social determinants, mental health and development michael marmot ucl sept 16 th 2010 new york
TRANSCRIPT
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Social determinants, mental health and development
Michael MarmotUCLSept 16th 2010New York
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Health inequalities matter
Social Justice
Empowerment•Material•Psychosocial•political
Creating conditions forpeople to lead flourishinglives
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Early child development and education
Healthy Places Fair Employment Social Protection
Universal Health Care
Health Equity in all Policies
Fair Financing Good Global Governance
Market Responsibility
Gender Equity
Political empowerment – inclusion and voice
CSDH – Areas for Action
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Risk factors for depression
Level of evidence
Low socioeconomic position Very convincing
Low education Very convincing
Unemployment and under employment
Very convincing
Food insecurity and early nutrition deficiency
Strong
Gender inequity Strong
Low income Strong
WHO CSDH PPHC KN 2007
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Odds ratio for depressive symptoms by presence of social deprivation at different phases of life course:
Eastern European countries
From Nicholson et al J Affective Disorders 2008
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Early life
• Early child development and education
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Socio-emotional difficulties at age 3 and 5:Millennium Cohort Study
Age 3 Age 5
Kelly et al, 2010 (in press)Fully adjusted = for parenting activities and psychosocial markers
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Long term outcomes associated with childhood behavioural problems (New Zealand study)
1 1 1 1
1.95
1.51
1.24
1.69
4.13
2.39
1.57
3
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Crime Drugs Depression Suicide
Top 50% (no conduct problems) Middle 45% (some conduct problems)Bottom 5% (conduct disorder)
OR
Source: L. Friedli & M. Parsonage (2007) Mental health promotion: Building an economic case. Based on: Fergusson et al (2005) J. Child Psychl & Psych 46 (8): 837-849
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Healthy Places
• Urban design– good urban design can encourage social cohesion– exercise - benefits for mental health– green spaces
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Gender Equity
• Higher risk of depression in women – Multiple responsibilities with no financial gain– Caring responsibilities– Lack of support– Gender based violence– Access to health care– Poor physical health– Level of education– Autonomy in decision making– Migration
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ODDS OF DEPRESSION BY CONTROL AT WORK & AT HOME WITHIN GRADE - WOMEN WHITEHALL II
1
2
3
4
Decision latitude Home control
odds
ra
tios
EMPLOYMENT GRADE
Griffin et al, Soc Sci Med, 2002
High Medium Low
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Fair employment
• Employment conditions– Stress in the workplace increases the risk of disease.
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DEPRESSION AND EFFORT-REWARD IMBALANCE:
RUSSIA, POLAND, CZECH
0
1
2
3
4
5
Low Imbalance Medium LowImbalance
Medium HighImbalance
High Imbalance
CE
S-D
epre
ssio
n Sc
ale*
*Adjusted for age, sex and centre(Pikhart et al. Soc Sci Med, 2004 58:1475-82)
Quartiles of effort-reward ratio
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Older ages
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Loneliness by wealth
% often/some of the time (except for “Feel in tune with people around” where % refers to hardly ever/never)
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Social Protection
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• Minimum income for healthy living – Morris et al. – Diet– Physical activity/body and mind– Psychosocial relations/social connections/active minds– Getting about– Medical care– Hygiene– Housing
Morris et al 2007
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www.who.int/social_determinants/en