snakes and ladders: labour market mobility and uk cities naomi clayton centre for cities 24 th...
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Snakes and Ladders: Labour market mobility and UK cities
Naomi ClaytonCentre for Cities 24th January 2012
Context
• Nick Clegg’s Social Mobility Strategy
• The Work Programme – ‘sustainable employment’ and ‘in-work progression’
• Returns to individuals and the wider economy
• But estimates from the BHPS suggests many people in the UK are not upwardly mobile
…How do these issues play out across our cities?
There is a clear spatial pattern to unemployment…
Hardest hit cities
Source: NOMIS, 2012
The geography of jobs across the country continues to change – across UK cities…
…and the gap is likely to widen as the economy moves towards a high skill, service based economy
And within UK cities…
Disparities at neighbourhood level within Cambridge and Rochdale – JSA claimant count, November 2011
Source: Cities Outlook, 2012
Geography matters
• Typically people only travel a short distance to work (45mins)
• People working in low skill, low wage jobs tend to travel even less
People living and working in the same local authority area
Source: City Collaboration, 2011
The nature of jobs is changing
Change in the number of jobs and resident population by qualification, 2004 to 2010
Changes in the use of generic skills, 1997 to 2006
Source: Learning Curve, 2011
The skills challenge is greater in struggling cities
Qualifications across city groups, average 2004 to 2010
Source: Learning Curve, 2011
Educational attainment has been slow to respond…
Source: Learning Curve, 2011
This has implications for pupils and for businesses
5 A*-C 5 A*-C inc Maths & English
Source: Learning Curve, 2011
Patterns being reinforced through the skills system - at school level…
Youth unemployment, 2007/10 average GCSE attainment including Maths and English, 2007/10 average
Source: Learning Curve, 2011
…and in adult education and training
Participation in job-related training, 2004/5 to 2010/11
Source: Learning Curve, 2011
At the same time low skilled jobs are dispersing
Geography of high and low skilled jobs in Sheffield City Region, 2010
Source: City Collaboration, 2011
Low skilled workers are less able to respond to these changes
Travel by income group and main mode of transport, 2009
Source: City Collaboration, 2011
For many the cost of public transport can be an issue…
Changes in the cost of transport by mode, wages and retail price index, 1999 to 2009
Source: City Collaboration, 2011
…as can speed, frequency, timetabling and integration
Individuals’ access to work is affected by a range of factors…
Encouraging labour market mobility across the UK
• Critical to have a detailed understanding of the unique labour market conditions and to recognise the interdependencies between places
• Explicit policies to capitalise on areas with greatest growth potential and to form mutually beneficial links with neighbouring areas
• Work with Local Enterprise Partnerships, business and Further Education (FE) colleges to match local skills provision to employer needs
• Department for Work and Pensions needs to work with other national government departments to better coordinate transport, jobs, planning and housing policies
• Cities need financial freedoms to decide on the priorities for investment at the local level – the Community Budget pilots and City Deals may be an important step forward here
