social and motor development chapter 3 mcgraw-hill/irwin © 2012 mcgraw-hill companies. all rights...
TRANSCRIPT
Social and Motor Development
Chapter 3
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Social behavior affectsa person’s movement behavior,
and conversely, there areequally strong effects
on an individual’s socialdevelopment
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Socialization
A duel process of interaction and development through which humans learn
Who they areHow they are connected to the social worlds in which they liveThe orientations used as a basis for behavior and group life
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Socialization
Socialization teaches members of a society their social roleSocial role ~ expected behavior by a social group in a particular situation
Occupational rolesFamily roles
Norm ~ a set of expectations
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Socialization
Society’s role expectations influence human motor developmentSocietal norms can facilitate or impede an individual’s movement development Socialization helps us to learn who we are.
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Self~…
Self-esteem ~ how much we believe ourselves to be competent, successful, significant, and worth
Involvement in directed play or physical education can enhance self-esteem in children
Self-concept ~ perception of selfGlobal self-worth ~ overall value that one places on oneself as a person
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Self-worth Development Early Childhood Cannot make judgments about self-worth
Has difficulty discerning between cognitive and physical skills
Mid-late Childhood
Physical appearance and social acceptance are the most important elements of self-worth
Adolescence Can distinguish feelings about friendship, roman tic appeal, and job competence
Friend and teacher support are major contributors to self worth
College Age Global self-worth becomes a function of perceived self-worth
Adulthood Further distinction among elements of self-worth attained during previous stage continues
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Social Influences ~ Infancy
First year of life relatively asocialNewly developing movement activities facilitate and expand social interactionsInfant becomes more actively involved in the environment Strong family relationship important
to motor development
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Social Influences ~ Infancy
Stage 1: 0-3 monthsInfant grasps, sucks, roots, demonstrates reflexes, visually tracks, gazes, cries, smiles
Stage 2: 3-6 monthsInfant distinguishes between strangers and familiar figures
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Social Influences ~ Infancy
Stage 3: 7 months – 2 years
Infant is adept at locomotionCan actively seek close physical proximity with objects of attachment
Stage 4Baby learns to control use of arms and hands in order to respond to or pursue human touch
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Social Influences ~ Childhood
Family Primary socializing agent
PlayMajor socializing force
SchoolSchool may become the major socializing force Play is crucial in development
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Social Influence ~ Childhood
PlayActivity that is always pleasurable and that the participant always cherishesMotivation to play is intrinsicUnproductive, spontaneous, and voluntaryInvolves active participation by the payerCrucial part of leaning the rules of society
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Social Influences ~ Childhood
Play 2003 Clinical Report of the American Academy of PediatricsAAPPlay is essential to learningToys should not replace human love, caring, and interaction
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Social Influences ~ Childhood
FamilyMost important socializing forceFamily’s view on physical activity determines child’s movement habitsFamily can be an important predictor of a child’s future involvement in sportA nonrestrictive environment encourages motor development
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Social Influences ~ Childhood
Family role in sports socialization is greatSports socialization begins in childhoodPredictors for boys’ sport participation (all studies)
Fathers, teachers, peers, self-efficacy, enjoyment, sports media, nonauthoritarian parents
Predictors for girls’ sport participationFathers, mothers, sisters, knowledge about exercise, level of social support, nonauthoritarian parents
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Social Influences ~ Adolescence
Family’s influence diminishes Peer groups is important sociallyMovement ability helps to determine peer groupSocial acceptability by peer group
Boys’ participation in sports, appearance, academic ability, career expectation, ethnicity, special talents
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Social Influences ~ Adolescence
Girls are at risk – physical inactivity and obesityBarriers to girls’ participation in physical activity
Self-consciousnessLack of motivationLimited amount of timeLack of social support
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Socialization ~ Adolescence
Team playAdolescents seek group and/or team activities
Benefits of team play…. The adolescent Works toward team/group goalsLearns division of laborLearns that intellectual demands are greaterAssumes greater social responsibility
O Talented players are rewardO Less-talented are scored or blamed for failure
Learns about failure
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Socialization ~ Adolescence
Gender role identificationPeer group facilitates interaction with opposite genderPeer group influences the level at which adolescents may identify with their genderGender identification begins early in childhood
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Socialization ~ Adolescence
Gender role identificationGender role conflict
Experienced by girls who participate in activity and for boys who do not
Boys are more easily socialized into sportsBoys are supposed to be aggressive and independent; this behavior is not acceptable for girls
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What has been the effect of Title IX on girl’s and
women’s sports participation?
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Social Factors ~ Adulthood
Negative social forces on physical activity are more apparent in women
Leaving school/going to workPermanent relationship (marriage)Having a family
The number of men and women choosing to marry has decreased since 1960
Could this have a positive effect on individual physical activity?
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Social Factors ~ Adulthood
Social learningThe act of acquiring new behaviors through modelingSocial roles and expectations are learned in adulthood
Age gradingDetermining what activity is appropriate for a particular age group
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Social Factors ~ Adulthood
AgeismBased upon a person’s relatively old ageAge barriers concerning societal expectations toward active participation in adulthoodMany older adults are forced into a life of inactivity
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Social Factors ~ Adulthood
Other social factorsChildren leaving home
Instead of liberating the parents, the norm is toward a more inactive lifestyle
RetirementDeath of a spouse
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Social Factors ~ Adulthood
Retirement can have a positive affect on activity when . . .
Retirement is unforcedWork was not the most important aspect of the individual’s lifeHealth and financial condition is such that the individual can enjoy the free timeAdequate planning for retirement occurred prior to retirement
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Social Factors ~ Adulthood
Retirement can have a negative affect on activity when . . .
Standard of living declinesTransportation becomes a problemNutritional problems ariseSocial status is lostSense of usefulness is lostRealization that one is “old”
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Social Factors ~ Adulthood
Additional concerns which are critical for the aged
IncomeTransportationHealthNutrition
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The Little Boy and the Old Man
Said the little boy, “Sometimes I drop my spoon.”Said the little old man, “I do that too.”
The little boy whispered, “I wet my pants.”“I do that too,” laughed the little old man.
Said the little boy, “I often cry.”The old man nodded, “So do I.”
“But worst of all,” said the boy, “it seemsGrown-ups don’t pay attention to me.”
And he felt the warmth of a wrinkled old hand.“I know what you mean,” said the little old man.
~By Shel Silverstein
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Healthy People 2010
Only 15% of adults perform the recommended amount of physical activity
40% do not participate in leisure time physical activity
By age 75, 30% of men and 50% of women engage in no physical activity
23% of adults over the age of 23 yr are obese
Obesity is more common among Mexican American and African American women than white women
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Physiological Change and Aging
Variable Decreases Increases
Cardiovascular Cardiac output
HR max
HDL
SBP and DBP
Total cholesterol
Vascular resistance
Respiratory Vital capacity
Chest wall compliance
Maximum ventilation
Alveolar size
Functional residual capacity
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Physiological Change and Aging
Variable Decreases Increases
Musculoskeletal Muscle mass
Elasticity in connective tissue
Synovial fluid viscosity
Muscle fiber length
Osteoporosis
Central Nervous System
Nerve conduction
Number of neurons
Motor responses
Brain mass
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Functional Adaptations to Exercise in Frail Elderly
Variable Increases Decreases
Cardiovascular Work capacity
HDL
Maximum oxygen capacity
Resting HR
Total cholesterol
Blood pressure
Respiratory Minute ventilation
Vital capacity
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Functional Adaptations to Exercise in Frail Elderly
Variable Increases Decreases
Musculoskeletal Bone density
Flexibility
Muscle tone and strength
Coordination
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Functional Adaptations to Exercise in Frail Elderly
Increases Decreases
Mental outlook
Socialization
Fat and CHO metabolism
Insulin receptor sensitivity
Plasma volume
Maintenance of lean body mass
Weight control
Metabolic rate
Loneliness
Idle time
Anxiety
Depression
Appetite
Mis
cella
neou
s
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Avoiding the Exercise-Aging Cycle
Exercise may add more years to your life and life to your years