(smes) industry a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
TRANSCRIPT
ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSING
WORKING POSTURAL LOADS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
(SMEs) INDUSTRY
MUHAMMAD HAZIM BIN HUSSIN
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of Master of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
JANUARY 201 5
ABSTRACT
Small Medium Enterprise (SMEs) products industries consist of various job loads
that involved handling process from raw food part to the packaging as end products.
In this study, the working environment of potato tubers processing in rural area was
used for the study assessment. However, this kind of job requires high force job load
and awkward postures thus contribute to cause Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSDs).
This field of study is to assess the risk of manual handling activities by comparing
using the observational techniques and Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort
Questionnaire (CMDQ) tool. The CMDQ tool was applied to study the prevalence of
WMSDs by through interview session and direct observation using digital camera
during the visit. The Rapid Upper Limb assessment (RULA) and The Rapid Entire
Body Assessment (REBA) methods used and categorised in this study. The collected
data analysed and appropriate recommendation for ergonomic intervention will be
proposed to reduce the risk level of the task. To determine the effectiveness of the
proposed solution, table of comparison using RULA and REBA with marks
evaluation were conducted. With associated to CMDQ tools, the results show that the
most body discomfort areas were recorded in the shoulder about 80 %, followed by
lower back (75%), forearm (75%), wrist (75%), upper arm (70%), thigh (45 %), knee
(40%) foot (35%) and lower leg (20%). For RULA and REBA score mostly they are
rated in ten (10) and (7) score, meaning that the higher the grand score the high
recommendation and investigation need to be done to prevent any injury. Chi-square
analysis revealed a significant association between the number of person complains
pain in the shoulder, lower back, forearm and wrist and the RULAfREBA score
grand score Ip < 0.05). Based on the result obtained so far, it is shows h t there is a
risk on the working posture task 1 (cutting raw part potato tubers) and task 2 (sliced
potato tuber with machine). This study also includes on minimizing and eliminating
the risk of work related to entire body disorder exposure.
ABSTRAK
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) industri rnelibatkan pelbagai jenis cara kerja
yang bermula dari proses asas sehingga penghasilan sesebuah produk. Dalam kajian
ini, industri kerepek di kawasan kampung dianalisa untuk penilaian risiko
ketidakselesaan yang dihadapi oleh setiap pekerja di kilang tersebut. Justeru, bidang
kerja ini memerlukan postur janggal dan daya kerja yang tinggi dalam pengendalian
yang boleh mengakibatkan penyakit Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Tujuan
kajian ini dilaksanakan adalah untuk menilai risiko aktiviti rnanual handling di pusat
pemprosesan kerepek menggunakan kaedah perbandingan pemerhatian dan Cornell
Musco2oskeletaE Disorder Questionnaire (CMDQ). Kaedah CMDQ telah menjadi
kelaziman untuk kajian WMSDs melalui sesi temubual dan pemerhatian langsung
menggunakan sebuah kamera digitaI. The Rapid Upper Limb assessment method
(RULA) dan The Rapid Entire Body Assessment Method (REBA) telah digunakan
seterusnya dikategorikan berdasarkan penilaian menggunakan kaedah tersebut.
Keputusan kajian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahagian ketidakselesaan paling
tinggi telah direkodkan pada bahagian bahu badan sebanyak 80% dan diikuti oleh
bahagian bawah belakang badan sebanyak 75%, ini diikuti bahagian pergelangan
tangan 75%, bahagian lengan 75%, pergelangan tangan 75% dan bahagian atas
tangan (70%). Keputusan akhir penilaian RULA dan REBA pula diklafisikasikan
melalui jumlah keseluruhan markah postur pada angka 10 dan 7. Nilai ini bermakna
semakin tinggi nilai jumlah keseluruhan markah maka cadangan dan penyiasatan
perlu dilakukan segera bagi mengelakkan sebarang kecederaan. Analisa Chi-square
juga untuk membuktikan pertalian diantara nilai RUL,A/REBA terhadap
ketidakselesaan pada bahu, bahagian bawah belakang badan dan tangan (p~0.05).
Data yang telah dilsumpulkan, dianalisis dan penambahabaikan ergonornik dicadang
untuk mengurangban risiko membabitkan keselesaan pekerja. Bagi mengenal pasti
keberkesanan penambahbaikan, carta perbandingan digunakan mengikut kaedah
markah yang telah ditetapkan.
REFERENCES
A.D.J. Pinder & M.G. Boocock. Prediction of the maximum acceptable weight of lift
from the frequency of lift.
A. Plamondon et al. Lifting strategies of expert and novice workers during a
repetitive palletizing task
Aptel, M., Cail, F., Aublet-Cuvelier, A., (201 1). Les troubles musculosquelettiques
du membre supkrieur (TMS-MS), Guide pour les prkventeurs. Institut
National de Recherche et de S~curitB (INRS), Paris.
Beach, T.A., Frost., D.M., Clark., J.M., Maly,, M.R., Callaghan., J.P., (2013).
Unilateral ankle immobilization alters the kinematics and kinetics of
lifting.
Bhattacharya, A., and McGlothin, J.D (2012). Occupational Ergonomics : Theory
and Applications. 2nd Ed. United states of America. CRC Press Brookham
RL, Dickerson CR. Empirical quantification of internal and externalrotation
muscular co-activation ratios in healthy shoulders. Med Biol Eng Comput;
June 14 2013
Bosch, T., De Looze., M., Van Dieen., J., 2007. Development of fatigue and
discodort in the upper trapezius muscle during light manual work.
Ergonomics 50,161e177
Catarina Nordander et a]., (2013). Exposure response relationships in work-related
musculoskeletal disorders in elbows and hands. A synthesis of group-level
data on exposure and response obtained using uniform methods of data
collection
C6t6 P, van der Velde G., Cassidy JD., et a.1. The Burden and Determinants of Neck
Pain in Workers. Results of the Boneand Joint Decade 2000-201 0 Task Force
on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. J Manipulative Physiol Ther
2009;32:S70-86.