CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

SOAP AND

DETERGENTChe Nur Nadira Groups’ 5ST2 2014

MEANING OF SOAP

SOAP IS THE SALT

FORMED WHEN A FATTY

ACID IS NEUTRALIZED BY

AN ALKALI.

MEANING OF DETERGENT

DETERGENT IS THE SALT

FORMED WHEN ALKYL

HYDROGEN SULPHATE IS

NEUTRALIZED BY AN ALKALI.

PREPARATION OF SOAP

OILS AND FATS ARE ESTERS FORMED FROM

GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS .

SOAP IS MADE THROUGH HEATING OILS OR FATS

WITH AN ALKALI SUCH AS SODIUM HYDROXIDE, NaOH.

SAPONIFICATION OF OILS

OR FATS

NEUTRALIZATION OF

FATTY ACIDS

PREPARATION OF

DETERGENT

DETERGENTS ARE MADE

USING RAW MATERIALS

OBTAINED FROM PETROLEUM.

PRODUCTION OF LAURYL

HYDROGEN SULPHATE

CH3(CH2)9CH2OH+H2SO4

CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H+H2O

NEUTRALIZATION OF LAURYL HYDROGEN

SULPHATE

CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H+NaOH

CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3Na+H2O

THE CLEANSING ACTION

OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

SOAP AND DETERGENT DISSOLVE IN WATER TO FORM

SODIUM ION, Na+ AND THE ANIONS .

ONE PART OF THE SOAP AND DETERGENT ANION IS

NEGATIVELY CHARGED

THIS IS THE POLAR END. IT DISSOLVES IN WATER. IT IS

HYDROPHILIC .

THE OTHER PART HAS NO CHARGE. THIS IS NON-POLAR

END. IT IS HYDROPHOBIC.

T H E E F F E C T I V E N E S S O F T H E

C L E A N S I N G AC T I O N O F S OA P A N D

D E T E RG E N T

WATER THAT CONTAINS CALCIUM IONS AND

MAGNESIUM IONS IS CALLED HARD WATER.

SOAP CANNOT CLEAN WELL IN HARD WATER.

THIS IS BECAUSE SOAP ANIONS FORM SALTS WITH THE

CALCIUM IONS AND MAGNESIUM IONS.

THESE SALTS ARE INSOLUBLE AND APPEAR AS A

STICKY SCUM.

SOAP CANNOT LATHER WELL IN HARD WATER.

THE DETERGENT ANIONS FORM SOLUBLE SALTS.

THEREFORE, ITS CLEANING POWER IS NOT AFFECTED

BY HARD WATER .

PROPERTY SOAP DETERGENT

CLEANING

POWER

LESS POWERFUL MORE

POWERFUL

EASE OF RINSING DIFFICULT TO

WASH AWAY ALL

SOAP ON

CLOTHES.

RINSES OUT

WELL FROM

CLOTHES

pH SLIGHTLY

ALKALINE

CAN BE

CONTROL TO

SUIT THE

CLEANING TASK

MOLECULAR

STRUCTURE

DETERMINED

BY THE

STRUCTURE OF

FATTY ACIDS

FOUND IN THE

OIL OR FAT

USED TO

PRODUCE SOAP

CAN BE

MODIFIED TO

SUIT THE

CLEANING TASK.

FORMATION OF

SCUM

FORMS SCUM

WITH HARD

WATER

DOES NOT FORM

SCUM WITH

HARD WATER

PREPARED BY :

CHE NUR NADIRA BINTI CHE DA

ROSIZATUN NAJLIN BINTI ROSLI

SITI AISHAH BINTI NAZARUDDIN

NURUL IMANINA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK

PRESENTED BY :

AZRIN BAIZURA BINTI HAMDAN

NUR HAZWANI BINTI HAMRAJNAN

NUR FARZANA