social development in small states naren prasad united nations research institute for social...
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Social Development in Small States
Naren PrasadUnited Nations Research Institute for Social Development
(UNRISD)
Geneva, 15 May 2008
Literature on small states Interests in small states from 1960s-1970
many international conferences London Conference in 1962, in Barbados (in 1972 and
1974), and the Canberra conference in 1979 1960s: country size & viability 1970s: socio-economic development
1980s: geopolitical security 1990s: economic & environmental vulnerability
Barbados 1994, Barbados Plan of Action (10+) (Mauritius Strategy)
No discussion/research on social development issues in a coherent way
2000s: new regionalism, WTO conformity, Vulnerability to terror
Two quotes…. Laws are generally found to be nets of such a
texture as the little creep through, the great break through and middle-sized alone are entangled in.
William Shenstone (1714-1763), (Oxford Dictionary of Quotations). Essays on Men, Manners, and Things
“The history of economics in the real world is, after all, none other than a continual attempt to distort the free market to one’s perceived advantage”
Baldacchino (1993, p. 38) Erik Reinert (2007), Ha-Jhoo Chang (2003, 2007)
Commonwealth Secretariat Sustained Commonwealth Secretariat
scholarship Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society
(1985), A Future for Small States: Overcoming Vulnerability (1997), Small States: Meeting Challenges in the Global Economy (2000).
Pessimism…. reversed
Early titles bleak Vulnerability, viability, fragile, paradise
lost, handicap, problems, Recently
Resilience Briguglio and Kisanga (2004), Briguglio, Cordia
et al. (2006)
Resourcefulness Baldacchino
Current knowledge on small states
We know the inherent problems associated with smallness (& islandness)
Policies designed to overcome them Social and Economic policies
exchange rate regimes & stabilization, financial globalization, labour market, market reform, human capital, …
Development Strategies: OFCs, EPZs, tourism, Remittance, niche, rent
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARGATG
AUSAUT
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFABGD
BGRBHR
BHS
BLZ
BOL
BRA
BRB
BRN
BTN
BWA
CAF
CAN CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
COM
CPV
CRI
CUB
CYP
DEU
DJI
DMA
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECUEGY
ESP
FIN
FJI
FRA
GAB
GBR
GHA
GIN
GMB
GNB
GNQ
GRC
GRD
GTM
GUY
HKG
HND
HTI
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
IRQ
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KEN
KHM
KNA
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LBR
LBY
LCALKA
LSO
MAC
MAR
MDG
MDV
MEX
MLI
MLT
MMR
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NER
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRI
PRK
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROM
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLE
SLV
STP
SUR
SWE
SWZ
SYC
SYR
TCD
TGO
THA
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
URY
USA
VCT
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
ATG
BHR
BHS
BLZ
BRB
BRN
BTN
COM
CPV
CYP
DJI
DMA
FJI
GAB
GMB
GNB
GNQ
GRD
GUY
KNA
LCA
MAC
MDV
MLT
MUS
QAT
STP
SURSWZ
SYC
TTO
VCT
ATG
BHS
BLZ
BRB
COM
CPV
CYP
DMA
FJI
GRD
GUY
KNA
LCAMDV
MLT
MUS
STP
SUR
SYC
TTO
VCT
67
89
10G
DP
per
cap
ita 2
001
6 7 8 9 10GDP per capita 1950
Source: Maddison 2006
GDP per capita in 1950 versus 2001
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
ATG
AUSAUT
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGR BHR
BHSBLZ
BOL
BRA
BRB
BRN
BTN
BWA
CAF
CANCHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
COM
CPV
CRICUBCYP
DEU
DJI
DMA
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESP FIN
FJI
FRA
GAB
GBR
GHA
GIN
GMB
GNB
GNQ
GRC
GRD
GTM
GUY
HKG
HND
HTI
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISR ITA
JAM JOR
JPN
KEN
KHM
KNA
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBNLBYLCALKA
LSO
MAR
MDG
MDV
MEX
MLI
MLT
MMR
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NER
NGA
NIC
NLDNOR
NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PERPHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY QATROM
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLE
SLV
STP
SUR
SWE
SWZ
SYC
SYR
TCD
TGO
THATTO
TUNTUR
TZA
UGA
URY
USA
VCT
VEN
VNM
YEM
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
ATG
BHR
BHSBLZ
BRB
BRN
BTNCOM
CPV
CYP
DJI
DMA
FJI
GAB
GMB
GNB
GNQ
GRD GUY
KNALCA
MDV
MLT
MUSQAT
STP
SUR
SWZ
SYCTTO
VCT
ATG BHSBLZ
BRB
COM
CPV
CYP
DMA
FJI
GRD GUY
KNALCA
MDV
MLT
MUS
STP
SUR
SYCTTO
VCT
.2.4
.6.8
1H
DI*
6 7 8 9 10GDP per capita 1950
Source: Maddison 2006; UNDP 2006
GDP per capita in 1950 versus HDI*
ARE
ARG
AUSAUT
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGR
BHR
BHS
BLZ
BOL
BRA
BRB
BWA
CAF
CANCHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMRCOG
COL
COM
CRI
CYP
DEUDNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ESPFIN
FJI
FRAGBR
GHA
GNB
GRC
GTM
GUY
HKG
HND
HTI
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISL
ISRITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KEN
KOR
KWT
LKA
LSO
LUX
LVA
MAR
MDG
MEX
MLI
MLT
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NGA
NIC
NLDNOR
NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PERPHL
PNG
PRT
PRY
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLV
SWE
SWZ
SYR
TCD
TGO
THA
TTO
TUN TUR
URY
USA
VEN
ZAF
ZMB
ZWE
BHS
BLZ
BRB
COM
CYP
FJI
GUY
ISL
JAM
MLT
MUS
PNG
TTO
.2.4
.6.8
1H
DI 2
004
.2 .4 .6 .8 1HDI 1980
HDI in 1980 versus 2004
Importance of Aid
AGO
ALB
ARG
ARM
AZEBDI
BENBFA
BGD
BGR
BOL
BRA
BRB
BTN
BWACAF
CHL CHNCIV
CMR
COG COL
COM
CPV
CRI CUB
CYP
CZE
DJI
DMA
DOMDZA
ECUEGY
ERI
EST
ETH
FJI
FSM
GAB
GHA
GIN
GMBGNB
GNQGRD
GTM
GUY
HND
HTI
HUNIDN INDIRN
JAM
JOR
KAZKEN
KGZKHM
KIR
KNA
KOR
LAOLBN
LBR
LCA
LKA
LSO
LTULVA
MAR
MDAMDG
MDV
MEX
MHL
MKD
MLI
MMR
MNG
MOZMRTMUSMWI
MYS
NAM
NERNGA
NIC
NPL
PAK
PANPER
PHL
PNG
POLPRK
PRY
ROM
RWA
SDN
SEN
SLB
SLE
SLV
STP
SVKSVN
SWZ
SYC
SYR
TCDTGO
THA
TJK
TKM
TMPTON
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZAUGA
URY UZB
VCT
VEN
VNM
VUT
WSM
YEM
YUG
ZAFZAR
ZMB
ZWE
BRB
COM
CPV
CYP
DMA FJI
FSM
GRD
GUYKIR
KNA
LCAMDV
MHL
MUS
SLB
STP
SYC
TMPTON
TTO
VCT
VUT
WSM
020
040
060
080
010
00
Aid
per
cap
ita (
200
0-2
00
4 a
vera
ge
US
$)
10 15 20Population (log)
ALB
ARG ARM
AUT
AZE
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGRBLZ
BOL
BRA
BRB
BWA
CHE
CHN
CIV
CMR COG
COL
CPV
CRI
CYP
DOM
ECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FRA
GAB
GEO
GHAGIN
GMB
GNB
GRCGTM
GUY
HND
HRV
HTI
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
ITA
JAMJOR
JPNKAZ
KEN
KGZKHM
KOR
LBN
LBY
LKA
LSO
LTU
LUX
LVA
MAC
MAR
MDA
MDG
MEX
MKD
MLI
MLTMMR
MNG
MOZ
MWI
NAM
NER
NGA
NIC
NPL
NZL
PAKPAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
ROM
RUS
RWA
SDN SEN
SLE
SLV
STP
SUR
SVN
SWE
SWZ
SYCSYR
TGO
TJK
TON
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
VENVUT
YEM
BLZ
BRB
CPV
CYP
GUY
MLT
STP
SUR
SYC
TON
TTO
VUT
ATG
BLZ
BRB
COM
CPV
CYP DMAGRD
KIR
KNA
LCA
MLT
STP
SYC
TON
TTO
VCT
VUT
WSM
02
46
8R
emitt
ance
per
cap
ita (
log
)
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1Brain drain 22+
Foreign-born adults arrived in the destination country after age 22 (% of skilled natives )
Source: Beine et al. 2006; WDI 2007
Brain drain and remittance
AGO
ALBARE
ARGARM
ATG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BDI BELBEN
BFA
BGDBGRBHRBHS BLR
BLZ
BOLBRA
BRB
BRN
BTN BWACAF
CANCHECHL
CHNCIV
CMRCOG
COLCOM
CPV
CRI CUB
CYPCZE DEU
DJI
DMA
DNK
DOM
DZAECU
EGY
ERI
ESPEST
ETH
FIN
FJI
FRAFSM GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GMB
GNBGNQ
GRC
GRD
GTMGUY
HKG
HNDHRV
HTI
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISL
ISRITA
JAM
JOR
JPNKAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KIR
KNA
KORKWTLAO
LBN
LBR
LBY
LCA
LKA
LSO LTU
LUX
LVAMAC
MAR
MDAMDGMDV
MEX
MHLMKD
MLI
MLT
MMR
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM NER
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN PER
PHL
PLW
PNG
POLPRTPRY
QAT
ROM
RUS
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLB
SLE
SLV
STP
SURSVK
SVNSWE
SWZ
SYC
SYR
TCD
TGO
THA
TJKTKM
TMP
TON
TTOTUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKRURY USAUZBVCT VEN
VNM
VUTWSMYEM
YUG
ZAF
ZAR
ZMB
ZWE
ATG
BLZ
BRB
COM
CPV
CYP
DMA
FJI
FSM
GRD
GUYKIR
KNA
LCA
MDVMHL
MLT
MUS
PLW SLB
STP
SURSYC
TMP
TON
TTO
VCT VUTWSM0.2
.4.6
.81
Doc
tors
mig
ratio
n r
ate
%
10 15 20Population (log)
Source: Bhargava & Docquier 2007; WDI 2007
Stock of physicians abroad as % of physicians trained in their country
Country size and doctors migration rate
UNRISD research: social policy Will investigate why some small economies
are successful, while others not so Explain through
democracy (‘social pacts’ or societal corporatism)
welfare regime power of jurisdictional resourcefulness levels of social cohesion
“When all you have is a hammer, all problems start to look like nails” (M. Twain)
Theoretical framework
Social policy: “… is state intervention that directly affects social welfare, social institutions and social relations. It involves overarching concerns with redistribution, production, reproduction and protection and works in tandem with economic policy in pursuit of national social and economic goals” (UNRISD 2006, p. 1)
Transformative social policy: lessons from UNRISD Research
Approach comparative analytical economic
development political and economic history combine both a qualitative and a
quantitative analysis Contemporary development discourse
emphasises on putting in place institutions that are:
Developmental (high growth, structural transformation)
Socially inclusive Democratic
Countries Caribbean
Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, Dominica/St. Lucia
Pacific Vanuatu/Solomon, Fiji, Kiribati/Tuvalu,
Samoa/Tonga India Ocean/Africa
Mauritius, Seychelles, Lesotho/Swaziland Mediterranean
Cyprus/Malta
Achieve Contribute towards the empirical
literature on small states Understanding of social policies in
small states from a comparative perspective
unmask the complexities in designing social policies within different socio-economic, institutional and historic settings
Findings will provide lessons for other countries
Country studies
General development strategies Social situation Social policies Management of crisis Policy implications
The role of economist is to “advise, assist, guide, correct, flatter and cajole the rulers into doing their jobs properly” (Reinert 2007, p. 97)
Provisional Findings State-led provision of social services
Strong political leadership State capacity & infrastructure to deliver State as organizer, provider, ability to regulate &
stimulate non-state actors
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
ARM
ATG
AUSAUT
AZE
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGR BHR
BHS
BLR
BLZ
BOL
BRA
BRB
BRN
BTN
BWA
CAF
CANCHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
COM
CPV
CRICUBCYP
CZE
DEU
DJI
DMA
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ERI
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FJI
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GMB
GNB
GNQ
GRC
GRD
GTM
GUY
HKG
HND
HRV
HTI
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISLISRITA
JAMJOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KNA
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBNLBY LCALKA
LSO
LTU
LUX
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MDV
MEX MKD
MLI
MLT
MMR
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NER
NGA
NIC
NLDNOR
NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PERPHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY QATROM
RUS
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLB
SLE
SLV
STP
SUR
SVK
SVN
SWE
SWZ
SYC
SYR
TCD
TGO
THA TJKTKM
TMP
TON
TTO
TUNTUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VCT
VEN
VNM
VUT
WSM
YEM
ZAF
ZAR ZMB
ZWE
ATGBHS BLZ
BRB
COM
CPV
CYP
DMA
FJI
GRDGUY
ISL
KNA LCA
MDV
MLT
MUS
PNG
SLB
STP
SUR
SYC
TMP
TON
TTO
VCT
VUT
WSM
.2.4
.6.8
1H
DI*
2 3 4 5 6 7State Capacity
Source: UNDP 2007;CIFP 2008.
State capacity and HDI*
Provisional Findings Priority given to universal education & health
Literacy, basic education, primary health care A United Nations Report (1951) showed that social
factors are prerequisites for economic development in order for “progress” to happen, the “social,
economic, legal and political institutions must be favourable to it” (p. 13).
Recommendation 1 “… to remove the obstacles to free and equal opportunity…. including progressive taxation and program for mass education” (p. 93).
Spending and resources allocated to education and health sector
Democracy, ideology, free media matters
Provisional Findings
ALB
ARE
ARG
ARM
ATG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGR
BHRBHS
BLR
BLZ
BOL
BRA
BRB
BRN
BTN
BWA
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
COM
CPV
CRI
CUBCYPCZE
DEU
DJI
DMA
DNK
DOM
ECU
EGY
ESP EST
ETH
FIN
FJI
FRAGBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GMB
GNQ
GRC
GRD
GTM
GUY
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISL
ISRITA
JAM
JOR
JPN KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KNA
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LCA
LKA
LSO
LTU
LUX
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDV
MEXMKD
MLI
MLT
MMR
MNG
MOZMRT
MUS
MYS
NAM
NIC
NLD NOR
NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN PER
PHL
PNG
POLPRT
PRY
ROM
RUS
RWA
SAU
SEN
SGP
SLV
SUR
SVK
SVN
SWE
SWZ
TCD
TGO
THA
TJK
TMP
TON
TTO
TUN
TUR
UGA
UKRURY
USA
VCT
VEN
VUT
WSM
ZAF
ZMB
ATG
BHRBHS
BLZ
BRB
BRN
BTN
COM
CPV
CYP
DJI
DMA
EST
FJI
GMB
GNQ
GRD
GUY
ISL
KNA
LCA
LUXMDV
MLT
MUS
SUR
SWZ
TMP
TON
TTO
VCT
VUT
WSM
ATG
BHS
BLZ
BRB
COM
CPV
CYP
DMA
FJIGRD
GUY
KNA
LCA
MDV
MLT
MUS
SUR
TMP
TON
TTO
VCT
VUT
WSM
.2.4
.6.8
1E
duca
tion
inde
x
0 10 20 30Education expenditure (% of gov. exp)
Source: UNDP 2006; UNESCO 2007
Education expenditure and education outcome
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
ARM
ATG
AUSAUT
AZE
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGR
BHR
BHSBLR
BLZ
BOL
BRA
BRBBRN
BTN
BWACAF
CAN CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
COM
CPV
CRICUB
CYP
CZE
DEU
DJI
DMA
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ERI
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FJI
FRA
GAB
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GMB
GNB
GNQ
GRC
GRDGTM
GUY
HKG
HND
HRV
HTI
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISLISR ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KEN
KGZ
KHM
KNA
KORKWT
LAO
LBNLBY LCALKA
LSO
LTU
LUX
LVA
MARMDA
MDG
MDV
MEX MKD
MLI
MLT
MMR
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NER
NGA
NIC
NLDNOR
NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PERPHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRYQAT
ROM
RUS
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLB
SLE
SLV
STP
SUR
SVK
SVN
SWE
SWZ
SYCSYR
TCD
TGO
THA
TJK
TKM
TMP
TONTTOTUN
TUR
TZAUGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VCTVEN
VNMVUT
WSM
YEM
ZAF
ZMBZWE
ATGBHR
BHS
BLZ
BRBBRN
BTNCOM
CPV
CYP
DJI
DMA
EST
FJI
GAB
GMB
GNB
GNQ
GRD
GUY
ISL
KNA
LCA
LUX
MDV
MLT
MUSQAT
SLBSTP
SUR
SWZ
SYC
TMP
TONTTO VCT
VUTWSM
ATG
BHS
BLZ
BRB
COM
CPV
CYP
DMA
FJI
GRD
GUY
KNA
LCA
MDV
MLT
MUS
SLBSTP
SUR
SYC
TMP
TONTTO VCT
VUTWSM
.2.4
.6.8
1H
ealth
inde
x
0 5 10 15 20 25Health expenditure (% of gov. exp)
Source: UNDP 2006; WHO 2007
Health expenditure and health outcome
ALB
ARG
ARM
BGD
BGR
BOL
BRA
CHL
CHN
COL
CRI
CUB
CZE
DOM
ECU
EGY
EST
ETH
FJIGHA
GTMHND
IDNIND
JAM
JOR
KEN
KGZ
KIR
KNA
KOR
LKA
LTU LVA
MDA
MDV
MEX
MNG
MUS
MYS
NAM
NIC
NPL
PAK
PAN
PHL
PNG
POL
PRY
ROM
SEN
SLV
SVK
SWZ
THA
TJK
TMP
TONTTO
TUN
TUR
UGA
URY
VEN
VUT
ZAF
EST
FJI
KIR
KNA
MDV
MUS
SWZ
TMP
TONTTO
VUT
FJI
KIR
KNA
MDV
MUS
TMP
TONTTO
VUT
020
4060
8010
0W
ater
con
nect
ion
rate
%
0 5 10 15 20Water expenditure (% of gov. exp)
Source: GFS IMF 2006; WHO/UNICEF 2006
Water expenditure and water connection
ALB
ARG
AUS
AUT
BEL
BGD
BGR
BHS
BLR
BLZ
BOL
BRA
BRB
BTN
CANCHE
CHL
CHN
CMR
COL
CRI
CYP
CZE
DEU
DNK
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FJI
FRA
GBR
GEO
GMB
GNB
GRC
GTM
GUY
HRV
HUN
IDN
IRL
ISR
ITA
JAM
KGZ
KNA
LCA
LKA
LTU
LUX
LVA
MDA
MDG
MEX
MLT
MUS
NIC
NLD
NOR
PAN
PER PHL
POL
PRT
ROM
RUS
SGP
SLV
SUR
SVK
SVN
SWE
SWZ
SYC
THA
TON
TTOTUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKRURY
USAVEN
VUT
BHS
BLZBRB
BTNCYP
EST
FJI
GMB
GNB
GUY
KNA
LCA
LUX
MLT
MUS
SUR
SWZ
SYC
TON
TTO
VUT
BHS
BLZBRB
CYP
FJI
GUY
KNA
LCA
MLT
MUS
SURSYC
TON
TTO
VUT
20
30
40
50
60
Gin
i
0 20 40 60 80Direct tax ( % of total tax)
Source: IMF country reports various issues; WIDER & other sources
Tax progressivity & inequality
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
ARM
ATG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGR
BHR
BHS
BLRBLZ
BOL
BRA
BRN
BTN
BWACAF
CAN CHE
CHL
CHNCIV
CMRCOG
COL
CPV
CRI
CYP
CZE
DEU
DMA
DNK
DOM
DZAECU
EGY
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FJI
FRA
GBR
GEO
GHA
GIN
GMB
GNB GNQ
GRC
GRD
GTM
GUY
HKG
HND
HRV
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRN
ISL
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZKEN
KGZ
KHM KIR
KNA
KOR
KWT
LBN
LBY
LCALKA
LSO
LTU
LUX
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDGMDV
MEXMKDMLI
MLT
MNG
MOZMRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NER
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
ROM
RUS
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLE
SLV
STP
SUR
SVK
SVN
SWE
SWZ
SYCSYR
TCDTGO
THA
TJK
TKM
TMP
TON
TTOTUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR URYUSA
UZBVCT
VEN
VNM
VUT
WSMYEM
ZAFZAR
ZMBATG
BHR
BHSBLZ
BRN
BTN
CPV
CYP
DMA
EST
FJI
GMB
GNB GNQ
GRD
GUY
ISL
KIR
KNA
LCA
LUX
MDV
MLT
MUS
STP
SUR
SWZ
SYC
TMP
TON
TTO
VCT
VUT
WSMATG
BHSBLZCPV
CYP
DMA
FJI
GRD
GUY
KIR
KNA
LCA
MDV
MLT
MUS
STP
SUR
SYC
TMP
TON
TTO
VCT
VUT
WSM
010
2030
4050
Soc
ial w
elfa
re s
pend
ing
(% o
f gov
. exp
)
4 6 8 10 12GDP per capita log
Source: UNRISD 2007; WDI 2007
Social welfare spending & GDP per capita
Social cohesion
ATG
BHS
BLZ
BRB
CPV
CYP
DMA
FJI
GRDGUY
KNA
LCA
MDV
MLT
MUS
SUR
SYC
TON
TTO
VCT
WSM
.75
.8.8
5.9
HD
I*
.6 .65 .7 .75 .8 .85Cohesion
cohesion: suicide;prisoners;gini:ethnic; life satisfaction
HDI* versus cohesion
Provisional Findings History and colonial experience matters
Social policy is a complex process, determined by the historical, political, economic and institutional context. History, especially colonial experiences shape to a
large extent the contemporary policy making and institutional process types of political regime and how power is
distributed among groups also determines how national resources (spending for example) are allocated
Parliamentary Westminster type democracy, Caribbean islands also inherited the welfare state politics of the British Labour Party after independence
Sugar plantation colonies Population wiped out, countries went to war,
cultures destroyed, trade & multinationals expanded, slavery, migration…
Sugar has shaped our culture, landscape, politics, geography, economics, race, music, health, food & drink in way that no other commodity has in human history
Sugar exports contributed to economic and social development
Provisional Findings
Caribbean, Mauritius, Seychelles doing better than Pacific islands
Most of Caribbean countries (Mauritius, Seychelles) were directly ruled, compared to indirect rule in Pacific Creating different institutions and states
More developmental like Mauritius or Barbados, political & electoral system…
major components of developmental state: a determined developmental elite relative autonomy a powerful, competent and insulated economic
bureaucracy the effective management of non-state economic
interests
Provisional Findings
AGO
ALB
ARE
ARG
ARM
ATG
AUS
AUT
AZE
BDI
BEL
BEN
BFA
BGD
BGR
BHR
BHS
BLR
BLZ
BOL
BRA
BRN
BTN
BWACAF
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIV
CMR
COG
COL
COM CPV
CRI
CYP
CZE
DEU
DJI
DMA
DNK
DOM
DZA
ECU
EGY
ERI
ESP
EST
ETH
FIN
FJI
FRA
GAB GBRGEO
GHA
GIN
GMB
GNB
GNQ
GRC
GRD
GTM
GUY
HKG
HND
HRVHTI
HUN
IDN
IND
IRL
IRNISL
ISR
ITA
JAM
JOR JPN
KAZKEN
KGZ
KHM
KNA
KOR
KWT
LAO
LBN
LBY
LCALKA
LSO
LTU
LUX
LVA
MAR
MDA
MDG
MDVMEX
MKD
MLI
MLT
MNG
MOZ
MRT
MUS
MWI
MYS
NAM
NER
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NPL
NZL
OMN
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PNG
POL
PRT
PRY
ROM
RUS
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLB
SLE
SLV
STP
SUR
SVK
SVN
SWE
SWZ
SYC
SYR
TCD
TGO
THA
TJK
TKM
TMP
TON
TTO
TUN
TUR
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
UZB
VCT
VEN
VNM
VUT
WSM
YEM
ZAF
ZAR
ZMB
ZWE
ATG
BLZCOM CPV
CYP
DMA
FJI
GRD
GUY KNA
LCA
MDV MLT
MUS
SLBSTP
SURSYC
TMP
TON
TTO
VCT
VUT
WSM
2030
4050
6070
Hap
py p
lane
t ind
ex
4 6 8 10 12GDP per capita (log)
Source: Marks et al. 2006; WDI 2007
Happiness & Income