social, class 9, notes (history) lesson-01 christianity...

SOCIAL, CLASS – 9, NOTES

(HISTORY) LESSON-01

CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1.___________ was the founder of Christianity. 2. Jesus Christ was crucified at _____________ 3. Mohammad Paigambar was born at __________ 4. The holy book of Christianity is ______________ 5._________________ was the first Khalif. Answers: 1.Jesus Christ 2.Golgotha 3.Mecca 4.Bible 5.Aboobakar II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Write a note on the life of Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ was born in to a poor family of Joseph and Mary at Bethlehem village near Jerusalem. He did not get proper education. At the age of thirty he came under the influence of John Baptist and was baptized by him. He enlightened the distress by divine teachings and made them psychologically strong. This made him very popular among the people and he was known as a messiah or the saviour of the people. Gradually people considered him as a godly man. The priestly class of Jews opposed this. They complained against Jesus Christ to the governor of Roman Empire Pontius Pilate, charging him of treason. After the trial he was taken to Golgotha on a Friday and crucified on the cross. Now, Christians observe this day as Good Friday. 2. List the teachings of Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ preaching’s are: a. God is one and he is most merciful. He is the creator of entire creation. b. Everyone should develop brotherhood feelings about others. c. Loving the people in distress is equal to worshipping God. d. One should serve others without expecting anything from them. e. Serving people is equal to the worship of God. f. If one repents for his mistakes God will forgive him. g. Love your enemy. Do good to the people who try to harm you. 3. How did Christianity expand? In the beginning, the Roman Emperors did not disturb the promotion of Christianity. Thus it spread all over the Roman Empire very fast. But after the first century Roman emperors started persecuting the missionaries. Though many obstacles were created in spreading the word of Jesus, the preachers did not withdrawn from it. Later, in fourth century Constantine accepted Christianity as the national religion in C. E.313. Since then, it got the support of the state and spread into Rome, Greece, Macedonia and Asia Minor.

4. Write a note on the life of Mohammad Paigambar. The founder of Islam Mohammad Paigambar was born in 570C.E at Mecca. His parents were Abdulla and Ameena. He lost his parents during his childhood and was brought up by his uncle. He was a shepherd in the beginning and later started visiting Mecca and Syria for business purposes. In Mecca he was introduced to a rich widow by name Khadijah and was employed by her. Later he married her. They had two sons and four daughters. Later he started meditating deeply for long hours on Mount Heera to find remedies for the social and cultural shortcomings of Arab people. After Paigambar achieved enlightment, he was called as the messenger of the God by the people. 5. What is Hijra? When Paigambar opposed polytheism strongly, the enraged people of Mecca conspired to murder him. He travelled from Mecca to Medina when he became aware of this in C.E 622.This incident is known as Hijra. 6. What are the teachings of Islam? The teachings of Islam are: a. God is one. A simple prayer is enough to win the

heart of the God. b. One should lead an honest and principled life and

should keep away from all the bad habits. c. One should have respect for women and

compassion for the poor and weak. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-02 MEDIEVAL INDIA AND POLITICAL TRANSITION

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The founder of Delhi Sultanate was ___________ 2. The commander of Alluddin Khilji was __________ 3. Mohammed bin Tughlaq shifted his capital from Delhi to _________ 4. The first battle of Panipat in the year __________ 5. Iltamush divided his kingdom into _________ Answers: 1.Qutubuddin Aibak 2. Malik Kafur 3. Devagiri 4.1526 5. Iktas II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Explain the contributions of Rajput kings to the field of literature. Rajput kings themselves were scholars. Kings like Bhoja, Munja have written various literary works. King Munja had poets Padmagupta and Halayudha in his court. King Bhoja had extended his royal patronage to the Jain scholars, Shanthisena, Prabhachandra Suri, and Ghanapala during his rule. The Poetic works like Jayadeva’s Geethagovinda, Bharavi’s Keerathanarjuneeya, and Bharthruhari’s Ravana Vadha were written during the rule of Rajput’s. Gujarathi, Rajastani and Hindi languages developed during this period.


2. Explain the administration system of Iltamush briefly. Iltamush divided his kingdom into Iktas and appointed Iktadhars to run administration. He appointed a group of forty sardars to advise him in administrative issues. The Prime Minister and judges used to advise him. Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation. He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which Qutubuddin had started to build during his time. 3. What were the administrative reforms implemented by Alluddin Khilji? Allauddin Khilji implemented various reforms in the administration. He abolished religious endowments, inams lands and subsidy. An efficient intelligence network was established by him. He prohibited alcohol, drugs and dice game. He banned association formation among his Sardars, their socialisation with general public and marriage among elite class of people. During his time, the farmers with minor landholdings and also the big landlords had to pay taxes. He appointed revenue officials to collect the fixed taxes from the farmers. 4. What were the administrative reforms implemented by Mohammad bin Tughlaq? Revenue Reforms: An official record that had all the details of land of the empire was implemented by him. He established department of agriculture. The uncultivated lands were made cultivable. Shifting of his Capital: Mohammad bin Tughlaq shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri in central India. There are two main reasons behind this move, to establish the capital city at the centre of the vast empire, and to protect the capital city from foreign invasions. Experiment of symbolic coins: The value of the currency was made adjusted to value of gold and silver coins in circulation of his time. He brought gold coin named Dinar and silver coin named Adli into circulation. After few years, the copper and brass were also brought into circulation symbolically. Then, minting coins was not vested with the government alone. Families who had traditional rights to mint coins were also there. This resulted in chaos. 5. What were the contributions of Delhi Sultans to art and architecture? Examples. The Delhi Sultans introduced a new style of architecture known as ‘Indo- Islamic ‘architecture. Arches, domes and minarets are the main features of this style. The Delhi Sultans built forts, Mosques, palaces, public buildings, madrasas and Dharmashalas. Qutub minar, Quvat-Ul-Islam mosque, Allai Dharavaja, Juwait Khana mosque are the few examples of Indo- Islamic style. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-03 RELIGIOUS PROMOTERS AND SOCIAL REFORMERS

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Ramanujacharya was born at ___________ 2. Proponent of Advaita philosophy is ____________ 3. ________was the most prominent social reformer of medieval Karnataka. 4. Ramanujacharuya’s disciples are called __________ 5. Basavanna started a sharana spiritual centre called ________ ANSWERS: 1. Sriperambudur 2. Shankaracharya 3. Basaveshwara 4. Srivaishnavites 5. Anubhava Mantapa II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Explain the Advaita philosophy. Shankaracharya propagated the Advaita philosophy. According to this, Brahma is the absolute truth, the rest of the world is false. The soul is one with Brahma, and life is not separate from Brahma. 2. Which is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya? What is their sect called? The philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya was Vishistadwaitha. Their sects are called Srivaishnavites. 3. Explain the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya. Ramanujacharuya’s philosophy is called Vishistadwaitha. According to this philosophy Jeeva and Prakruthi are under the control of Brahma. Both Atma and Paramathma cannot become one simultaneously. He said that world is the expressed manifestation of Brahma and world is a reality. In order to achieve Mukthi, Bhakti and Prapathi are important. 4. What are the teachings of Madhvacharya? Madhvacharya advocated ‘Dwaitha’ philosophy. Dwaitha means two. According to this philosophy, the human soul and the Divine soul are separate. According to Madhvacharya, the world is not Maya or illusion. It is as true as Paramathma or the Divine Soul. Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary. The Divine soul and the human soul have a Lord and servant relationship. 5. Write a note on the ‘Work is Worship’ philosophy of Basaveshwara. Basaveshwara advocate self-reliance and insisted one should earn one’s living. He also declared no profession in more important or less important. He nurtured the culture of ‘Work is worship’ through his physical labour philosophy. By declaring ‘Body as the temple’. Basaveshwara tried to implement work is worship philosophy in life.


6. Who established Anubhava Mantapa? What were its objectives? Basavanna started a Sharana spiritual centre called Anubhava Mantapa at Basava Kalyana of present Bidar. Here all Sharanas including Basaveshwara and others engaged in meaningful discussions on various socio cultural issues like gender discrimination and caste system. Similarly they were also discussing the short comings of religions and were suggesting remedies to these issues. 7. Name the books written by Shankaracharya. Shankarabhasya, Ananda Lahari, Soundarya Lahari, Shivanandalahari, Viveka Choodamani, Prabudda Sudhakara and Dakshinamurthy stotra. His hymn Bajagovindam is world famous. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-04 VIJAYANAGARA AND BAHAMANI KINGDOMS

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The most famous king in the Sangama dynasty was _____________ 2. The prime minister of Bahamani Kingdom was ____ 3. The king who wrote Jambavati Kalyana in Sanskrit was ___________ 4. The court poet who earned the title Kavichakravarthi was __________ 5. The most famous ruler of Vijayanagar dynasty was __________ ANSWERS: 1. Devaraya II 2. Mohammad Gawan 3. Krishnadevaraya 4. Srinatha 5. Krishnadevaraya II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Name the four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire. The four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire are- Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Araveed. 2. What were the achievements of Devaraya II? The most famous king in the Sangama dynasty was Devaraya II. He had earned the title of ‘Elephant Hunter’. Devaraya II defeated the king Gajapati Kapilendra of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu. By suppressing the regional leaders of the border, he expanded the kingdom up to Krishna River in the north east. Later he defeated the Kerala ruler and received royalties from Kerala and Srilanka. This earned him the title ‘Dakshinapathada Chakravarthy’. 3. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne? When Krishnadevaraya came the power, the kingdom was facing various complicated internal and external problems. The Europeans who had arrived through new sea routes were establishing colonies. The Moghuls of the north were trying to expand their Empire in the south. The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty became powerful Sultanates and

plunged into wars against Krishnadevaraya. In addition to these, the kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat. 4. What are the contributions of Vijayanagar Empire to the economic system and society? Economic system: Vijayanagar was economically prosperous. Land tax was the main source of revenue for the kingdom. Farmers used to give ¼ of their income to the government in the form of tax. Professional tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, import and export tax were the other forms of revenue to the kingdom. Agriculture was the backbone of the economy. Social system: The society was based on Varna based social system. However, there was also occupation-based caste system. There were many skilled artisans, blacksmith, goldsmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters and cobblers in the society. The practices of child marriage, sati and devadasi systems were prevalent. Women enjoyed a dignified status in society. Holi, Deepavali and Dasara festivals were celebrated publically. 5. Describe the art and architecture of the Vijayanagar period. The excellent work done by Vijayanagar kings in the fields of art and architecture is memorable. The emperors were known as great patrons of architecture. During this period, temples, palaces, temples, forts, towers were constructed. The unique feature of their architecture was the construction of huge auditorium and marriage halls. Temples had huge towers, leaf-shaped arches and platforms. In this art, more than ornamentation, the qualities of grandeur, awe and elegance were given importance. Rough granite stone was used for construction of these structures. 6. How can Gawan be considered as the best Prime minister in Bahamani dynasty? Mohammad Gawan ruled the kingdom with selflessness and dedication. As a Prime minister, he took the Bahamani kingdom to great heights. He served as the Prime minister during the rule of Bahamani kings Humayun, Nizam Shah and Mohammad-Shah III. He was responsible for enhancing the glory of Bahamani kingdom by his efficient administration and victories. He conquered Konkan, Goa and Belagavi. Later he invaded Orissa and conquered Kondaveedu. In the year 1481 C.E, he invaded Kanchi and plundered its huge wealth. Thus Mohammad Gawan who was responsible for the all-round development of the Bahamani kingdom.


7. Describe the administration and revenue system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans. Administration: There were three levels of administration namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among these, there was revenue, judicial and military administration too. The sultan was the chief of the central administration. Gawan converted the then existed four Tariffs into eight units and these provinces were divided into fifteen Sarkar’s. The Subedar was the administrator in each of these Sarakars. The final unit of administration was the village. Revenue system: Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities. Land tax was the main source of income for the kingdom. 1/3 to ½ of the agricultural production was collected as land tax. There were 50 kinds of taxes including taxes on house, mines, tobacco, grasslands, trade and employment. 8. Explain the education, art and architecture of the Bahamani sultans. The educational policy of the Adil Shahis was to propagate Islamic culture. There were schools known as Maktabs. They were under the control of mosques. The Madrasas were centers of higher education. Mohammad Gawan who was a scholar himself, established a Madrasa at Bidar to encourage study of the Islamic religion and law. The Sultans developed Indo-Sarcenic style of architecture. The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I is a prominent monument even today. Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal and Asar Mahals are the important monuments of this time. The Gol Gumbaz at Vijayapura is one of the greatest structures in the world. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-05 THE MOGHULS AND THE MARATHAS

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The original name of Sher Shah was _________ 2. Akbar established a new religion was called _____ 3. The founder of the Maratha kingdom was _______ 4. Shivaji’s father was _____________ 5. Shivaji’s soldiers were specially trained in _ warfare. ANSWERS: 1.Farid 2. Din-e-Ilahi 3. Shivaji 4. Shahaji Bhonsle 5. Guerilla II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Describe the military achievements of Babar. Babar defeated the Delhi sultan Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat in 1526C.E and established the Moghul dynasty in India. This battle is known as the first battle of Panipat. Delhi was his capital. Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana Sangramsingh of Mewad, the Rajput king Mediniraya of Chanderi and Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother, Mohammad Lodhi. Babar

conquered wars of Panipat, Goghra and Kanwa. He established Moghul rule over a large area in North India. 2. Explain the characteristics of Sher-Shah administration. Sher Shah gave importance towards strengthening administrative structure. He was the ultimate head of administration and ran administration with the help of the council of ministers. Both civil and military powers were in the hands of the king. The entire kingdom was divided into Sarkar and paraganas. Cavalary, infantry and elephant divisions were there in the army. Army was divided into small units called fouz with a head fouzdhar. He got all the cultivable land measured and fixed land tax based on it. He divided land into three types based on the fertility: Good, Average and Lower. The farmers had to pay 1/3 of their harvested crop as land tax. Sher Shah was known for his impartial justice. Hence he had earned the title ‘Sultan of the fair justice’. Sher Shah brought a new silver coin known as ‘daam’ into circulation. 3. What are the areas won by Akbar? Akbar conquered Malwa, Jaipur, Gondavan, Chittor, Ranathambhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat and Bengal. Kashmir, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khandhar and Ahmednagar also came under Akbar. 4. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture. During the reign of Shahjahan, Red fort, Moti masjid, Diwan–e-Aam, Diwan-e-Khas, Ranga Mahal, Khasa Mahal, Taj Mahal and other buildings were built. The Throne of Mayura and spacious Jamia Masjid were his contributions. Apart from these, the contributions of Shahjahan are available in places like Kabul, Lahore, Kandahar, Kashmir, Ajmer and Allahabad. He encouraged the art and architecture during his reign, it is called as ‘The Golden Period’. 5. Describe Shivaji’s system of administration. Shivaji had organised an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom. He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Moghul areas. Marathi was the language of administration. There were ministers known as Asthapradhans in the government to assist the king. In addition to them, there were other officials. Province, district and village were the administrative units. Revenue system: Shivaji’s system of revenue collection was Ryotwari system, favourable to farmers. Chauth and Sardeshamukhi types of land taxation were in practice. Judiciary system:In Shivaji’s administration, traditional system of justice was in practice. The Brahmin judges used to give decisions based on smritis.


Army: The Maratha army had infantry, cavalry, elephant units and cannon units. The army was divided into small units. Shivaji’s soldiers were specially trained in guerrilla warfare. 6. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I. After the death of Balaji Vishwanath, his eldest son, Baji Rao I, got appointed as Peshwa. With the intention of expanding the Maratha kingdom in North India, he conquered Gujarat, Malwa and gained the authority to collect chauth and Sardeshamukhi taxes. He invited Chitradurga and Srinagapatna of Karnataka. When Baji Rao declared war against the Moghuls, Nizam-ul-Mulk, with the intention of assisting the Moghuls, tried to march towards Delhi. But he lost to the Marathas in a battle near Bhopal. Due to this, the vast stretch of land between the Narmada and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees came to Baji Rao as war compensation. Baji Rao I not only ruled with efficiency but also re- established the glory of the Maratha Empire. Hence he was called Shivaji, the second. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-06 BHAKTI PANTH

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Ramanand was born at _____________ 2. The holy book of Sikh religion is ___________ 3. The main centre of the Bhakti Movement was ____ 4. The founding father of Carnatic Music is _________ 5. The first name of Purandaradasa was _________ Answers: 1. Allahabad 2. Guru Granth Sahib 3. Pandharapur 4. Purandaradasa 5. Shivappa Nayaka II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. What are the teachings of Kabir? Kabir condemned caste system and multiple idol worship, and declared that God is one, and he is the same for both Hindus and Muslims. He tried to bring about harmony and tolerance between the two communities. He preached in Hindi, the common man’s language like his Guru. He reached more people. 2. Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy book? Guru Nanak had followers from Hindu as well as Muslim communities. His followers were called as Sikhs. The holy book of Sikhs are called Guru Granth Sahib. 3. Explain the concept of Bhakti by Purandaradasa. Purandaradasa criticized caste and creed based discrimination. He rejected false Bhakthi and insisted on inner reflections. He declared without inner purity, external purity is of no use. He said ‘What is the use of cleaning the external filth without cleaning the internal filth’. He also said without faith, the mere

dipping in a rivers is of no use. He said ‘One has to stay alive and emerge victorious ‘. Human birth is great. Never spoil it, oh fools. 4. What are the effects of the Bhakti movement? Reformation of the Hindu practices and bringing about harmony between Hindus and Muslims were the main purposes of the Bhakti Movement. The reformers were successful in removing many weakness in the Hindu society. The regional languages of India flourished since the reformers wrote in these languages. This enabled development of Indian culture. This movement facilitated the evolution of Indian culture. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-07 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Earlier, the entire medieval period was called _____ 2. The Roman Empire was under the control of landlords called _________ 3. __ was a system based on mutual giving and taking. 4. The decline of feudalism led way to the emergence of ______ in Europe. 5. The owner of the land was called _________ Answers: 1. Dark Ages 2. Patricians 3. Feudalism 4.Capitalism 5. Nobles II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. What is feudal system? Feudal system was a system of land ownership based on political and economic base. Feudalism can be called as an agreement between powerful lords and weak farmer. 2. List the advantages and disadvantages of the feudal system. Advantages: The feudal land lords had to depend on the vassals for military human power. This restricted the exploitation of these classes. The power of Barbarians was brought under control. The human beings realized their rights and duties under the system. The system encouraged creative output in literature in England, France and Germany. Disadvantages: As a result of this system prominent ruling classes emerged. Clashes took place among ruling class, feudal lords and vassals. Due to this problem, the agreements of feudalism broke down. Feudal lords competed against the ruler themselves. Judicial system also suffered from lack of uniformity. Moreover clashes took place between church and the state. 3. Explain the effects of feudalism. Independent farmers had small portions of land and were paying rent for the land used. Others had to work


in the small granted lands to out their living as well as work free of cost in the feudal owners land. The soldiers were from the ruling class. They had absolute control over military. Hence both the political and economical powers were concentrated in one place. The feudal land lords had to depend on the vassals for military human power. 4. What were the reasons for the decline of the feudalism? The disease the engulfed the group during 14th century killed over 3.5 crore people or one third of the population were pushed to death. This is called as “Black Death” in history. This resulted is the loss of agricultural production. Income became less. The demand for food grains also went down affecting agriculture. Revolts became common across Europe. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-08 MODERN EUROPE

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. _________ was the motherland of great writers. 2. The famous work Divine Comedy was written by __ 3. The Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in ______ C.E 4. The leader of the Counter Reformation was ______ 5. The Industrial Revolution first began in ______ Answers: 1. Italy 2. Dante 3. 1453 4. Ignatius Loyola 5. England II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. What were the consequences of religious reformation? a. As a result of the religious reformation, the solidarity of Christian religion received a severe blow. Christianity was divided into three Sects: Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, and Protestant church. b. Many of the European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the Pope. c. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism. d. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development. e. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance. 2. What were the reasons for geographical explorations? a. When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453 C.E, it closed the trade gates between East and West. Due to this, the Europeans faced the inevitability of finding a new sea route to India. b. Spain and Portugal were ambitious of competing with Arabs in sea trade. Local people and rich encouraged adventurous youth to venture into sea.

c. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility of spreading Christianity. d. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyage towards eastern countries. They ventured to bring in Spices, Silk, Cotton, Muslin cloth and to sell them for profit. e. The experiments done during the renaissance period had proved that the Earth is round. Mariner’s compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were available to sailors. 3. Which are the water –colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci? The water colour paintings of Leonardo-da –Vinci’s are Last supper and Monalisa. 4. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with an Example. Italy was the motherland of great writers. France, England, Germany and Spain too contributed a lot to literature. Petrarch is known as the “Father of Renaissance “. He collected about 200 Latin and Greek manuscripts. Africa is his famous poem. A collection of 100 stories called ‘Decameron’ written in Italin by Boccaccio, the famous work ‘Divine Comedy’ by Dante, Canterbury Tales by Chaucer of England, are all notable works. William Shakespeare was an excellent poet and dramatist. 5. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution. 1. Industrial revolution made England economically stronger country. 2. Socialism rose as the industrialisation led to the exploitation of workers. 3. There was a visible growth in the socio- economic life due to expansion of modernity. 4. Due to inventions in transportation during industrial revolution, the entire globe became a village. 5. Though development took place, increased population led to poverty and food crisis. 6. Industrial revolution led a huge gap between the rich and the poor. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-09 REVOLUTION AND UNIFICATION OF NATIONS

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The first written constitution in the world is _____ 2. The Social Contract was written by __________ 3. The first President of America was __________ 4. The capital of Italy is _________ 5. The architecture of the unification of Germany was ____ Answer: 1. U S A 2. Rousseau 3. George Washington 4. Rome 5. Otto-Von-Bismarck II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS


1. Mention the reasons for American War of Independence. The stand of England towards its colonies and the emergence of love for independence was the main reason. Apart from these , seven years’ war, Naval laws, the writings of Thomas Paine , Joan Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin and their influence, Quebec Act, Townshend taxes , Boston tea party and many other things were the reasons that led to the American revolution. 2. Explain the significance of the American war of independence. The war acted as an inspiration for the French Revolution. Many of the French who fought assisting the colonial army became leaders of the French revolution. Many of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America got inspired to become free and hence, revolted against their motherland. The new nation called the United States of America was born. 3. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution? France was an agriculture- dominated nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, production lagged behind. The yield from land was very low. The farmers were the most affected. Famines were frequent. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence, productivity was low. 4. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification? Garibaldi was a soldier and fighter. He joined the Young Italy army and assumed leadership of the revolution. After that he constituted an army called Red Brigade and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria. In 1860, he fought against the twin states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. BY conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms. 5. Who was the architect of Unification of Germany? Write a note on him. The architect of the unification of Germany was Otto-Von-Bismarck. He was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams I. He had begun his career as a government servant, member of the assembly, i.e., Diet, and as an ambassador in various nations, and had gained lot of popularity. He was aware of the German states’ association under the leadership of Austria, and knew about the activities and weakness of this organization. He knew that German unification was possible only by Prussia and desired to do so under the leadership of Prussia. Bismarck was aware that to resolve the situation, only ‘blood and steel ‘philosophy

would work. Blood and steel philosophy meant war tactics. His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(POLITICAL SCIENCE) CHAPTER-01 OUR CONSTITUTION

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The chief architect of Indian Constitution is ______ 2. The Preamble is a part of the ‘Objective Resolution’ put forward by ___________ 3. The Protector of Fundamental Rights is _________ 4. Our constitution is neither too flexible nor too ___ 5. The word ‘Secular’ has been incorporated in the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment in the year __________ Answers: 1. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar 2. Jawaharlal Nehru 3. Supreme Court 4. Rigid 5. 1976 II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly? Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly. 2. When did the Constitution come into force? 26th January 1950 3. What does the Preamble to the Constitution contain? The Preamble contains the fundamental policies and ideals of the constitution. It is the sum of the structure, values, principles and goals of the constitution. It is based on the aspirations and ideals of the people of India. 4. What do you mean by ‘Secularism’? The word Secular has been incorporated in the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment in 1976. No religion has been given the status of a National Religion. 5. Explain the salient features of our Constitution. a. Written and Lengthy Constitution b. Partially Flexible and partially Rigid Constitution c. Parliamentary form of Government d. Republican system e. Federal system f. Fundamental Rights and Duties g. Directive Principles of state policy h. Independent and centralized Judiciary i. Single citizenship j. Adult Franchise 6. Which are the Fundamental Rights incorporated in our Constitution? There are 6 Fundamental Rights at present: a. Right to Equality b. Right to Freedom c. Right against exploitation d. Right to freedom of religion e. Cultural and educational rights f. Right to Constitutional remedies


7. Make a list of the Fundamental Duties. 1. To respect the Constitution, National Flag and National Anthem. 2. To follow the noble ideals that inspired our National struggle for Freedom. 3. To protect the integrity of India. 4. To defend the motherland when called upon to do so. 5. To preserve our rich heritage. 6. To protect and develop environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. 7. To develop the scientific temper and the spirit of enquiry. 8. To safeguard public property 9. The parents or the guardians should provide an opportunity for education to their children from the age of 6 to 14 years. 8. Which are the Directive Principles of State Policy? 1. To provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens. 2. To prevent the community wealth and resources from becoming the private property of a few people. 3. To provide equal pay for equal work to both men and women and to protect labour welfare. 4. To provide public assistance to those who are old, sick and weak or helpless. 5. To implement a uniform civil code throughout the country. 6. To protect historical monuments and maintain places of historical interest. 7. To separate the Executive from the Judiciary. 8. To establish Gram Panchayats. 9. To encourage rural and cottage industries. 10. To ensure prohibition of liquor ----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-02 THE UNION GOVERNMENT

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. _________ is the chairman of the Rajya Sabha 2. The President is elected by an ___________ 3. The maximum strength of the Union cabinet is ______ of the total strength of the Parliament. 4. ___ is the Commander-in-chief of the Armed forces. 5. Article ______ of our Constitution has created the post of the President. Answers: 1.Vice President 2. Electoral College 3. 15% 4. President 5. 52 II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Write a note on the houses of parliament. The Parliament consists of two houses. The Upper House is called Rajya Sabha and the Lower House is called Lok Sabha.

2. Write a short note on the structure of Rajyasabha. The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is 250, of which 238 members are elected by the members of the State Assemblies and Union Territories. The remaining 12 members, who are experts from various fields like literature, art, science and social work are nominated by the President. This House is also known as the House of Elders. 3. What are the qualifications needed to become a member of Loksabha? 1. Should be a citizen of India 2. Must not be less than 25 years of age. 3. Should not hold any office of profit under the Government. 4. Should not be a person of unsound mind. 5. Should not have been punished under law. 6. Should possess qualifications as specified by Parliament from time to time. 4. Explain the election process for the post of the President. Article 54 and 55 of the Constitution stipulate the way the President should be elected. The President is elected by an electoral college of elected members of both Houses of Parliament, all elected members of the legislative assemblies of all the States. The Supreme Court judge administers him the oath of office. 5. List out the powers of the Prime Minister. Powers of Prime Minister 1. Appointment and Removal of ministers and allocation of portfolios The Prime Minister recommends to the President the appointment of ministers to the council of ministers. He also allocates the various portfolios among the ministers. 2. Head of Government: The Prime Minister is responsible for all actions of the Government. He co-ordinates the activities of the various ministers. 3. Head of Union cabinet: The meetings of the Union cabinet are held under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister. All discussions of issues of national and international importance are discussed and decisions are taken under his chairmanship. He is the link between the President and the Cabinet. 6. Write a note on the formation of union cabinet and its responsibilities. The union cabinet is the real Executive, and has ministers in two hierarchies. The first one is the Cabinet level and the second is the ministers of state. The maximum strength of the union cabinet is 15% of the total strength of the Parliament. The cabinet has two kinds of responsibilities: The Minister of every department is responsible for the administration of his department. He has individual responsibility for the success or failure of his department.


The union cabinet has collective responsibility to the Parliament with regard to the decisions and policies taken by it. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-03 STATE GOVERNMENT

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The strength of the Vidhana Sabha depends on the _________ of the state. 2. The upper house of the State Legislature is called ________ 3. The term of office of the Governor is _____ years. 4. The head of the State Government is ________ 5. The Vice- Chancellors for all the Universities in the State are appointed by _________ Answers: 1.Population 2. Legislative Council 3. 5 4. Chief Minister 5. Governor II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Explain the structure of the Legislative Assembly. The strength of the Vidhana Sabha depends on the population of the State. The maximum number of seats of any Vidhana Sabha should not exceed 500 or be below 60. The Governor can nominate one member from Anglo Indian community if he feels that they are not represented properly. However, the number of seats in small states is less. Ex. In Mizoram and Goa, there are 40 members each. The Vidhana Sabha in Karnataka has 225 members. 2. Which areas do the member of Legislative council represent? The members of Legislative Council represent five areas. Some are elected from among the Members of the Legislative Assembly, Local Bodies, Graduates’ Constituencies, and Teacher’s Constituencies. The Governor nominates some Members who are experts in the fields of art, literature, education, social service, science etc. 3. Write a note on the qualifications and tenure of the Governor. Qualifications: 1. Should be a citizen of India 2. Should not be less than 35 years of age. 3. Should not hold any office of profit under the Government 4. Should not be a Member of either Parliament or State Legislature. If he is a Member of either, he should resign from that post when he is appointed as the Governor. The term of the office of the Governor is 5 years. 4. Write a note on the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister is the head of the State Government. Success or failure of the State Government depends on his personality.

He is the head of the Council of Ministers, the Legislature, and the Leader of the majority party in the government. The Chief Minister should be a member of any one of the two Houses. Even those who are not Members of either House can become the Chief Minister. However, he has to become the member of any one House within six months. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-04 JUDICIAL SYSTEM

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The age of retirement of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is _____ years. 2. The highest criminal court at the district level is __ 3. ___ is the lowest court dealing with Revenue cases. 4. The Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by ______ 5. __________ is the highest court of law. Answer: 1.65 2. Sessions Court 3. Tahasildar Court 4. President 5. Supreme Court II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Explain the functions of Supreme Court. Original Powers: Resolving the disputes between the Union and the States, and between the States; Safeguarding the Fundamental Rights of citizens; interpreting the provisions of the Constitution and passing on writs. Appellate Powers: Citizens may file cases in the Supreme Court against the judgements given in the lower courts. The Supreme Court may accept such appeals and issue judgements in these matters. It may also give special directions to the citizens to file such appeals. Advisory Powers: The Supreme Court may advise the President when he seeks its opinion on important public issues. The President may consult the Supreme Court for advice on matters related to agreements and contracts entered by the Governments formed before the implementation of this Constitution. 2. Write a note on functions of High Courts. The High Court has power over the whole state. Its functions are: 1. The original power to resolve civil and criminal cases; Naval, Marital and contempt of court cases. 2. To admit appeals against the judgements passed by the subordinate courts in civil and criminal cases. 3. To direct transfer of cases from the lower courts to the High Court; to supervise the working of the subordinate courts; to admit writ petitions to safeguard the Fundamental Rights and other legal rights of citizens; to appoint the staff and regulating them.


3. Name the subordinates courts under the civil courts. The subordinate courts under the civil courts are: 1. Court of Subordinate Judges 2. Court of Additional Subordinate Judges 3. Court of Munciffs 4. Court of Additional Munciffs 4. Write a note on Criminal courts. Criminal courts came into existence on 1st April, 1974. They are also known as District Magistrate courts. They function under the High court. The highest criminal court at the district level is the Sessions court. The District Judge performs the function of a judge of this court too. The court takes up crimes like murder, robbery, dacoits etc. It has the powers to issue death sentences and also life imprisonment sentences. 5. Write a note on Revenue courts. There are Revenue courts in every district. They take up cases related to land tax, land records etc. Revenue Courts comprise the following courts: Tahasildar Court: The Tahasildar Court is the lowest court among the Revenue courts and the Tahasildar is its judge. District Sub divisional Officer’s Court: The Assistant Commissioner is the judge in this court. This court takes up appeals against the decisions and judgements of Tahasildar courts. District Revenue Court or District Magistrate Court: Existing in every district, this court takes up appeals against judgements given by the Tahasildar court or the District Sub divisional Officer’s court. The Deputy Commissioner is its judge. Commissioner’s Court: This court takes up appeals against the judgements of the district magistrate courts. The Divisional Officer is its judge. Revenue Board: This is the highest court dealing with Revenue cases. It has the power to take up appeals against the judgements of the lower Revenue courts. The Revenue Secretary is its head. 6. What are reasons behind the establishment of Lok Adalat court? In India, the legal procedure is time- consuming and expensive. As an alternative, the Government has set up other forms of legal institutions which function faster and are less expensive. These institutions came into existence in 1985. It has three features a. It lays stress on compromise b. It is fast and cheap c. It reduces the judicial burden on other courts. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-05 INDIAN ELECTION SYSTEM

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. The article ________ speaks about the formation of Election Commission. 2. The party that forms the government is called ____ 3. Regional political parties are also called ________ 4. A government formed with the co-operation of different political parties is called __________ 5. In India the newspapers and periodicals must be registered with a body called _________ Answers: 1.324 2.Ruling party 3. State political parties 4. Coalition Government 5. Registrar of News Papers II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Write a note on ‘Electoral Roll’. The voters list is the list which contains the names and certain other details of the voters. It is also called the Electoral Roll. The Electoral Roll is prepared by the Election Commission much before the elections. Electoral Roll is revised every year. At the time of revision the names of those who have attained the age of 18 are included and the names of the dead are deleted. The Electoral Roll helps the polling officials to identify the voters. 2. Prove that “Political Parties are the link between elected representatives and people”. Political Parties are necessary in the democratic set up. Political parties are the link between representatives, government and the people. They play a major role in formulating policies for social and economic progress. Political parties become a training ground to develop leadership qualities. The political party that commands majority in the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha at the centre and legislative assembly at the state level form the government. The party that forms the government is called the ‘Ruling party’. The party that commands the second position is called the opposition party. 3. Write a note on Coalition Governments. Many political parties participate in the elections to secure power. If they get the majority they form government. Many time no party gets the required majority to form the government. Such situation is called Hung Parliament or Hung Assembly. In such a situation some of the political parties join together and make alliances to get the required majority to form the government. Such alliance is called Post –poll alliance. At certain times two or more than two parties join together and make alliance before the elections. This type of alliance is called Pre-poll alliance. Pre-poll or Post-poll alliance helps political parties to join together to form the government when there is a


hung parliament or assembly. Such a government formed with the co-operation of different political parties is called Coalition Government. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-06 DEFENCE OF THE NATION

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The headquarters of the Defence Ministry is in ____ 2. National Cadet Corps was established in _______ 3. The Hindustan Ship-building yard is at ________ 4. The Territorial Army day is celebrated in ________ 5. Bofors guns were used effectively in the ______ war between India and Pakistan. Answers: 1. Delhi 2. 1948 3. Visakhapatnam 4. Third Saturday of November 5. Kargil II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. What is the Naval Base near Karwar known as? The Naval Base near Karwar is known as Seabird. 2. Which are the four divisions of our Defence Ministry? The Defence Ministry has four sections. They are 1. Defence Section 2. Defence Production Section 3. Defence Research and Development Section 4. Retired Defence Personnel Welfare Section. 3. Explain the structure of the Indian Army. The headquarters of the Indian Army is in New Delhi. Its head is known as the Commander-in-chief. He has a Deputy Commander-in-chief, Major General, Brigadier, Military Secretary and a Military Engineer to assist him in his work. The army consists of Infantry, Cavalry, Tank Regiments called the Armed Corps and the Gunners’ Regiment. 4. Which are the Commands of the Army? The Indian Army has been divided into seven commands. They are 1. Western Command - Chandimandir (Chandighar) 2. Eastern Command – Kolkata (West Bengal) 3. Northern Command – Udhampur (Kashmir) 4. Southern Command – Pune (Maharashtra) 5. Central Command – Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) 6. Training command - Mhow (Madhya Pradesh) 7. North- Western Command - Jaipur (Rajasthan) 5. Explain the functions of the Indian Air Force. The Indian Air Force works effectively and courageously both during war times and peace times. It has succeeded in ensuring safety, security and stability. The headquarters of the Air Force is in New Delhi. 6. What are the qualifications required for recruitment to the Army? Those who desire to work in the Armed forces should be service-oriented, patriotic, and ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the country and also be familiar with the multi-cultural fabric of the nation.

Any citizen of the country, irrespective of his religion, Caste, class or community can join the military. However, there are certain conditions with regard to physical requirements, mental health, general education and technical knowledge that have to be met. 7. What are the aims of N.C.C.? What are its advantages? Its aim is to develop among the students a sense of discipline, leadership qualities, friendliness and service - mindness. It is a body of disciplined and trained youth force which comes to the rescue of the nation during emergencies. The advantages of N.C.C are 1. Those who have received N.C.C. training can join the armed forces easily. 2. Cadets who have earned distinction during training are given seats in professional colleges. 3. Cadets are given training in handling weapons. 4. During training, cadets go on adventures like hiking, trekking, gliding, scaling or mountaineering, sailing etc. 5. Students who have received NCC training can secure admission in any defence school. 8. Explain the organization of the Indian Red Cross Society. The Indian Red Cross is a humanitarian voluntary organization and has nearly 700 branches across State and Union Territories. Its headquarters are in New Delhi. The Indian President is its Chairman and Governor the State branch. A Secretary General is its Administrative Officer. It has an administrative body consisting of 19 members and a Secretary. The President nominates 6 members whereas the remaining 12 members are elected from the State and Union Territories. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-07 NATIONAL INTEGRATION

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Independence Day is a ___________ festival. 2. Our National bird is ________________ 3. India is a ___________ country. 4. Nearly _____________ languages in India. 5. Communalism is a major obstacle to ________ Answers: 1. National 2. Peacock 3. Secular 4. 1652 5. Secularism. II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. What is Nationalism? Nationalism means – people know their land as motherland, brotherhood of those people and equal participate at all the times in the nation. This type of people and emotion is nationalism.


2. What do you mean by National Integration? National Integration refers to that situation where all the people of the country feel they are one although there are differences with regard to race, religion, culture and language. 3. Which are the factors that lead to unity in diversity? Geographical Unity, Political Unity, Religious Unity, Linguistic Unity and Cultural Unity. 4. Which are the factors that promote National Integration? Secularism, Democracy, National Festivals, Our National Symbols and Interdependence. 5. What are your suggestions to overcome obstacles that affect National Unity? 1. When people belonging to different castes and religions from their own associations, and indulge in activities which encourage their castes and religions, national integration is threatened. 2. The variety of languages in India is leading to linguistic obsession and parochialism. 3. The presence of innumerable castes and caste- based associations often lead to narrow caste based attitudes among people. 4. Parochialism and regionalism are posing threats to national unity. 5. Border disputes, river water disputes and language disputes between states are also problematic for national integration. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(SOCIOLOGY) CHAPTER-01 FAMILY

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. A family that has more generations living together is called ___________ 2. In Matriarchal family the rights of the property passes on from the mother to ___________ 3. Joint family is a ____________ unit. 4. Family based on ____________ 5. In Patriarchal family ____ is the head of the family. Answers: 1. Joint Family 2. Daughter 3. Self-sufficient 4. Kinship 5. Father II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. How does the family become a social unit? Man has formed many social institutions to fulfil his basic needs. Among these institutions family is the most important one though family is a small institution. It is the basic institution of the society. All the activities of the society are conducted on the basis of the family. The members of the family are the members of the social institutions also. 2. Mention the types of family. There are three types of families with the following nature:

1. Family based on kinship 2. Family based on the residence of the spouse-Matrilocal residence, Patrilocal residence 3. On the basis nature of authority family is classified as Matriarchal and Patriarchal family. On the basis of ancestry or decent, family is also classified as Matrilineal and Patrilineal family. 3. What is a joint family? Joint family consists of grandfather, grandmother, their children, grandchildren and great grandchildren and in some situation the members belong to extend two generations. 4. What is a nuclear family? Family that consists of father-mother and their unmarried children as members is called as nuclear family. 5. What are the characteristics of a family? The characteristics of family are 1. Family is universal: Though it varies in accordance to specific geographical nature and time period, the family is found in all societies. 2. It is the basic unit for all social activities: Every activities of social institutions start from the family. 3. Continuous responsibility and social accountability: Family teaches its members how to behave and how to discharge the specific responsibilities. 4. Bringing up and nurturing: It creates the way to nurture and bring up the children and makes them literate. 5. Teaches social behaviour: A child learns its mother tongue in the family. 6. It instructs the tradition: Family includes several generations. It introduces the kinship. 6. Discuss the role of family in individual’s social development stages. The childhood and adolescence are very important stages in the process of socialization. A child learns its mother tongue in the family. It understands the social life around it through the mastered mother tongue. Children develop as per the social situation around the family. The family teaches the children about the ways of interacting with elders and the peer group. The family teaches behaviour like friendship, freedom and security during childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. 7. Explain the characteristics of a joint family. The characteristics of joint families are 1. Large in size: Members are more in the joint family because it consists of people of two or more generations. 2. Co-ordination and co-operation: The members of the joint family co-operate in all activities of the day to day life.


3. Residence and kitchen: Members of the joint family normally reside together under the same roof. Members eat the food prepared in the same kitchen. 4. Religion: Members of the joint family believe in the same religion and practice. 5. Self-sufficient unit: Joint family is a self-sufficient unit. 6. Structure of authority: The senior members of the joint family are entrusted with the authority and responsibility. 8. What are the reasons for the increase of nuclear families in the present days? The nuclear families have increased in modern society. Individuality, focus on individual achievement, concept of individual happiness, change in value system with regard to right of property, progress in the areas of science and technology, rapid urbanization, democratic values and concept of equality and many other things have contributed to the rise of nuclear families. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-2 SOCIALIZATION

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Neighbourhood relationship is much stronger in __________ communities than in urban communities. 2. Socialization is a __________ process. 3. Human being is a __________________ animal 4. Mother is the first _______________ of a child 5.__ are the families which reside close to your family. Answers: 1. Rural 2. Continuous 3. Social 4. Teacher 5. Neighbourhood II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Explain the role of school in the process of socialization. The role of school is very crucial in the socialization process. In school the child is not only influenced by the teachers but also by its friends and classmates. The social behaviour, knowledge and experience of the child are moulded by the education. The role of teacher in the socialization process of the child is very crucial. Various positive aspects that find expression in teachers like good behaviours, equality and good will get reflected in the children as well. This enables children develop love, cooperation, tolerance, co-loving, mutual respect and other various values in their life. 2. What are the values learned by a child from the family members? Family plays a very important role in the socialization process of a child. Father- mother are direct blood relatives of the child. The idiom ‘Mother is the first teacher of child’ is literally true. The behaviour, custom and practices, activities, interaction of father

and mother will extremely influences on the emotional development of the child. The child learns the first lesson of life values such as love, concern, faith, patience, cooperation, coordination etc. at home itself. 3. Explain the social importance of socialization process. The process of learning social behaviour and the process of becoming social being is called socialization. The moment the child gets the power of thinking and talking, it will make contact with the people living in the society. It tries to communicate non-verbally and tries to imitate the others. Socialization is a process in which all the members of the society live in accordance to their duties and responsibilities. Socialization is a continuous process of social action which starts from birth. 4. Mention what does the socialization indicate. 1. Converts human being into social being. 2. Provides the scope of adopting, imitating and learning of many skills. 3. Develops the social relationship and provide commitment and support to the social system. 4. Helps the development of personality. 5. Helps the continuity of tradition. 5. Explain the role of mass media in socialization process. In modern world, the social media also works as the important agency of socialization. The mass media such as radio, television, movies/ films, newspapers, magazines utilize literature extensively. Human beings are deeply influenced by advertisements, radio programs, stories, novels, Television serials, dance drama, music, posters and important statements by popular persons. News, quiz, introductory talks, discussion, programs introducing various important places and others help the viewers to develop good personality. 6. Explain the role of neighbourhood in socialization process. Neighbourhood are the families which reside close to your family. This is a small community having the characteristics of large community. Neighbourhood is small in size. Here the people are related to each other. People help each other in many ways. The influence of neighbourhood is found both in rural and urban communities. The people of neighbourhood live like the members of the same family by sharing their happiness and sorrows. Neighbourhood people help each other in festival, fair, marriage, religious rituals and other programmes. -----------------------------------------------------------------------


CHAPTER-03 SOCIAL CHANGE

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Change is the law of _______________ 2._________ began along with the human evolution. 3. The Theory of Evolution was presented by________ 4. ________ economy is pushing people to earn more at the cost of health, in the name of competition. 5. _________ is the change that takes place in the human social relationships. Answers: 1. Nature 2. Competition 3. Charles Darwin 4. Globalised 5. Social change II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. What is social change? Social change can be defined as the transformation that takes place in the lifestyle of common people. 2. What is cooperation? Cooperation is the way adopted by human beings to fulfil their basic needs. Most of the social relationships in the society are based on giving and taking. 3. What are the basic elements of coexistence? Coexistence is the most important element for the existence and development of the human society. Like our constitution, coexistence has the secular, socialist and democratic intention. It means all should have equal opportunity, independent, social, economical, political and justifiable life. Coexistence is need in a country like India to achieve Unity in Diversity. 4. Mention the characteristics of social changes. Characteristics of social changes are 1. Social change is a continuous process 2. Social change is universal 3. Social change varies in its form and speed 4. The chain of social process create social change. 5. Is the social change necessary? Change is the law of nature. The changes that took place over a period of time have resulted in the evolution of human society. Social change depends on the major changes that have happened in the human behaviour, moral and cultural values and rules and regulations. The mobility found in human society is basically due to social change. 6. Why the competition increase day-by-day? Competition began along with the human evolution. The evolution theory Darwin said,” The evolution of life takes place on the basis of conflict and competition. A natural competition will never have groupism and favouritism. These days competition is becoming increasingly inhuman. This leads to conflicts in society. Competitions with rules and without rules affect the society in both positive and negative way. The Globalised economy is pushing people to earn more at the cost of health, in the name of competition. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-04 COMMUNITY

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Nomadism is the way of _________________ 2. A group of clans with kinship is called _________ 3. The Mongolian tribal people are ______ in colour. 4. Majority of Indians reside in ____________ 5. The process of urbanization hastened with increase in ______ Answers: 1.Life 2. Tribe 3. Yellow 4. Village 5. Industrialization II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. What is a Tribe? A group of clans with kinship is called Tribe. 2. What is a village? Village can be easily defined as the area consisting of the families who mainly depend on agriculture and agriculture based occupations for their livelihood. 3. Define the concept of a city. A place that has a population of more than five thousand and a density of one thousand people per square kilometre and where more than 75% population is engaged in non-agriculture production, then it is called as City. 4. Explain the characteristics of tribal community. The characteristics of tribal communities are 1. Simple and self-content 2.Worship of nature 3. Loyal to the community and importance to unity 4. Endogamous marriages 5. Equality and independence to women 6. Unique and different mother tongue 5. Explain the division of tribals in India according to the geographical locality. The three important geographical zones where tribes live in India are: a. North and North –East zone : The sub tribes of Naga such as Konac, Regma , Segma Aho and the sub tribes of Kuki, Garo, Lepcha, Chini etc., live in Himalayan mountain regions. b. Central zone: This zone consists of West Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa etc. The sub tribes like Santala, Munda, Kola, Hil, Bison etc., live in this zone. c. South zone: Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka are the states which come in this zone. The major sub tribes live in this zone are Gonda, Koota, and Paniyan Yarava etc. 6. Explain the types of rural community. 1. Centralized villages: The main characteristics of this type of village is houses are located in the farm land. 2. Villages with independent households and farms: The house is surrounded by cattle shed, agricultural equipments, fodder for cattle etc. 3. Scattered group villages: In this type, a group of families live away from other group of families.


4. Village of line houses: In these villages families are located on both the sides of the road. 5. Circle shaped villages: These villages are also called round shaped villages. 6. Square shaped villages: These villages are same as line villages. 7. Converged road villages or market villages: Families which are based on non-agricultural occupations are found here. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER-01 OUR STATE – KARNATAKA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The western end of Karnataka is _________ 2. The shape of Karnataka resembles a ________ 3. At present, there are _____ districts in Karnataka. 4. Karnataka stretches over an area of _____ sq.kms. 5. The smallest district in Karnataka is __________ Answers: 1.Karwar 2.Cashewnut 3. 30 4.1,91,791 5.Bengaluru Urban II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Give the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Karnataka. Karnataka is situated in the southern part of India, in the Western Central area of the peninsular region. It extends from 110-31’ North to 180-45’ North latitude and 740-12’ East to 780 -40’ East longitude. 2. Name Karnataka’s neighbouring states. The Arabian Sea in the West, states of Maharashtra in the North , Andhra Pradesh in the East, Tamil Nadu in the South and South-East, Kerala in the South-West, and Goa in the North-West form Karnataka’s frontiers. 3. Which are the four administrative divisions of Karnataka? The four administrative divisions of Karnataka’s are Bengaluru, Mysore, Belagavi and Kalaburgi. 4. Explain the geographical location of Karnataka in India. Karnataka is one of the 29 states of India. It is situated in the Southern part of India, in the Western Central area of the peninsular region. It extends from 110-31’ North to 180-45’ North latitude and 740-12’ East to 780

-40’ East longitude. ---------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-02 PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF KARNATAKA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The major port in Karnataka is ______ 2. The main occupation of the people near the coast is ________ 3. The highest peak in Karnataka is _________ 4. Biodiversity zone in Karnataka is _________ 5. The highest waterfall of India is __________

Answers: 1. New Mangalore 2. Fishing 3. Mullaiyanagiri 4. Malnad Region 5. Jog fall II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Mention the important physical divisions of Karnataka. The important physical divisions of Karnataka are: 1.The Coastal Plain 2. The Malnad region 3. The Maidan region. 2. Write a note on the relief features of Malnad region. The Western Ghats in our state are referred to as Malnad or the land of hills. They are also called the Sahyadris. Malnad runs parallel to the coastline from North to South. They have steep terrace like slopes in the west and gentle slope to the East. Hence they are called Ghats. They are 650 kms in length and 0-76 kms in width. These hills obstruct the rain- bearing winds from the Arabian Sea and cause heavy rains often more than 200 cms. 3. Give an account on the coastal plains of Karnataka. Coastal Plains lie between the Arabian Sea and the Malnad region. The coastline extends to 320 kms from Mangalore in the South to Karwar in the North. Its width varies from 12 to 64 kms. Its height is more than 200 meters above sea level. It is called the ‘Canara or the Karnataka Coastline’. There are many ports along the coastline. Among them, ‘New Mangalore’ is the major port in Karnataka. Many beautiful beaches are formed along the sea–coast, attract tourists. There are some small islands located near the sea-coast. The main occupation of the people near the coast is fishing. 4. Name the main hills of Southern Maidan. The main hills of Southern Maidan region are Chitradurga hills, Narayanadurga, Savanadurga and Shivaganga in Bengaluru rural district, Madhugiri hill in the Tumakuru district is the biggest monolith hill in Asia, Nandi hills, Channakeshava hill, Kavaledurga and Skandagiri hill in Chikkaballapura district, Chamundi hill in Mysore district are the prominent hills. 5. Mention the mountain passes in the Western Ghats. The routes, from the Eastern plains of Karnataka to the coastal plains across the Western Ghats are called the mountain passes. The important passes are: 1. Charmadi Ghat – It links Mangalore and Chikkamagaluru. 2. Shiradi Ghat – It links Hassan, Sakleshpur and Mangalore. 3. Agumbe Ghat – It links Shivamoga and Udupi 4. Hulikal Ghat – It links Shivamoga and Kundapur. -----------------------------------------------------------------------


CHAPTER-03 CLIMATE, SOIL, NATURAL VEGETATION AND

ANIMALS OF KARNATAKA I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The hottest place in Karnataka is _________ 2. The lowest rainfall region in Karnataka is _______ 3. The tourist month of Karnataka is _________ 4._ district has the maximum forest area in Karnataka. 5._______ is known as the Cheerapunji of South India. Answers: 1.Raichur 2. Nayakna Hatti 3. January 4. Uttara Kannada 5. Agumbe II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Name the four seasons of Karnataka. The four seasons of Karnataka are a. The summer season (March to May) b. The rainy season (June to September) c. The period of Retreating Monsoons (October- November) d. The winter season (December-February) 2. Write a note on the rainy season in Karnataka. This is also known as the season of South-West Monsoon winds. The Western Ghats check the moisture –laden winds blowing from the Arabian Sea, resulting in heavy rain. As it moves eastward, the amount of rainfall gets reduced. This is because, the Eastern Maidan is in the rain-shadow area. Agumbe is an area of heavy rainfall. Hence it is called Cheerapunji of South India. During this season, Karnataka receives about 80% of its rainfall. 3. Mention the types of soils in Karnataka. The soils of Karnataka have been classified into four types: 1. Red soil, 2.Black soil 3.Laterite soil 4. Coastal Alluvial soil. 4. Name the types of natural vegetation of Karnataka. Natural vegetation of Karnataka has been classified into four types: 1. Evergreen forests, 2. Deciduous forests, 3. Mixed forests 4. Grasslands and shrubs. 5. Why is Karnataka known as the ‘Land of Sandalwood’? Sandalwood is a special tree grown in forests of Karnataka. Perfume, objects with intricate carvings soap and medicines are manufactured from sandalwood. They are popular all over the world, and hence are not only supplied to other parts of the country but also exported to foreign countries. This is the reason Karnataka is known as the ‘Land of Sandalwood’. 6. Name the wild animals in our forests. Leopards, boar, bison, stag, deer, bear porcupine etc. A variety of snakes and colourful birds can also been seen in the forests of Karnataka. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-04 WATER RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The most important river of Karnataka is ________ 2. Karnataka has occupies the ______ position in India with regard to irrigation. 3. Karnataka ranks ____________ in the generation of hydro-electric power in India. 4. Krishna river takes birth at ___________ 5. The river ________ is known as ‘Dakshina Ganga’. Answers: 1. Cauvery 2. 9th 3. First 4. Mahabaleshwar 5. Cauvery II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Name the important rivers of Karnataka. The rivers of Karnataka can be divided into two groups: East following rivers and west flowing rivers. East flowing rivers: The Krishna, Cauvery, Pennar and Palar. West flowing rivers: Sharavathi, Kali, Gangavali, Netravathi, Varahi, Aghanashini etc. 2. Write a short note on river Krishna. The Krishna is the second important river of South India. It takes birth at Mahabaleshwar and flows 1,392 kms eastwards to join the Bay of Bengal. But it flows for only 480 kms through Karnataka. The Bhīma, Koyna, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are its tributaries. Irrigation and hydro-electric power Generation from the Krishna river system have benefited in Northern Karnataka. 3. What are the tributaries of Cauvery River? Hemavathi, Harangi, Lokapavani, Arkavathi, Shimsha, Lakshmana Tirtha, Kapila Suvarnavati and Bhavani. 4. Name the different sources of irrigation in Karnataka. The main sources of irrigation are wells, canals and tanks. 5. Mention the main hydro-electric power stations of our state. Shivanasamudra, Shimsha (on Cauvery river), Sharavathi, Linganamakki, Gerusoppa and Mahatma Gandhi hydro Power station (on Sharavathi river) Supa, Nagajhari, Kadra and Kodasalli (on Kali river), Varai river Bhadra, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha and Alamatti (on Krishna River). 6. Write a brief note on river water Disputes. Many rivers in India flow through more than one state. This has given rise to disputes regarding the use of river water. The Cauvery water disputes and the Krishna water disputes in Karnataka are of this kind. The catchment area of the river Cauvery is spread in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry. The river water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is more than a century old, yet it is a burning issue even today. -----------------------------------------------------------------------


CHAPTER-05 LAND RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1.______ is a very important food crop of Karnataka. 2._is the staple food of the people of North Karnataka. 3. Eleusine Coracana is the scientific name of __ crop. 4. Cotton is a ____________ crop. 5. Karnataka ranks in the production of coffee in India. Answers: 1. Paddy 2. Jowar 3. Ragi 4. Fibre 5. First II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Name the different types of land utilization in Karnataka. The different types of land utilization in Karnataka are 1. Net area sown 2.Forest area 3. Land not available for cultivation 4. Other uncultivated land 5. Fallow land 2. Write a note on the importance of agriculture in Karnataka. Agriculture is one of the ancient, primary occupations of Karnataka. It is the main source of livelihood for many. It is the backbone of our state’s economy. Economic progress depends on agriculture. Agriculture provides employment to people. It also provides food for the people and raw materials to industries. It is a source of revenue to the state and to earn foreign exchange. Agriculture helps in the development of tertiary occupations like transport, banking, insurance etc. It plays an important role in the political and social systems of the state. 3. What is meant by ‘irrigation’? Name the main crops grown under irrigation. Crops grown by using water from canals, tanks or wells is called irrigation. Paddy and sugarcane are the main crops grown under this farming. 4. Explain the main characteristics of mixed farming. In addition to growing crops, dairy farming , silkworm rearing, sheep rearing , poultry, bee-keeping, fishery etc. are taken up and it is called mixed farming. 5. Mention the uses of ragi. Ragi balls, porridge, sprouted flour, malt, dosa etc. are made from ragi. It is a cheap grain. The stalks of the ragi plant are used as fodder for cattle. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-06 MINERAL RESOURCES

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1._is an important producer of manganese in Karnataka. 2. Bauxite ore is mostly used in the preparation of ___ 2. Karnataka occupies the __ position of gold in India. 4._________ is the biggest gold mine in India. 5. Hospet in Bellary district has ________ mines.

Answers: 1. Sandur in Bellary district 2. Aluminium 3. First 4. Hutti in Raichur district 5. Iron ore II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Why is Karnataka called the ‘Land of Gold’? Karnataka occupies the first position in the production of gold in India. It produces 80% of the total gold in India. Hence Karnataka is known as the ‘Land of Gold’. 2. Which are the important minerals available In Karnataka? Iron ore, gold, manganese, lime stone, copper, bauxite, chromite, mica, asbestos and granite are the important minerals available in Karnataka. 3. Which is the ore used as an alloy? Manganese is the ore used as an alloy. 4. Name the places in Karnataka where iron ore is available. Iron ore is mainly distributed in the districts of Bellary, Chikkamagaluru, Bagalkot, Chitradurga, Tumakuru, Shivamoga, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada and Gadag. Bellary has rich deposits and they are mainly found in Hospet and Sandur. 5. Which district is an important Producer of bauxite? Belagavi district is the leading producer of bauxite in Karnataka. 6. Name the important gold mines of Karnataka. At present Hutti in Raichur district is the biggest gold mine in India. Gold is also produced in Bellara in Tumakuru district and Ajjanahalli near Sira. Other places with gold deposits are Mulgund and Kappatagudda in Gadag district, Kempinakote in Hassan district etc. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-07 TRANSPORT

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. ______ district in Karnataka has no railway tracks. 2. _______ is the fastest mode of transport. 3. ________ is the country’s first green airport. 4. The most beautiful port in Karnataka is ______ 5._district has the longest state highway in Karnataka. Answers: 1.Kodagu 2. Air transport 3. Devenahalli International Airport 4.Karwar 5. Belagavi II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Explain the importance of road transport. A large number of people live in rural areas in Karnataka. So, road transport occupies a very important role in linking the villages and towns. Roads can be constructed easily, at low cost. People and goods can be transported to every corner of the state. Development of roads determines the progress of the state’s agriculture, industry, mining and commerce.


2. Name the different types of roads in Karnataka. Roads in Karnataka have been classified into four kinds. They are: 1. National highways 2. State highways 3. District roads and 4. Village roads. 3. List the important rail routes of Karnataka. In Karnataka state, there is no uniform distribution of railway tracks in all the districts. Bengaluru, Bellary, Belagavi, Hassan, Uttara Kannada, Chitradurga, Udupi, Ramnagar and Dakshina Kannada districts have an average of 150 to 200 km long railway track. Kodagu district has no railway tracks. 4. What are the advantages of air transport? Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. It helps to carry people, mail and lightweight goods to distant places in the shortest time. Air transport is of great help during natural calamities, wars and other emergencies. 5. Name the ports of Karnataka. New Mangalore port, Old Mangalore Port, Malpe, Hangarakatte, Kundapura, Padubidri, Bhatkal, Honnavara, Tadri, Belekeri and Karwar. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-08 INDUSTRIES OF KARNATAKA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. ______ is called the ‘Manchester of Karnataka’. 2. The first paper mill ‘Mysore Paper Mill Limited’ was established at ______ 3. _____ city is known as the ‘Silicon Valley’ of India. 4. The by-products of the sugar industries are _ and _ Answers: 1.Davanagere 2. Bhardravathi 3. Bengaluru 4. Bagasse, Molasses II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Write a note on the industrial development in Karnataka. Sir M.Visveswaraiah’s contribution to the development of industries in Karnataka is remarkable. Believing in the motto, ’Industrialize or perish’, he laid the foundation for many industries in the state. After the hydro-electric power generation station was started at Shivanasamudra in 1902. After 1923, many modern manufacturing units like iron and steel, soap factories, cotton and silk mills, paper, cement, paint, sugar, sandal oil industries etc. After independence, the industrial policy of the Central Government enabled further industrial development in the state. As a result, many more factories were established, for instance, (HMT, BEL, BHEL), watches, iron and steel, Aluminium etc. 2. Explain the iron and steel industry of Karnataka. Karnataka occupies the pride of place by being the first state in South India to establish an iron and steel factory. Sir M. Visveswaraiah’s foresight enabled an

Iron and Steel industry to be set up at Bhardravathi in Shivamoga district in 1923. This factory was named as Mysore Iron and Steel Industries Limited. Today it is known as Vishveshwaraiah Iron and Steel Industry. Another important iron and steel industry of Karnataka is the private sector-owned Jindal Vijayanagar Steel Limited. It was established in 2001 at Torangal in Bellary district using the latest Corex technology. 3. Give an account of the distribution of cotton textile industry in Karnataka. The first, M.S.K. cotton mill, was set up in 1884 at Kalaburgi. Later, cotton textile factories were started in Hubbali. After independence, cotton mills were set up in the northern Maidan where cotton was widely grown. Devanagere became the state’s most important cotton textile industrial centre. It is called ‘Manchester of Karnataka. ’At present, there are 44 cotton mills in the state. 4. What factors are essential to start sugar industry? All factors necessary for the development of sugar industry are favour in the state. Sugarcane production requires humid climate, power supply, local market, transport system etc. 5. Mention the reason for centralization of information technology industry in Bengaluru. Bengaluru City is known as the ‘Silicon Valley of India. It is a leading producer and exporter of software components which are used for computer programming. It is one of the world’s top-ten major advanced hi-tech cities. Leading companies from all over the world have established their branches here. The reasons for this are good climate, electricity supply, technical experts, financial assistance, vast market and infrastructure. Bengaluru has emerged as a prestigious advanced information technology centre in India. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-09 MAJOR TOURIST CENTERS OF KARNATAKA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Karnataka has won the award for best Tourism Management state in _________ 2. Lalbagh is situated at _____________ 3. The City of palaces is ____________ 4. St. Philomena Church is at ____________ 5. There are _______ national park in Karnataka. Answers: 1. 1996-97 2. Bengaluru 3. Mysore 4. Mysore 5. Five II.QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. What are the advantages of tourism? People go to different places from their places from places to satisfy their curiosity, for religious celebrations for peace of mind for relaxation, to see


picturesque places, seeking happiness and for improvement of health. This called touring. Tourism has become an inevitable part of the human life. We can gain knowledge about the place, culture, civilization, life style etc. by tourism. 2. Name the basic facilities needed in a tourist spot. To provide tourists with basic requirements like tourist homes, lodges and restaurants at important tourist centres. 3. Write a note on the Kudremukh hill station. Kudremukh hill station of Chikkamagaluru district, is a major hill station. It has dense, green forests, many hillocks, coffee estates and waterfalls making it a beautiful place. 4. Name the wildlife sanctuaries of Karnataka. For the conservation of wildlife in their natural habitat, eighteen wildlife sanctuaries have been identified. Of these, Muthodi, Bandipur, Nagarahole, Dandeli, Bhadra animal sanctuaries and Ranganathitu, Kokkare Bellur, Mandagadde, Gudavi bird sanctuary are the main ones. 5. Name the places of historical importance in Karnataka. Hampi, Belur, Halebidu, Somanathapura, Badami, Pattadakallu, Aihole, Gol Gumbaz of Vijayapura, Lakkundi, Banavasi, Basaralu, Belagavi, Mysore, Srinagapatna etc. are the important historical places in Karnataka. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-10 POPULATION OF KARNATAKA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The number of females per thousand males is called _____________ 2. _________ district has the largest urban population in Karnataka. 3. A person who knows to read and write is called __ 4. The district which has the lowest literacy rate in Karnataka is _____________ 5. According to 2011 the density of population in Karnataka is ________________ Answers: 1.Sex ratio 2. Bengaluru urban 3. Literate 4. Yadgir 5. 319 II. QUESTION AND ANSWERS 1. Write a note on the growth of population in Karnataka. According to the 2001 census, the Total population of Karnataka was 5, 28, 50, 562. In the decade from 2001 to 2011, 80, 80, 142 persons have been added to the population. The growth rate during this period was 15.67%. This growth rate is lower than the growth rate of population in India (17.64%). The reason for this is awareness about family planning programmes, literacy programmes, birth control etc.

2. Name the districts with the highest and the lowest density of population. Bengaluru Urban has the highest density and Kodagu district has the lowest density of Population in Karnataka. 3. Explain the Characteristics of urban and rural population in Karnataka. Karnataka has a large number of villages. As per the 2011 census, the rural population is totally3.75 crore. It means that the rural population is 61.4% and 38.6% in urban areas. Compared to the average urban population of India, the urban population of Karnataka is greater. Bengaluru Urban district has the largest urban population whereas Kodagu district has the smallest urban population. 4. Write a note literacy in Karnataka. A person who knows to read and write is called a literate. The average literacy rate in 2011 was 75.6%. This rate is higher than the average literacy rate of 74% in India. Dakshina Kannada district with 88.6%, occupies the first position. Bengaluru Urban district occupies the second position. Yadgir with 52.4% has lowest literacy rate. Male literacy rate is 82.9% whereas female literacy rate is 68.2% in Karnataka. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(ECONOMICS) CHAPTER-01 NATURAL RESOURCES

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1._____________resources are those that are derived from living organisms. 2. Some natural resources get depleted as we go on using them. They are called ________ 3. Gold is __________ resource. 4. Natural resources are ____________ of nature. 5. Scarcity arises when the need for resources is_____ than the availability of it. Answers: 1.Bioticresource 2. Non-renewable-resources 3. Non-renewable resources 4. Gift 5. More II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN ONE SENTENCE EACH 1. What are natural resources? Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their natural form. 2. Give two examples of renewable resources. Water, land, forests, air, sunlight and heat. 3. Give two examples of abiotic resources. Water, soil, minerals etc. 4. What is conservation? Conservation has been defined as “the management of the biosphere for the benefit of the all life including humankind, so that it may yield sustainable benefit to the present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generations “.


5. Define ecological footprint. The World Wildlife Fund has devised a measure called as the ‘ecological footprint ‘which gives an idea about the extent of consumption of resources and waste generation by a country or an individual in a country. 6. What is recycling? Recycling refers to reuse or use the product again and again after some changes. III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN 5-6 SENTENCES EACH 1. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources: Some natural resources get replenished as we use them. These resources are called renewable resources. They are also called non-exhaustible resources. e.g.: Water, land, forests, air. Non-renewable resources: Some natural resources get depleted as we go on using them. Eventually they are emptied and cannot be created again. These resources are known as exhaustible resources. Eg: Iron ore, copper, gold, coal etc. 2. Explain the causes for increasing scarcity of resources. The causes for increasing scarcity of resources are: 1. Overpopulation – The increasing population requires additional land for growing additional food and providing shelter which is met through conversion of forest land into agricultural land and agricultural land into residential, commercial and industrial land. 2. Growing industrialization – With increased industrialization, extraction of mineral ores, crude oil and water increase resulting in emptying of mines, oil wells and water sources. 3. Expanding urban areas - Urban areas are where a huge population lives in a small area. Naturally, the demand for resources and generation of wastes is very high contributing to reduction in quantity and quality of resources. 4. Atmospheric pollution - With greater burning of fossil fuels like coal, diesel and petrol, more harmful elements like carbon dioxide hydrogen sulphide, soot and dust get into the air polluting it. 5. Water pollution and land degradation - When the human, hospital, industrial and other wastes are dumped in the open space, they affect the land and water, reducing the quality as well as availability. 3. What are 4Rs? Explain in brief. 1. Reduce: Reduce refers to minimizing the use of resources and their wastage or trying to use less amount of any resource. 2. Reuse: This is a very simple but effective way to conserve resources. Every resources has not only alternative uses but can be used multiple times.

3. Recharge and Regenerate: This refers to taking steps to allow the resources to grow through conscious human efforts. 4. Research: Researching ways to find renewable alternatives to non-renewable resources. 4. What steps would you take to conserve energy use in your school and at home? 1. Put off all lights when not in use. 2. Turn the air conditioner and heater off at night. 3. Get outside! Outside activities are fun and take less energy. 4. Keep doors and windows shut when heating or cooling the house / car. 5. What measures will you to take to reduce the ecological footprint? Food: 1. Buy organic food, or locally grown produce. 2. Eat at home instead of ordering out. Energy: 1. Put off all lights when not in use 2. Turn the air conditioner and heater off at night. Transportation: 1. Walk or ride your bicycle to school 2. Take public transportation. Creating less waste: 1. Ask for no bag when you buy something you can carry without one. 2. Donate old items to someone who can use them. Water: 1. Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth 2. Don’t pour toxics down storm drains. Community: 1. Get involved with a recycling program 2. Join a group that works to make local rivers and streams healthier -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-02 HUMAN RESOURCES OF INDIA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1.__________ is an important Asset of humans. 2. In 2011, the literacy rate of India is __________ 3. The approximate number of years every child is expected to live is called _______ 4. Census takes place once in _______ years in India. 5. In India , since the birth rate is high and the death rate is low, the population growth rate is ________ Answers: 1.Health 2. 74% 3. Life expectancy 4. 10 5. High II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN ONE SENTENCE EACH 1. Who are the people identified as ‘WorkingPeople’? The adult population, who are educated and healthy and who are capable to increase the national income and transform society are identified as working people. 2. What is meant by ‘Human Resources’? ‘Educated and healthy, working people are considered as nation’s human resources. 3. What was India’s population according to 2011 census? In 2011, the India’s population was 121.1 crores.


4. What is the population growth rate? In 2011, India’s birth rate was 22 & death rate was 6. Birth rate = 22, Death rate =6 Population growth rate = birth rate – death rate

= 22 – 6 = 16 5. What was the population density of India according to the 2011 census? According to 2011 census, the population density in India is 382. III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN 5-6 SENTENCES EACH 1. What is Population Density? How is the population density of a country calculated? Density of population is the number of people living per square kilometre of geographical area. Density = Total Population of the country Total geographical area 2. Human Resources are considered very vital among the factors of production. Why? Human resources occupies greater importance in the production of goods and services than natural resources and material resources. Human resources provide the skills and workforce needed for production. The people who work in various jobs in the fields of agriculture, industry and service sectors are referred as the workforce. Human resource conducts new research to provide better facilities to the people. Electricity, television, computers, mobiles and fast moving vehicles are all the contributions of human resource. 3. What is the role of health and education in developing human resources? Health is an important asset of humans. Good health improves not only the quality of life of people but also the quality of their work. Human beings biologically reproduce. The quality of the population depends greatly on the number of children born and their health. Healthy children are more likely to grow as healthy adults and contribute more to economic growth of a country. If higher investment is made on education and health of children, they will be able to earn higher income in the future, and make valuable contributions to society. 4. Why the population growth is high in the developing countries? In a developing stage the economy starts growing, the government provides better education and health facilities and epidemics are brought under control. Due to this, the death rate will decline steeply. On the other hand, the birth rate continues to remain high or decline very slowly. Because of a very high birth rate and steeply falling death rates, the population growth tends to be higher.

5. What measures are taken by the improve the quality of population? The National Health Policy of India aims to improve health care, family welfare and nutritional services for the people. *It has paid greater attention to the health protection of the poor and tribal people. *In the past six decades, it has attempted to provide comprehensive health facilities and thus improve the quality of people. *Due to these measures by the government, the health of the people has been great improvement. *The life expectancy has increased. Infant mortality rate has increased. *The rise in life expectancy rate is a definite sign of improvement in the quality of life of the people. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-03 POVERTY AND HUNGER

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. In ________, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme ‘was launched. 2. The project programme for constructing toilets to the poor people is ____ 3. The price at which government purchase food grains before sowing is called __________ 4. India’s hunger index score is ________ 5. Food Corporation of India was established in _____ Answers: 1.2006 2. Nirmal Gram Programme 3. Minimum support price 4.29 5. 1965 II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN A SENTENCE EACH 1. Give the meaning of ‘poverty’. The condition in which people are deprived of their fundamental needs like food, clothing, shelter, education and health is called poverty. 2. What are the basic requirements of Human beings? The basic requirements of human beings are food, clothing, shelter, education and health. 3. What is ‘poverty line ‘? Poverty line represents the estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the basic necessities of life. 4. What is the indicator framed to measure amount of hunger? ‘World Hunger Index ‘is the indicator framed to measure amount of hunger. 5. What is ‘food security’? Food security refers to the system which ensures the provision of food at all times to everyone in the country. 6. What is Buffer Stock? The government purchases the food grains from the farmers at minimum support prices. Food Corporation


of India to purchase food grains and construct go downs for scientifically storing them. These stored grains are distributed among the people for consumption. This act of purchasing food grains and making them available for public distribution is called buffer stock. III.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN 5-6 SENTENCES EACH 1. How is poverty identified in India? To identify poverty, a specific yardstick has been formulated before independence by one of our founding fathers of India, Dadabhai Naoroji. * He brought into use, for the first time, the ‘poverty line’ to identify the poor. * Even after independence, the poverty line has been used as the main yard stick to measure poverty. * In 2005, Suresh Tendulkar Committee adopted the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) on education, health, electricity and transport, along with food, to determine the poverty line. * Later, C.Rangarajan Committee following the Tendulkar Committee recommendations, fixed the poverty line expenditure at Rs.32 in rural areas and Rs.47 in urban areas. 2. What are the indicators of poverty? Sociologists have attempted to identify poverty through indicators other than income and consumption of food. Those indicators are- level of illiteracy, amount of malnutrition, lack of health care, dearth of employment opportunities ,unavailability of hygiene etc. 3. What are the reasons for persistence of hunger in India? Due to poverty poor families do not get food adequately. *They do not have the means to buy food, they face food security. *Although India has achieved self-sufficiency in the production of food grains, it has not been able to get rid of hunger and drought. *The lack of purchasing power among the poor, and the shortcomings in the distribution of food grains are some of the reasons. 4. Explain the working of the public distribution system in India. The food grains procured by the FCI are distributed to the poor people at lesser than market prices through the fair price shops. This is called as the public distribution system. Food grains, sugar, kerosene, cooking oil and other essential items are distributed through these fair price shops. The government has taken steps to open fair price shops in all villages, towns and cities. There are around5 lakh fair price depots in India today, and around 16 crore families are benefitting from them. A household is provided with a

ration card in order to purchase food grains through the fair price shops. Different types of cards are issued depending upon the economic status. These cards entitle specific quantities of various items to the people. The poor families are provided BPL ration cards which entitles them to a higher quantity of grains at very low price or sometimes at free of cost. 5. List out the measures taken by the government to eradicate poverty. The measures taken by the government to eradicate poverty are as follows: *Implementation of specific poverty eradication programmes like Self-employment programmes. Under this scheme, the Integrated Rural Development Programmes, the Swarnajayanthi Shahari Rozgar Yojana, the National Rural Livelihoods Mission *Wage Employment Programmes is implemented to provide jobs on daily wage basis. *Provision of minimum basic amenities: Under this programme, many measures are taken to improve the life of poor rural mass. *Social Security Measures: The protection that the government provides to the helpless, the aged and the handicapped among the very poor people. 6. Explain social security measures for poor people. The protection that the government provides to the helpless, the aged and the handicapped among the very poor people is called social security. Deserted old people get old age allowance every month under ‘Sandhya Suraksha Yojana’. Handicapped people and helpless people incapable of doing any work get disability pension every month. Poor widow pension every month. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-04 LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. MGNREGA was passed in the year _______ 2. As economic development takes place, share of workers in _______ sector declines. 3. Labour is a ___________ input in production. 4. Working age group refers to __________ years. 5. The share of female workers in total workforce of India is about _______ Answers: 1. 2006 2. Primary 3. Human 4. 15-60 5. 35% II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1. What is the meaning of labour? Labour means the capacity to exercise physical or mental effort for the purpose of producing goods or services by human beings. 2. What is unorganized sector? Unorganized sector includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the


government. Though there are rules and regulations but these are never followed here. For example, casual workers in construction, road side business shops etc. 3. Define unemployment. Unemployment is a situation where a person is able to engage in work at the prevailing wage rate in the market. 4. How is unemployment rate measured? Unemployment rate is calculated as a percentage of labour force not getting work. It is difficult to measure the total number of unemployed persons in a huge country like India. According to the survey conducted by Labour Bureau unemployment increased from 5 million in 1951 to 40.47 million by 2010. At present about 9.4% of our working force is unemployed. 5. Explain the main causes of unemployment in India. The major causes of unemployment in India are: 1. Jobless Growth: The low level of growth in primary sector curtailed the job opportunity at rural level. It resulted in a jobless growth. 2. Increase in labour force: Population growth has been adding more labour force to the market. 3. Inappropriate technology: In India, the technology being used in agriculture and industries has become increasingly capital intensive leading to less labour absorption. 4. Dependence on agriculture: Agriculture being a seasonal activity, a large proportion of workers engaged in farming are compelled to remain idle for three to four months in a year. 5. Decline of small scale and cottage industries: The decline of small scale industries which have the capacity to generate significant amount of jobs is another cause of unemployment. 6. Low mobility of labour: Labour mobility is very low in India. Because of their family loyalty, people generally avoid migrating to far-off places for work. 6. What are the types of unemployment? Types of Unemployment are: It can be divided into *Rural unemployment: It can exist in two ways (a) Disguised unemployment (b) Seasonal unemployment *Urban unemployment: It can exist in two ways (a) Industrial unemployment (b) Educated unemployment Other types of unemployment are: a. Frictional unemployment b. Casual unemployment c. Structural unemployment d. Technical unemployment e. Cyclical unemployment f. Chronicle unemployment

7. Write the objectives and functioning of MGNREGS. The MGNREGA, also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme was enacted on August 25, 2005. Implemented with effect from 2-2-2006, it provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage. If the government fails to do so, then the person is given unemployment allowance. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(BUSINESS STUDIES) CHAPTER-01 MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS

I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1. What is management? Management is an art of getting things done through other people. 2. What do you mean by decision making? Decision making can be regarded as the mental process, resulting in the selection of a course of action among several activities. 3. What is individual decision and what is collective decision? In small business organisations like sole trading concerns, it is the individual who takes the decision. They are called individual decision. Decision making by a group of people as in the case of Partnership firms and Board of Directors as in the case of Joint Stock Companies or Co-operative Societies are called Group decisions. 4. What is the principle of authority and responsibility in principles of management? This principle refers to the authority and responsibility, which are the combination of official authority and personal responsibility. Both are compounded with intelligence, experience, past experience, moral Worth etc. II.ANSWER EACH OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN ABOUT 4-5 SENTENCES. 1. What are the principles of management suggested by Henry Fayol? The following principles are suggested by Henry Fayol. They are 1. Division of work 2. Authority and responsibility 3. Discipline 4. Unity of command 5. Unity of Direction 6. Sub-ordination of individual interest to general interest 7. Remuneration of personnel 8. Centralisation 9. Scalar chain 10. Equity 11. Stability of security to personnel 12. Initiative 13. Spirit De-Corps 2. What are the functional areas of management? Management is concerned with getting things done through the efforts of others. To get the work done


through others, the management has to undertake a number of activities in a systematic manner. These systematic activities are called managerial functions. The Managerial functions may be classified into different areas. Some of them are 1. Planning 2. Organising 3. Staffing 4. Directing 5. Co-ordinating 6. Controlling 3. Write about the scalar chain and centralization in principles of management. Scalar chain: This principle means that every enterprise should have graded authority or superior – subordinate relationship. The range of authority and responsibility of superiors in relation to the subordinates at various levels should be clearly defined. Centralization: This principle refers to the extent to which authority is concentrated, so that it gives the overall yields. 4. What is the need for decision making in management of business? Each business organisation has its own goals and objectives . In order to achieve these objectives and goals the business organisation has to take decision. There are number of choices available even in a small matter. Suppose a businessman has to transport goods, he has to take a decision about the mode of transportation-whether to send the goods through a truck, tempo, and train or by air. He has to choose one among the several alternatives and that alternative should be best suited and economical. 5. What are the important elements of decision making? The important elements of decision making are *Establishing goals *Defining tasks *Searching for alternatives *Developing plan *Rational thinking and reasoning *Situation *Evaluation 6. What factors are to be kept in mind, while taking a decision? The following factors are to be kept in mind while taking decisions: *Analysing the problem *Planning of course of action *Maintaining courage and patience *Foresightedness *Ability to take quick -and wise decision 7. What do you mean by planning and organisation in functional areas of management? Planning: It is one of the important functional areas of management. It involves the future course of operation for a given period. The process of planning includes determination of organizational objective and formulation of plans, policies, strategies, programmes, procedures and schedules.

Organising: It is the process of bringing together the man power and material resources. Some of the material resources are machines and materials. It also involves delegation of sufficient authority to the managers and establishment of linking together the various positions to the purpose of enabling the people to work in a co-ordinated manner. 8. How is controlling an important area of managerial function? Controlling is an important area of the managerial function. It covers almost all the management activities. It keeps check on other functions of management. It is a function that every manager in the organization has to perform. 9. What are the main objectives of controlling areas? The main objectives of controlling area are: a. To create an atmosphere of order and discipline in the organization to ensure proper co-ordination of activities. b. To ensure confirmation of actual performance with the pre-determined plans. C. to achieve the increase of the overall efficiency of the organization. 10.”Directing and co-ordinations are very important functions in business management’ How? Directing: It is the area of functional management where instructing, guiding, supervising and leading the people of an organization towards accomplishment of the organizational goals. Co-ordination: It is the harmonious blending of the activities of the different departments for the achievement of the desired goals. It is the arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of actions in the pursuit of common purpose. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-02 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

I.FILL IN THE FLANKS 1. The capital of a joint stock company is divided into small units called _______ 2. Industrial Development Bank of India was established in __________ 3. Unit Trust of India is an example of ___________ 4. The first Stock Exchange originated in London in ___ 5. At present there are--Stock Exchange in our country. Answers: 1. Shares 2. 1964 3. Mutual fund 4. 1773 5. 24 II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN TWO TO THREE SENTENCES EACH 1. What is the meaning of financial management? Finance is the acquisition of funds and their effective utilization, keeping in mind the overall objectives of the concern.


2. Which are the two types of finance required by the business concerns? Give examples. The two types of finance required by the business concerns are: Short term finance and Long term finance. Short term finance – trade credit, bank credit, advance from customers etc. Long term finance – issue of shares and debentures. 3. Mention any four sources of short term credit required by business concerns. Sources of short term finance are: a. Trade credit b. Bank credit or Bank loan c. Advance from Customers d. Short term public deposit or instalment credit e. Loans from indigenous bankers 4. Why business concern require short term finance? Finance that is required for day-to-day working is called Short term finance. (i) It is required to meet the working capital needs, i.e. to purchase raw materials, to pay wages and salaries, to meet the marketing and administrative expenses. (ii) There is always a time gap between sales and receipt of sale proceeds. 5. What do you mean by long term finance? Long term finance refers to finance required for the development programmes such as expansion of the level of production, modernization of production methods etc. 6. Give the names of any three organizations in the field of ‘Mutual funds ‘. Unit Trust of India, SBI Magnum equity fund, LIC growth fund, UTI Market plan, Prudential ICICI balance fund etc. III.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS, EACH IN ABOUT EIGHT TO TEN SENTENCES. 1. What is the role and importance of finance to business concerns? Role and importance of finance in business organisations: 1. Finance is the life blood of every business. Without finance no business activity is possible. 2. Finance helps to obtain resources that are required in the process of production and marketing of goods and services. 3. Finance guides and regulates the investment decisions and expenditure. 4. Finance helps for modernization, diversification, expansion and development of an enterprise. 5. Finance is required to develop industries in backward areas. 6. Financial stability will enhance the credit worthiness of the concern.

2. Explain briefly the purpose for which long term finance is required by business concerns? Long term finance refers to finance required for the development programmes such as expansion of the level of production, modernization of production methods etc. This type of finance is also required or financing the fixed capital of an undertaking. Ex: To procure fixed assets, establishing new undertaking etc. 3.”Issue of shares and debentures play a very important role in long term credit. “What are they? How do they help? a. Issue of Shares: The capital of a joint stock company is divided into small units called shares. To start a joint stock company, the promoters issue shares. Also whenever they need additional capital for long term purpose, the companies raise the funds through issue of shares to the public. b. Debentures: The joint stock companies are empowered to borrow finance for meeting long term financial requirements through the issue of Debentures. Debentures are the debts or loans borrowed by the companies. 4. What is the part played by Industrial Finance Corporation (IFC) AND State Finance Corporations (SFS) in financing business? Industrial Finance Corporation of India: It was set up in 1948 under the act of Parliament to provide long term financial assistance to industry. The Corporation grants loans to public limited companies and co- operative societies. State Finance Corporations: State Finance Corporation Act was passed in 1951 by the Parliament to enable the State governments to establish State Finance Corporations. The main objective of State Finance Corporations is to provide long term finance to small and medium scale industries in their respective states. 5. What are long term public deposits and what are their advantages to public? A company can accept public deposits to meet long term financial needs. The procedure to get these deposits is simple and does not involve many Formalities. A company can accept these deposits for a period not exceeding 5year(60months). The deposits are unsecured and 8% to 10% of interest is allowed. 6. What do you mean by Money market and how is it different from capital market? Money market: The term money market is used in a sense to mean financial institution which deals with short term funds in the economy. Rate of interest is high, compared to the capital market. The funds can be borrowed under money market for a short period varying from a day, a week, a month or three to six months.


Capital market: It refers to the institutional arrangements for facilitating the borrowing and lending of long term funds for fixed capital. The rate of interest is low when compared to money market. 7. Explain in brief the part played by stock exchange in financial matters of business. The stock exchanges regulate and control business in buying, selling and dealing in securities. They are regulated by the government. They do not engage only in the purchase and sale of securities but provide a place where members can carry out their business on their own account under codes, rules and regulations. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-03 ACCOUNTING IN BUSINESS

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The book in which Debit and Credit aspects are recorded is called _____ 2. The list of all the balance of all the accounts is prepared. It is called _____ 3. The totals both sides of Trial balance must be ____ 4. Financial accounts are also called _______ 5. The difference between assets and liabilities is called _______ Answers: 1. Ledger 2. Trial balance 3. Equal 4. Financial statements 5. Capital II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS 1. Which is the book of original entry in Accounting? Why is it called the book of original entry? The full particulars of the transactions are recorded first in the Journal. So it is called the book of original entry. 2. What are the types of Accounts? Give examples. Accounts are classified into three types. They are 1. Personal Accounts – The ledger accounts which are maintained to record the transactions carried out with persons or firms are called personal accounts. Ex: Suresh’s a/c, Bank a/c etc. 2. Real Accounts: The ledger accounts that are maintained by the business concerns to record the assets which the firm possesses. Ex: Building’s a/c, Cash a/c etc. 3. Nominal Account: The business concerns have to maintain separate accounts for the profits or incomes it earns and for losses or expenses it incurs. Ex: Rent a/c, Salaries a/c etc. 3. What is the need for accounting in business? Every business concern is started to earn profit. The concern earns profit through the transactions of the business, such as purchase of goods, sale of goods, receipt of incomes, expenses, incurring losses etc., to know the result of all these things is very important. It is necessary to know the net profit earned or the loss

suffered. It is also required to know the amounts due by the firm to others or due to the firm by others. For all these purpose it is very essential to write down accounts. 4. What is Double – entry system of book keeping? Every business transaction involves two aspects. One aspect gives the benefit and another aspect receives the benefit. Both these aspects are to be recorded in books. For every aspect there is an account in ledger. Every ledger account has two sides, one account receives the benefit and another account gives the benefit. While entering the aspects we enter two aspects on opposite sides. This system is called Double entry system. 5. Which are the final accounts? What is the result of Profit and loss account? Trial Balance is prepared to ascertain the arithmetical accuracy of ledger accounts. After ascertaining the arithmetical accuracy of Ledger, Final accounts are prepared. Final accounts are also termed as financial statements. Final accounts generally consist of two statements. a. Trading and profit and loss a/c b. Balance sheet. Trading account gives the result of buying and selling. It includes all the expenses incurred for buying and selling or for manufacturing goods. The result is Gross profit or Gross loss. Profit and Loss account contains Gross profit or Gross loss, brought down from trading account and also all the expenses or losses and all gains or profits which are of non-trading items. 6.” There is no need to find out the balance of goods sold account and goods purchase a/c? Why? *Goods account appears as goods purchases account and goods sales account. *So also goods returns account as purchases returns account and sales returns account. *These accounts are not balanced but taken as purchase a/c, sales a/c, purchase returns a/c, sales returns a/c and shown in trial balance. 7. What is the result of depreciation of fixed assets? The permanent assets lose their value every year. It is called Depreciation. It is deducted from the asset and shown as a loss. The total debit and credit balances of personal accounts except capital account and bank account represents as ‘Sundry Debtors’ and total credit balances represents as ‘Sundry Creditors’. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

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