaneously, 3GPP protocol has provided the following two solutions:

When a large number of smartphones access the network

simultaneously and traffic congestion occurs, the eNodeB can reject

the RRC connection request (the RRC_CONN_REQ message) sent by

smartphones that access the network later. The rejection message

includes the waiting time for next access. In this case, network

congestion is avoided and network stability is ensured.

AC barring. In the 3GPP protocol, another overload control

mechanism is defined. When an eNodeB enters an overload state,

it broadcasts messages to deliver different AC Barring (Access Class

Barring) parameters settings to different smartphones to ensure that

smartphones access the network at different time. This helps to avoid

severe network overload.


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LTE-SLT12 Smartphones Always-Online Solution in

LTE Networks

To decrease frequent RRC connection setup and release of smartphones,implement differentiated control on smart phones that are using different

services, as shown in Figure 4-14.

For smartphones that involve in frequent transmission of small packets, such

as IM, Facebook, and SNS, keep the RRC connection of the phone online until

no such service is used.

For smartphones that do not involve in frequent transmission of small

packets, such as video streaming or FTP services, release the RRC

connection of the phone immediately after the service is complete.

LTE-SLT13 Signaling Control for High Mobility Users

During Handovers in LTE Networks

When the online time of smartphones becomes longer, especially the phones

frequently using frequent small-packet services, frequent mobility causes more

handovers of smartphones and an increase in signaling.

The handovers caused by the frequent use of services cannot be avoided.However, during the use of frequent small-packet services, many smartphones

are always online even when the users are not using the smartphones. When

small packet services are used, smartphones communicate with the network

by exchanging the heart beats, real-time message push, and state notification

between terminal application and servers. The interval between interactions

is generally more than 60s. During the interval, the small amount of data

is often transmitted in a short time. If a smart phone with high mobility

transmits the small packet service, the signaling impact caused by the high

mobility may exceed the signaling saved in always online state.

Figure 4-14 UE always-online solution in LTE

e B

UE2:Access the service which isnot frequent small packet,suchas Video streaming

UE1:Access the service which isfrequent small packet,such asIM/Facebook

Keep UEs in RRC-Connect to reduce signaling1.overload;

Control UE out of UL sync based on traffic2.statistic result to configure longer DRX cycleto save more power.

Control UE to idle mode1.ASAP after finishingservice access

Apply normal DRX2.

Data traffic

DRX

DynamicDRX Traffic characteristic statistic

faster to un-sync

hugedata lowtraffic only hearbeat

t

t

t


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To solve this problem, transit the phone to the idle state as soon as possible

to avoid the signaling impact caused by high mobility, as shown in Figure 4-15.

Proposals:

At the early stage of the LTE network deployment, when there is a small

number of users and a small amount of signaling, admission control in

LTE networks is recommended to improve the stability of eNodeBs.

When the number of users and the signaling impact are increasing,

always-online solution and signaling-control solution during handoversfor high mobility users are recommended to prevent the signaling

impact caused by frequent access procedures and

LTE-SLT2: Smartphones Power-Saving solution in LTE

networks

The online time of smartphones becomes longer and the screens of

smartphones become larger. Therefore, the power consumption problem

gains more and more attentions from users and directly affects user

experience. The solutions to this problem are as follows:

LTE-SLT21: DRX Solution in LTE networks

In the 3GPP protocol, the DRX control mechanism is defined. This mechanism

provides the Short DRX Cycle and Long DRX Cycle parameters, which enable

smartphones to enter the dormant state quickly after data transmission

is complete. In the dormant state, the smart phones do not monitor the

physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) to save power.

Figure 4-15 Signaling-control solution for users with high mobility duringhandovers in LTE networks

UE2

keeps low mobility

UE1

keeps high mobility Transit UE 1 to idle state toreduce signaling impact on

handovers

Keep the RRC connectionof UE2 online when using

frequent small-packet services


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Proposals:

At the early stage of the LTE network deployment, there is a small

number of users and a small amount of signaling. The DRX solution

is recommended to help UEs save power and reduce the amount of

signaling generated due to frequent transition to the idle state.

LTE-SLT22: Dynamic DRX Solution in LTE Networks

Different DRX parameters are configured for different types of UEs, such as

smartphones, USB dongles, customer premises equipment (CPE). Different

types of services vary in packet transmission times, and must be configured

with different DRX parameters. DRX configuration is differentiated based on

UE types and service types to achieve a minimum consumption of power.

Figure 4-16 shows the solution.

Proposals:

As the number of users and the amount of signaling impact becomes

greater, the eNodeB transits UEs to the always-online state, which

leads to a long online time. Therefore, the dynamic DRX solution is

recommended to save power for UEs.

Figure 4-16 Dynamic DRX solution in LTE networks

UE2

uses services

without real-time

requirements

UE2

uses services

that have high

requirements on

real time

UE1

USB dongle

Configure a short DRX perioddo not affect services

Do not transit the UEto the DRX state

Configure a long DRX period

to ensure a long dormant time


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LTE-SLT3: Service-based Differentiated Control in LTE

Networks

The increasing use of smartphones leads to a fast growing in traffic data,

which challenges the LTE network. To improve user experience in the

network, operators need to guarantee the experience-sensitive services.

Air interface resources are the bottleneck in LTE networks. In traffic

congestion, service control is differentiated based on the telecom operators'

policies and the types of users and services to preferentially guarantee the

experience of high-priority users and the users that use high-priority services,

as shown in Figure 4-17.

Proposals:

This solution is recommended when operators require differentiated

control on services on the same bearer, such as P2P throttling and HTTP

guarantee.

Figure 4-17 Service-based differentiated control solution in LTE Networks

UE1

UE2

UE eRAN

Differentiatedcontrol

on data basedon users and

services

User informationand service

information

Subscriber awareness

Service awareness

Congestion awareness

Scheduler

eNodeB

MME

SGW PGW


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5.1 Challenge Overview

Mobile Internet services, terminal capabilities, and network capabilities

promote and affect each other, together facilitating the development of MBB.

Table 5-1 describes the impact of mainstream mobile internet services on

terminal capabilities and channel capabilities.

Category Description Characteristics Impact

IM Instant messagingSmall packets aresent occasionally

Increasing signaling forcalling and called parties andreduced resource efficiency

VoIP

Internet telephoneservice, includingvoice and videocalls

Small packets aresent continuously

Reduced resource efficiency

Streaming

Streaming mediasuch as HTTPaudios and videos,P2P videos

Big packets aresent continuously

Large amount of downlinkdata downlink data

SNSSocial networkingwebsites

Small packets aresent less frequently

Increasing signaling forcalling and called partiesand increasing uplink anddownlink data

WebBrowsing

Web pagebrowsing, includingWAP

Big packets aresent less frequently

Increasing signaling anddownlink data

Cloud

Applications,including cloudcomputing andonline cloudapplications

Big packetsIncreasing signaling anduplink data

EmailEmails, includingWeb mail, POP3,and SMTP


Increasing signaling anduplink and downlink data

FileTransfer

File transfer,including P2P, filestorage, applicationdownload andupdate

Big packets aresent continuously

Increasing signaling anduplink and downlink data

GamingMobile gaming,such as socialgaming and bridges


Increasing signaling anduplink and downlink trafficdata

M2MMachine type,communication

Small packetsIncreasing signaling for callingand called parties and reducedresource efficiency

Table 5-1 Impact of mainstream mobile internet services

5 Summary


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Table 5-2 describes the impact of Smartphone on the network.

5.2 Solutions and Suggestions

With the development of MBB, the entire industry, including OTT, smart

terminals, and network equipment providers, take measures to improve their

E2E ability to meet the above challenges. Most of the measures can be taken

together at the same time or independently at different times, others need

to be taken with the cooperation of different equipment working together.

The specific policies and applications in different scenarios will be described in

detail in the related documents. Table 5-3 describes the measures.

Category Description Impact

Radio ProtocolCapability

More Smartphone supportHSPA+ and LTE.

Reduce the amount of data by newtechnology.

Fast DormancyFeature

More Smartphone supportRelease 8 fast dormancy.

Transit Smartphone to the dormantstate quickly.

ScreenResolution/VideoPlay Capability

Screen resolution and videoplay capability is improved.

Improved content quality leads to anincreasing uplink and downlink data.

BackgroundHeart Beat

The background heart beatsby the operating system ofSmartphone are unif ied.

Improve user experience and reducesignaling.

Table 5-2 Impact of Smartphone on the network

Category Problem Description Solution

E2E

E2E-PB1: signalingincrease caused byfrequent small packets

E2E-SLT11: Qualcomm NSRM

E2E-SLT12: push service provided byoperators or third parties, such asterminal OS vendors, service providers

E2E-PB2: increasing datacaused by big data packet

E2E-SLT21: compressions includingUCWEB

E2E-SLT22: content adaptive protocolsincluding HTTP live streaming andDASH.

E2E-SLT23: local cache

E2E-SLT24: small cell and WLAN inHetNet

Table 5-3 Solution overview (based on 3GPP Release 8 protocol and earlier versions)


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PS

PS-PB1: repeatedactivation requestsignaling

PS-SLT1: repeated activation requestcontrol

PS-PB2: Smartphonesignaling impacts onGGSN with direct tunnels

PS-SLT2: PS smart direct tunnelcontrol

PS-PB3: increasing pagingsignaling in LTE

PS-SLT3: smart paging in LTE

UMTSRAN

UTRAN-PB1: increasingaccess signaling

UTRAN-SLT1: signaling storm solutionin UTRAN

UTRAN-SLT11: PCH function

UTRAN-SLT12: enhanced fastdormancy

UTRAN-SLT13: enhanced commonchannel in Release 7 or Release 8

UTRAN-PB2: increasingpaging signaling UTRAN-SLT2: UTRAN hierarchicalpaging

UTRAN-PB3: air interfaceutilization efficiencydecreases

UTRAN-SLT3: UTRAN air interfaceutilization efficiency improvement

UTRAN-SLT31: the HSPA parameteroptimization (such as CQI feedbackperiod and DPCCH power offsetdynamic adjustment)

UTRAN-SLT32: smart state transitionin UTRAN

UTRAN-SLT33:CCPIC

UTRAN-SLT34: continuous packet

connectivity (CPC)

UTRAN-SLT35: enhanced commonchannel in Release 7 or Release 8

LTE

LTE-PB1: increasing accesssignaling

LTE-SLT1: signali ng control in LTEnetworks

LTE-SLT11: smooth admission controlsolution in LTE

LTE-SLT12: Smartphone always-onlinesolution in LTE

LTE-SLT13: signaling-control duringhandovers for high mobility users inLTE

LTE-PB2: powerconsumption ofSmartphone

LTE-SLT2: Smartphon e power- savingin LTE

LTE-SLT21: DRX solution in LTE

LTE-SLT22: dynamic DRX solution inLTE

LTE-PB3: user experiencedeterioration

LTE-SLT3: servi ce controldifferentiated based on users,services, and congestion state in LTE


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A

Term English Description

3G

Third Generation Cellular network

service as defined by the International Telecommunicat

(www.itu.int)

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project (www.3gpp.org)

A

AAA Authentication Authorization and Accounting

APP Application

AS Application Server

C

CBC Cell Broadcast Center

CPC Continuous Packet Connectivity

CPE Customer Premises Equipment

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

D

DASH Dynamic and Adaptive Streaming over HTTP

DC-HSDPA Dual Carrier HSDPA

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DNS Domain Name Service

DPI Deep Packet Inspection

DRA Dynamic Routing Agent

DRX Discontinuous Reception

DSAC Domain Specific Access Control

DTX Discontinuous Transmission

Acronyms andAbbreviations


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E

EAB Extended Access BarringEAP Extensible Authentication Protocol

E-DPCCH E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

eNB Evolved NodeB

eMBMS Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

ePDG Evolved Packet Data Gateway

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

F

FD Fast dormancy

FLUTE File Delivery over directional Transport

G

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GU GSM and UMTS

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

H

HeNB Home evolved NodeB

HLR Home Location Register

HLS HTTP Live Streaming

HS-DPCCH High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel

HSPA+ High Speed Packet Access Plus

HSS Home Subscriber Server

HS-DPCCH HS-DSCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

HTCP Hypertext Cashing Protocol

HTML HyperText Markup Language

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

I

IaaS Infrastructure as a Service

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IFOM IP Flow Mobility and Seamless Offload


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IM Instant Messaging

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

IP Internet ProtocolI-CSCF Interrogating CSCF

I-SBC IMS Session Border Controller

ITU International Telecommunications Union

L

LA Location Area

LSGW LTE SMS GW

LTE Long Term Evolution

M

M2M Machine to Machine

MAPCON Multi Access Packet Data Network Connectivity

MBMS Multicast Service Multimedia Broadcast

MME Mobility Management Entity

MCC Mobile Country Code

MNC Mobile Network Code

M-TMSI Mobile Subscriber Identity MME- Temporary

N

NAI Network Access Identifier

NAS Non-access Stratum

NMS Network Management System

NNI-SBC Network to Network Interface Session Border Controller

O

OA&M Operations and Maintenance

OCS Online Charging Server

OS Operation System

OTT Over-the-Top

P

P2P Peer to Peer

PaaS Platform as a Service


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PCC Policy and Charging Control

P-CSCF Proxy CSCF

PLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function

PDN Packet Data Network

PDN GW/PGW Packet Data Network Gateway (H=Home or V=Visited)

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PPI Pixels per inch

POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3

PS Packet Switched

PSI Public Service Identifiers

Q

QCI QoS Class Identifier

QoS Quality of Service

R

RA Routing Area

RAN Radio Access Network

RAT Radio Access Technology

RNC Radio Network Controller

RRC Radio Resource Control(3GPP)

RTP Real-time Transport Protocol

S

SaaS Software as a Service

SCRI SIGNALLING CONNECTION RELEASE INDICATION

S-CSCF Serving CSCF

SLP SUPL Location Platform

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SAE System Architecture Evolution

SBC Session Border Controller

SCG Service Continuity Gateway

SGW Serving Gateway

SMS Short Message Service


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SNS Social Networking Services

S-TMSIS-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (consists of MMEC

and M-TMSI)

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

T

TA Tracking Area

TA-List Tracking Area-List

TAI-List Tracking Area Identity-List

TAU-List Tracking Area Update-List

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TWAP Trusted Wireless Access ProxyTWAG Trusted Wireless Access Gateway

U

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UE User Equipment (a.k.a. mobile handset or access terminal)

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

URA UTRAN Registration Area

V

VoIP Voice over IP

W

WAP Wireless Application Protocol


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[APNS]: Apple Push Notification Service,1.

http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/NetworkingInternet/Conceptual/RemoteNotificationsPG/ApplePushService/ApplePushService.html

[C2DM]: Android Cloud to Device Messaging,2.

https://developers.google.com/android/c2dm/

[NSRM]: Network Scoket Request Manager,3.

http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/managing-background-data-traffic-mobile-devices

[HLS]: HTTP Live Streaming, ietf draft,4.

http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming

[HSS]: Smooth Streaming, http://www.microsoft.com/silverlight/smoothstreaming/5.

[DASH]: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, 3gpp specification 26.2476.

[HTML5]:W3C Working Draft,7.

http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/

3GPP TS 23.060 a.5.0 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service8.

(GPRS);Service description;

3GPP TS 36.413 a.3.0 2011-09-27 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio9.

Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)

3GPP TS 23.401 a.5.0 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)10.

enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access

3GPP TS 24.008 9.4.0 2010-09-28 Mobile radio interface Layer 311.

specification; Core network protocols; Stage 3

3GPP TS 25.413 10.3.0 2011-09-27 UTRAN Iu interface Radio Access12.

Network Application Part (RANAP) signaling

3GPP TS 36.413, S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)13.

3GPP TS 36.331, Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification14.

3GPP TS 23.401, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved15.

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access

3GPP TS 25.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC); protocol specification.16.

3GPPTS 25.308: UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).17.

3GPPTS 25.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification.18.

3GPPTS 25.903: Continuous connectivity for packet data users .19.

3GPPTS 25.319: Enhanced uplink; Overall description; 20.

3GPPTS 25.317: High Speed Packet Access (HSPA);21.

B Reference


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C

Contributors

Contributors Department

Frank zhao mLAB (Huawei MBB lab)

jiaweijie mLAB (Huawei MBB lab)

wangbin mLAB (Huawei MBB lab)

xiguobao PS solution design team

mijunwen UMTS solution design team

shuaiyanglai LTE solution design team


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