smartphone solutions7

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Issue 2.0

Date 2012-07-17

Smartphone Solutions

White Paper


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Contents

Change History .................................................................................ii

1 Executive Summary ......................................................................1

2 Challenges on Networks by Mobile Internet Applications........2

2.1 Application Categories and Characteristics ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... .. 2

2.2 Characteristics of Small-Packet Services (SNS, IM, and VoIP) and their Impact on

Networks ................. ............................................................................... 4

2.3 Characteristics of Video Service and Their Impact on Networks ............................ 5

2.4 Cloud Service Characteristics and Impact on Network ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 6

2.5 Web Applications Characteristics and Impact on Network ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 7

2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 7

3 Challenges on Network by Mobile Internet Terminals ................8

3.1 Terminal Capabilities and Challenges on Network .... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .... .. 8

3.2 OS Development and Challenges on Network................................................ 10

3.3 Conclusion .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... ....11

4 Solutions ......................................................................12

4.1 E2E Solutions ...........................................................................................12

4.1.1 Problem Descr ipt ion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..12

4 . 1 . 2 S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

4.2 PS Solutions ............................................................................................14

4.2.1 Problem Descr ipt ion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .14

4 . 2 . 2 S o l u t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7

Issue1.0

DescriptionThis is the rst release.

Date2012-07-17

Prepared BySmartphone ecosystem R&D support team

Approved ByZhao Qiyong (employee ID: 00119431)

Change History


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Figures

Figure 3-1 Trafc volumes for each mobile operating system ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10

Figure 4-1 Signaling load on wireless networks by different applications over iOS and Android .. .. .. .. .. 12

Figure 4-2 Signaling load differences from a network with Huawei equipment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 13

Figure 4-3 Repeated activation request impacts on network activations and KPI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 14

Figure 4-4 Unexpected signaling impact due to rewall faults ................................................. 15

Figure 4-5 PDP update Procedure Triggered by IU/RAB Release Signaling .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15

Figure 4-6 PDP update due to Service Request messages .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16

Figure 4-7 Comparison of paging volumes between CS domains and PS domains in operator M network

............................................................................................................................. 16

Figure 4-8 Small packets for smartphones ....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 19

Figure 4-9 Access signaling increases due to frequent services of smartphones .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 19

Figure 4-10 Decreased efciency in air interface under MBB model .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20

Figure 4-11 Signaling !ow during a data transmission process before the PCH function and the Enhanced

Fast Dormancy function are enabled ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... 21

Figure 4-12 Signaling !ow during the transmission process of a big data packet after the PCH function

and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ......................................................... 21

Figure 4-13 Signaling !ow during the transmission process of a small data packet after the PCH function

and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ......................................................... 21

Figure 4-14 UE always-online solution in LTE ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 25

Figure 4-15 Signaling-control solution for users with high mobility during handovers in LTE networks .. 26

Figure 4-16 Dynamic DRX solution in LTE networks ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 27

Figure 4-17 Service-based differentiated control solution in LTE Networks .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28


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Tables

Table 2-1 Mainstream mobile Internet categories and characteristics .................................................. 2

Table 2-2 Impacts and solutions ........................................................................................... 7

Table 3-1 3GPP capabilities for typical smartphones ...................................................................... 8

Table 3-2 Screen resolution and video capability for typical smartphones ........................................ 9

Table 3-3 Background behaviors for screen off between iOS and Android devices ............................ 11

Table 3-4 Terminal chips supporting 3GPP Release 8 fast dormancy .................................................. 11

Table 5-1 Impact of mainstream mobile internet services................................................................ 29

Table 5-2 Impact of Smartphone on the network.......................................................................... 30

Table 5-3 Solution overview (based on 3GPP Release 8 protocol and earlier versions) ................. 30


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The quickly development of Smartphone energizes the weary mobile Internet.

The same as the innovative traditional Internet, Smartphone is blossoming

freely and have been widely used in our daily life, learning, and working.

Based on function attributes and data packet features, mobile Internet

applications are categorized into instant messaging (IM), voice over IP (VoIP),

streaming, social networking services (SNS), web browsing, cloud, email, le

transfer, gaming, and machine-to-machine (M2M) dialog. The mobile Internet

applications can also be classied in other ways.

The 3GPP protocol was defined to meet the requirements of persistent

connection and peak throughput at initial stage. However, various Internet

applications generate traffic models which are extremely different from

traditional voice services. These trafc models bring severe challenges for the

3GPP protocol.

Major changes in trafc characteristics are the increases in small packets, short

connections, signaling and data traffic, and abnormal traffic. For Universal

Mobile Telecommunications System (UTMS) networks in idle status, all these

changes lead to sharp increases on signaling and other system resource load.

They also bring severe threat on network performance, and affect application

data throughput capability and network protability in the long run.

For the healthy development of mobile broadband (MBB) in the long term,

developers are all seeking methods to achieve improvements for technique

standards, existing networks, and smartphones. Developers are considering

improvements in the following aspects:

For standard design, the factors, such as small packets, bearer efciency,

network architecture, and protocol layer optimization are considered.

For existing networks, original trafc models for reference are changed,

software, hardware and parameters are recongured, and new features

are enabled.

For Smartphone and applications, a win-win situation is expected

between network resource consumption and user experience. This paper

proposed solutions and suggestions targeting at identified problems

caused by smartphones and applications in deployed UMTS and LTE

networks based on 3GPP Release 8 and earlier versions.

These solutions cannot replace network reconstructions or capacity expansion

to meet the requirements of increasingly growing subscribers, signaling and

data trafc.

1 Executive Summary


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2.1 Application Categories and Characteristics

Mobile Internet is the combination of mobile communications and

Internet. Mobile communications and Internet have gained their own great

achievements. However, their terminal modes, network architectures,

application categories, and user behaviors differ obviously. If the Internet

mainly providing data service is integrated into mobile communications

which provide voice service, great impacts are in!icted on network resource

efciency, capacity, and signaling.

With the development of mobile Internet in recent years, its service categories

and characteristics are different from traditional Internet. Table 2-1 describes

the categories of current mobile Internet and their main characteristics.

2 Challenges on Networks by

Mobile Internet Applications

Table 2-1 Mainstream mobile Internet categories and characteristics

Category DescriptionTypical

ApplicationCharacteristic

IM

Sending or receiving instant

messaging

Whatsapp, Wechat,

iMessage

Small packets, less

frequently

VoIP Audio and video callsViber, Skype, Tango,Face Time

Small packets,continuously

StreamingStreaming media such asHTTP audios, HTTP videos,and P2P videos

YouTube, Youku,Spotify, Pandora,PPStream

Big packets,continuously

SNS Social networking sitesFacebook, Twitter,Sina Weibo

Small packets, lessfrequently

Web BrowsingWeb browsing includingwireless access protocol(WAP) page browsing

Typical webbrowsers are Safariand UC Browser

Big packets, lessfrequently

CloudCloud computing andonline cloud applications

Siri, Evernote, iCloud Big packets

Email

Mails including webmail,Post Ofce Protocol 3(POP3), and Simple MailTransfer Protocol (SMTP)

GmailBig packets, less

frequently

File Transfer

File transfer including P2Ple sharing, le storage,and application downloadand update

Mobile Thunder,App Store

Big packets,continuously

GamingMobile gaming such associal gaming and cardgaming

Angry Birds, DrawSomething, Wordswith Friends

Big packets, lessfrequently

M2MMachine TypeCommunication

Auto meter reading,mobile payment

Small packets


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The preceding features are dened as follows:

If packet per second (PPS) is greater than 20, the data is transmitted

continuously.

If PPS is less than 10, the data is transmitted less frequently.

A data packet larger than 1000 bytes is dened as a big packet.

A data packet less than 600 bytes is dened as a small packet.

Main traffic volume for mobile Internet is used for web browsing, and the

rest is used for streaming media and le transfer. Mobile Internet is widely

deployed and the trafc rate increases. Smartphones are equipped with more

functions. Mobile streaming media services will be widely used and the main

trafc volume will be occupied by video service. Instant communications with

text, voice, and video are more preferable, and network access becomes

more frequently. Meanwhile, the technique Hypertext Markup Language

(HTML5) becomes increasingly mature. Cloud service will replace traditional

web browsing and le transfer as the dominant player. The smartphones for

mobile Internet become small and diverse. More and more smart machine

terminals and M2M services, such as smart electrical household appliances,

auto meter reading, and mobile payment come into being.


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2.2 Characteristics of Small-Packet Services

(SNS, IM, and VoIP) and their Impact on

Networks

Small packet services on mobile Internet consist of SNS, IM, and VoIP.

Depending on the traffic conditions, small packets are divided into

intermittent small packets and continuous small packets. Intermittent small

packets, continuous small packets and their impact on networks are analyzed

in the following.

Factors leading to intermittent small packets include the following items:

Short messages with little information, such as friends presence update,

text chatting, and IM

Periodic keep alive messages, for example, keep alive messages for

connections between servers and subscribers

For these messages with less than 2000 bytes total trafc and less than 20

packets, the transmission duration is less than 3s, and the interval is 30s to

40 minutes periodically. On one hand, these messages lead to frequent RRC

status switches. The RRC status switches from IDLE/PCH to FACH/CELL_DCH

frequently. Service requests and IU releases become more frequent, which

bring great signaling impact on RAN and PS network terminals. On the other

hand, the data transmission duration is short. Radio channels remain in the

CELL_DCH status for a long period of time due to an inactive timer, which is a

waste of radio channel resources.

Servers maintain network connections with clients. When the clients send

requests, servers send notifications to receive ends. Paging messages are

generated over the network and air interface. If emergencies occur or

timed messages are required, servers send messages to large numbers of

smartphones in the network at the same time. This in!icts severe impact on

paging.

Continuous small packets are mostly generated in audio calls and video calls

in VoIP applications.

During a call, the packet interval is 40 ms to 60 ms and the length of a packet

is smaller than 300 bytes (100 bytes for an audio packet and 300 bytes

for a video packet). The forwarding performance of a network terminal is

calculated using the packet length of 500 bytes. Too many small packets lead

to unqualied forwarding.

Packet aggregation can eliminate the impact of small packets on networks.

The following mechanisms are used to eliminate the impact of small packets

on networks.

NSRM: Requests from multiple applications are delayed for a certain

period of time and then sent together.

APNS, C2DM: One application manages notications of al l applications.


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2.3 Characteristics of Video Service and Their

Impact on Networks

YouTube, Netflix, and Youku provide Over the Top (OTT) services that use

HTTP to transfer video traffic. Compared with the User Datagram Protocol

(UDP)-based Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) used by desktop video, HTTP

can achieve firewall traversal using a proxy server. HTTP can also facilitate

adaptation to radio network environment changes using the gateway caching

technique.

HTTP progressive steaming and HTTP adaptive streaming protocols are

typically used for video transfer. HTTP adaptive streaming protocols include

Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Microsoft HTTP Smooth Streaming (HSS),

and 3GPP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). In these protocols,

all files are downloaded using HTTP. The file size depends on a video's bit

rate and duration. The typical value ranges from a few hundred KB to tens of

MB. In the downlink, all are big IP packets with more than 1400 bytes. In the

uplink, TCP ACK and HTTP Get packets are transmitted. Large bandwidth is

required for downloading data from the server with best effort.

Subscriber experience for video services is determined by buffering

performance in clients. The download speed in the buffer area determines

the time a subscriber has to wait before a video is played and the number

of pauses during video playing. For video transmitted over UDP, UDP packetloss can prevent pauses during video playing. However, pixelation occurs. For

HTTP video transmitted over TCP, if TCP packets are lost in networks, servers

retransmit these packets. The TCP throughput decreases, and the download

rate of the client decreases. The pause duration prolongs.

Videos transmitted using HTTP contain a great deal of information, and large

bandwidths are required. The following options can be used to mitigate these

problems.

Pacing: reduces the transmission rate to an appropriate level to fulfill

the display of the video and reduces downloaded buffering capacity for

clients to prevent bandwidth waste.

Code adapting: Video transcoding based on smartphone screen size and

network bandwidth can reduce the bit rate of video signals.

Caching: caches the data at the network side to improve video delivery

rate and reduce transmission trafc.


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2.4 Cloud Service Characteristics and Impact

on Network

Cloud services include infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service

(PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS). Common subscribers typically

use SaaS services. One category of SaaS is uploading data to network for

computing in the cloud, such as Siri and Google voice search. Another

category is online interaction and synchronization, such as Evernote. More

uplink trafc would be generated with the rst category of cloud service.

With telecommunications evolved from narrowband to broadband, from

wireline access to radio access, information uploading becomes more and

more convenient. Cloud computing with strong capabilities replaces local

computing. Local data is transmitted to the cloud for computing, and then

the cloud sends back the calculation results. More uplink trafc is generated

when the application transmits data to the cloud. Tests show that 10 KB to

20 KB uplink trafc is generated for every one Siri service or other voice input.

However, the downlink traffic is about 2 KB to 20 KB. With the popularity

of SaaS, the network traffic models in the future will change. Terminal

specifications and network deployment must be prepared in advance.

Abundant uplink traffic enables swift response to the information that

subscriber inputs, which fullls better subscriber experience.

For PaaS, frequent data backup and synchronization between the terminaland cloud lead to more bandwidth demand on the network. The applications

manage the subscriber contents and save them on the data center server.

When the contents are visited, applications obtain the latest data from the

data center server. Subscribers are not aware that the data is saved in local

disks or on the network. Each operation on terminals ( login, adding contents,

query, and modication) causes one time of data backup and synchronization.

For networks, these operations generate more frequent synchronizations and

more trafc volume. Local buffer and background synchronizations effectively

improve subscriber experience and network friendliness. The optimal network

can be selected to enhance data synchronization efciency and prevent the

pause during subscriber operations.


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2.5 Web Applications Characteristics and

Impact on Network

Web browsing service is most widely used on mobile Internet at present.

Most mobile phone browsers send requests with HTTP to download HTML

web pages from a web server. The HTML web pages are parsed and shown

on mobile phones. The data volume transmitted over mobile phone browsers

is equal to that over personal computer browsers, and data distortion never

occurs.

Mobile phone browsers, such as Opera Mini and UCWEB browse web pages

with a third-party agent server. A mobile phone sends a browsing request to

the third-party server. The third-party server connects the mobile phone and

the website. The website transmits data to the third-party server. The third-

party server compresses the data and generates smaller pages with less trafc

volume for the mobile phone browser. The mobile phone browser parses

the compressed data and displays it on the screen. In this mode, the data

transmission volume is smaller, but data distortion occurs.

HTML5 provides browsers with overall applications using the technologies of

Canvas, WebSocket, Storage, Audio, and Video. Most local programs function

appropriately. Web-based applications bring great impact on network trafc

volume and behaviors. Therefore, subscriber service usages and commercial

modes change, which leads to greater impact on telecommunicationsindustry.

2.6 Conclusion

Table 2-2 describes mobile Internet impact on networks and relative solutions.

Impact Cause Solutions

Signaling

Uplink small packets,

including keeping alive andstatus query messages

Qualcomm Network Socket Request

Manager (NSRM)

Checks the updates withperiodic polling

Push mechanisms in the operatingsystem, including Apple PushNotication Service (APNS) and Cloudto Device Messaging (C2DM)

Capacity andsubscriber experience

The transmission contains alarge amount data.

Compressions such as UCWEB

Adaptive content protocols, includingHTTP and Live Streaming

Local cache

Table 2-2 Impacts and solutions


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