So far we have talked about

tenses of verbs…. Verbs also have MOODS…..

the indicative moodthe imperative moodthe subjunctive mood

commandsfacts

not facts

• Present subjunctive – Stem + e + ending (1st conjugation)– Stem + a + ending (2nd-4th conjugation)

• Imperfect Subjunctive– Infinitive + ending

dormiret videam

portem traheremus

sederes ament

vocarent curreret

scribam dicam

What are these??

What is a purpose clause?

How do we spot one in English?

How is a purpose clause formed in Latin?

• A purpose clause describes why someone did something, or the purpose for which they did it

• Purpose clause = ut + subjunctive

E.g. Cicero processit ut diceret

Cicero advanced in order that he might speak

Can you think of a more natural way of translating this sentence?

Cicero processit ut diceretLiteral translation: Cicero advanced in order

that he might speak

Alternative translations:Cicero advanced……

….so that he might speak ….in order to speak ….so as to speak

.…to speak

Sequence of tenses

We are hurrying (present tense verb) so that we may help (present subjunctive) you

We hurried (past tense verb) so that we might help (imperfect subjunctive) you.

1. pueri in via manebant ut pugnam spectarent.

2. Romam eo ut fratrem videam.

3. servus diu laboravit ut dominum servaret.

4. femina totum diem laborat ut puellae cibum habeant.

ne…….• ‘ne’ is used as the negative of ‘ut’ in

purpose clauses

festinamus ne sero adveniamus

we are hurry so that we may not arrive late

we are hurrying so as not to arrive late

we are hurrying lest we arrive late

1. servus diligenter laboravit ut templum aedificaret.

2. pueri Romam veniunt ut libros emant.

3. in villa manebam ut puellae cenam optimam pararent.

4. femina festinat ne sero adveniat.

5. tacebam ne fur me audiret.