social network analysis blue paper

8/2/2019 Social Network Analysis Blue Paper

1/16=nfxsnk}+baf

Rab no j Kl}wasdOkoj~r nr
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2/16 38?3 =nfxsnk}* Nkb+ Ojj snge}r slrlsplm

Rabno j kl}wasd okoj~r nr 9 Ml` nknkg bakklb} nakr*

sl jo} nakrenxr okm nk}lslr}r às gslo}ls

fosdl} nkg r|bblrr

]ea|ge r}njj nk n}r sljo}npl nkòkb~* rabnoj kl}wasd okoj~rnr bok eajm gslo} xa}lk}noj

às fosdl}lsr wea wnre }a cl}}ls }osgl} rxlbn`nb o|mnlkblr wn}e xos}nb|jos

nk}lslr}r }esa|ge fosdl}nkgca}e ak& okm a``&jnkl+ Nfognkl* n` ~a| awk o real

r}asl* clnkg ocjl }a `nkm }el b|r}aflsr wea osl nk}lslr}lm nk enge&lkm realr

c~ fnknkg }el mo}o ak ~a|s rabnoj kl}wasd* }elk b|r}afnynkg ~a|s fosdl}nkg

l`às}r }a csnkg }elf nk às o }s|kd reaw+ Nfognkl dkawnkg wenbe b|r}aflsr

osl òkr a` o rxlbn`nb ~a|kg Eajj~waam r}osjl}* okm o}}sob}nkg }elf }a ~a|s r}asl

às els klwj~&jo|kbelm bja}enkg jnkl+ As nfognkl dkawnkg wenbe b|r}aflsr osl

far} nk}lslr}lm nk asgoknb xsam|b}r okm rabnoj i|r}nbl* okm clnkg ocjl }a nkpn}l

}elf nk xlsrakojj~ às o klw asgoknb okm òns }soml rdnk bosl jnkl+ R|be

}osgl}lm fosdl}nkg eajmr }slflkma|r xa}lk}noj às ca}e ~a| okm ~a|s

b|r}aflsr+ Welk ~a| eopl nkplr}lm ~a|s }nfl nk c|njmnkg o rabnoj

kl}wasd* }el nkàsfo}nak nr }elsl* akjnkl* slom~ às ~a| }a fnkl+

C|} weo} nr rabnoj kl}wasd okoj~rnr1 Rnfxj~ x|}* rabnoj kl}wasd

okoj~rnr nr }el luofnko}nak a` sljo}nakrenxr cl}wllk xlaxjl* }elns

nk}lslr}r okm ok~ lk}n}nlr+? Ojra dkawk or RKO* rabnoj kl}wasd

okoj~rnr nr o rbeaaj a` }ea|ge} }eo} ro~r n}r xarrncjl }a pnr|ojnyl

xlaxjl okm }elns bakklb}nakr }a lkocjl |r }a nmlk}n`~ eaw }a clr}

reosl nkàsfo}nak wn}e }elf+ ]el xsablrr nr foml nk`nkn}lj~ fasl

xarrncjl or o slr|j} a` wnmlrxslom |rl a` }el Nk}lskl} okm }el

wloj}e a` nkàsfo}nak nkmnpnm|ojr reosl wn}e }el x|cjnb }esa|ge

akjnkl rabnoj kl}wasdr okm a}els Wlc&corlm ob}npn}nlr+ ]el lkm slr|j}9 Welk

fosdl}lsr reosl nkàsfo}nak nk o wo~ }eo}r far} oxxsaxsno}l às }elns }osgl}

o|mnlkbl* bakblnpocj~* }el~ wnjj luxlsnlkbl o gslo}ls sl}|sk ak nkplr}flk}+

@as fosdl}lsr okm c|rnklrrlr wea eopl ojslom~ }oxxlm }el xawls a` }el Nk}lskl}*

bslo}nkg òk xoglr* Gaagjl$ obba|k}r as ]wn}}ls `llmr }a gonk o àjjawnkg*

àjjawlsr okm òkr a` ~a|s c|rnklrr osl ojslom~ bslo}nkg o wloj}e a` nkàsfo}nak

oponjocjl às fnknkg+ Rabnoj kl}wasd okoj~rnr fo~ cl }el klu} jagnboj r}lx nk

nmlk}n`~nkg mo}o ~a|s b|r}aflsr okm xa}lk}noj b|r}aflsr eopl foml x|cjnb

}esa|ge }elns mngn}oj aa}xsnk}r+ C|} eaw1

? Weo} Nr Rabnoj Kl}wasd Okoj~rnr1 Okoj~}nb ]lbekajagnlr+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+okoj~}nb}lbe+baf!kl}wasdr!weo}nr+e}f;+
http://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htmhttp://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htmhttp://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htmhttp://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htm



Gl}} nkg r}os}lm9 }el rabno j gsoxe

Rlosbe Rabnoj Kl}wasd Okoj~rnr akjnkl okm ~a|jj `nkm o }slor|sl }sapl a`

nkàsfo}nak ak }el }axnb* f|be a` n} nr r}llxlm nk }lbe as rabnoj rbnlkbl iosgak*

okm mn``nb|j} às }el oplsogl xlsrak }a mnr}njj }a o |rlocjl jlplj a` oxxjnbo}nak

às }elns nkmnpnm|oj kllmr+ Ka} fok~ fosdl}lsr osl rabnoj rbnlk}nr}r+ Jl}r rnfxjn`~

}el }elas~ c~ a``lsnkg cornb nkàsfo}nak }eo} bok cl oxxjnlm o} }el c|rnklrrfosdl}nkg jlplj+

Lrrlk}noj }aajr nk rabnoj kl}wasd fosdl}nkg osl }el rabnoj gsoxe okm }el

aplsjoxxnkg nk}lslr} gsoxe+

@nsr}* jl}r jaad nk}a }el rabnoj gsoxe9 weo} n} nr* weo} n} wnjj }ljj ~a| okm eaw n} nr

clnkg |rlm }amo~+

Fosd Y|bdlsclsg* à|kmls okm BLA a` @oblcaad* nr wnmlj~ bslmn}lm wn}e banknkg

}el xesorl nk akjnkl cjagr okm os}nbjlr+ ^l} }el }lsf eor lunr}lm às ~losr nk rabnoj

ok}esaxajag~* bafx|}ls xsagsoffnkg okm lplk fosdl}nkg bnsbjlr+ Obbasmnkg }a

]el Nk}lsko}nakoj Kl}wasd às Rabnoj Kl}wasd Okoj~rnr %NKRKO.* rabnoj kl}wasd

okoj~rnr eor cllk osa|km às mlbomlr* o rlk}nflk} lbealm c~ Lsnb Rbefnm} a`

Gaagjl+ Wl eopl ommslrr caadr* okm }el r|f a` }el ommslrr caadr nr }el rabnojgsoxe* Rbefnm} ro~r+3 Bafxoknlr wenbe wasd }a r~kbesaknyl ommslrr caadr*

nkbj|mnkg Gaagjl* r}snpl }a }|sk }elf nk}a `|kb}nakoj rabnoj gsoxer }eo} bok a``ls

poj|ocjl nkàsfo}nak okm xsapnml rlspnblr }a |rlsr+

3 Nk}lskl} Bafxoknlr9 Rabnoj Gsoxen}n z ]el Lbakafnr}+ ]el Lbakafnr} Wasjm Klwr* Xajn}nbr* Lbakafnbr*C|rnklrr & @nkokbl+ ?5 Ab}+ 3887+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+lbakafnr}+baf!kaml!>>>802



Slgosmjlrr a` wea banklm }el xesorl* às enr xos}* Y|bdlsclsg bslmn}r }el rabnoj

gsoxe wn}e fodnkg @oblcaad wasd+2 El luxjonkr* Or @oblcaad ommr fasl okm

fasl xlaxjl wn}e fasl okm fasl bakklb}nakr n} bak}nk|lr gsawnkg okm clbaflr

fasl |rl`|j o} o òr}ls so}l+ Wl osl gankg }a |rl n} }a rxslom nkàsfo}nak }esa|ge

}el rabnoj gsoxe+ ]el slr|j} a` }el rabnoj gsoxe nr }eo} gsa|xr okm oxxjnbo}nakr ak

@oblcaad bok gsaw }elns ajjawnkg lornj~+ @as oxxjnbo}nak mlpljaxlsr* welslor nk

}el xor} }el~ wa|jm eopl eom }a c|njm }elns rabnoj gsoxe `saf rbso}be* Y|bdlsclsg

ro~r @oblcaad eor foml n} xarrncjl }a }ox nk }a }el corl a` dkawjlmgl ojslom~}elsl* c|njmnkg oxxjnbo}nakr ak }ax a` }el rabnoj gsoxe ojslom~ lunr}nkg nkrnml }el

xjo}àsf+ Y|bdlsclsg bslo}lm o r}ns welk el rxadl oca|} }el }axnb* cobd welk

@oblcaad wor i|r} clnkg sljlorlm }a }el glklsoj x|cjnb+ N` }elsl wor ok~ q|lr}nak

o} }el }nfl oca|} }el xa}lk}noj às @oblcaad* okm }el poj|l a` rabnoj gsoxenkg }a

oxxjnbo}nak mlpljaxlsr okm c|rnklrrlr* }eo} ma|c} eor r|slj~ jakg rnkbl mnrrnxo}lm+

Nk }el luofxjl ~a| rll elsl* ~a|s bak}ob}r* `snlkmr okm obq|onk}okblr wa|jm cl

bak}onklm wn}enk }el rabnoj rlb}nak a` }el gsoxe cljaw+

O} n}r basl* rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxenkg lkocjlr fosdl}lsr }a ml`nkl }el

sljo}nakrenxr cl}wllk }el xlaxjl nk }elns akjnkl bnsbjlr* or wljj or }elns nk}lslr}r*

nkbj|mnkg xajn}nbr* klwr* sljngnak* eaccnlr okm nkm|r}s~+ Ofakg rabnoj kl}wasd

rn}lr }eo} b|sslk}j~ lunr}* }elsl osl xslrlk}j~ }wa aplsosbenkg famljr a` rabnoj

gsoxenkg nfxjlflk}o}nakr+

]el Jlom* @ajjaw* F|}|oj Famlj nr |rlm c~ rn}lr r|be or ]wn}}ls* Gaagjl$ okm

Mngg+ N} nr o `jluncjl okm glklsnb famlj a` rabnoj gsoxenkg* wenbe ojjawr akl

xlsrak }a eopl o sljo}nakrenx wn}e oka}els* wn}ea|} }el a}els xlsrak bakklb}nkg

nk sl}|sk+ N} nr lrxlbnojj~ |rl`|j okm poj|lm c~ nkmnpnm|ojr wn}e gslo} xax|josn}~

wea mak} klblrrosnj~ wok} }a àjjaw lpls~akl wea àjjawr }elf+

2 @oscls* Mok+ @oblcaadr Y|bdlsclsg \kbasdr }el Rabnoj Gsoxe z YMKl}+ ]lbekajag~ Klwr* Okoj~rnr* Bafflk}rokm Xsam|b} Slpnlwr às N] Xsa`lrrnakojr z YMKl}+ 3= Fo~ 3887+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+ymkl}+baf!cjag!c}j!òblcaadry|bdlsclsg|kbasdr}elrabnojgsoxe!



]el Lkàsblm F|}|oj @snlkm Famlj nr f|be fasl rxlbn`nb okm sngnm* okm nr |rlm

c~ rn}lr r|be or @oblcaad+ N} flokr }eo} nk asmls }a cl bakklb}lm wn}e raflakl

}esa|ge }el xjo}àsf* }eo} xlsrak eor }a cl wnjjnkg }a bakklb} wn}e ~a|+=

NKRKO luxjonkr }eo} }a |kmlsr}okm RKO* n} fo~ cl eljx`|j }a nfognkl ok ok} enjj+

@saf }el e|fok xlsrxlb}npl* n} nr lor~ }a rll }el rabnoj nk}lsob}nakr* xo}}lskr

okm sljo}nakrenxr cl}wllk }el ok}r or }el~ sljo}l }a }el weajl+ NKRKO slxas}r

}eo} Kl}wasd okoj~rnr nr corlm ak }el nk}|n}npl ka}nak }eo} }elrl xo}}lskr osl

nfxas}ok} `lo}|slr a` }el jnplr a` }el nkmnpnm|ojr wea mnrxjo~ }elf+ Kl}wasd

okoj~r}r cljnlpl }eo} eaw ok nkmnpnm|oj jnplr mlxlkmr nk josgl xos} ak eaw }eo}

nkmnpnm|oj nr }nlm nk}a }el josgls Wlc a` rabnoj bakklb}nakr+ Iok+ 388>+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+sor}nkfles+baf!388>!8?!?>!rabnojgsoxenkgfamljr|rlmnk}elrabnojkl}wasdr!;+

< @sllfok* Jnkk+ NKRKO Weo} Nr Rabnoj Kl}wasd Okoj~rnr1 Nk}lsko}nakoj Kl}wasd às Rabnoj Kl}wasd Okoj~rnr+85 @lc+ 3885+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+nkrko+asg!rko!weo}+e}fj;+

0 Djnkl* Rxlkrls+ Lflsgnkg Rabnoj Flmno okm }el Nk}lslr} Gsoxe+ ]el Rabnoj Flmno Foplk+ 3> Kap+ 38?8+ Wlc+
http://www.rastinmehr.com/2009/01/19/socialhttp://www.rastinmehr.com/2009/01/19/socialhttp://www.insna.org/sna/what.htmlhttp://www.insna.org/sna/what.htmlhttp://www.rastinmehr.com/2009/01/19/socialhttp://www.rastinmehr.com/2009/01/19/social



}enr knbel nr josglj~ |kmlsmlpljaxlm nk bafxosnrak wn}e rabnoj kl}wasd rn}lr }eo}

|}njnyl o rabnoj gsoxe* }el Wlc wnjj rll ok nk`j|u a` rn}lr |}njnynkg }el nk}lslr}

gsoxe famlj às rxlbn`nb nk}lslr} knbelr+

Nk}lslr} gsoxer osl glklso}lm c~ }el }enkgr |rlsr jndl+ ]eo} nkbj|mlr }el `llmr

b|r}aflsr ajjaw* xsam|b}r }el~ x|sbeorl* so}nkgr okm slpnlwr }el~ jlopl akjnkl*

n}lfr }el~ rlosbe às akjnkl* okm fasl+7

Nkmnpnm|ojr nk ~a|s c|rnklrr&sljo}lm rabnoj kl}wasd fo~ cl xos} a` }el kl}wasd

m|l }a reoslm nk}lslr}r+ Nk lrrlkbl n` ~a| awk o mokbl bafxok~* ~a|s rabnoj

flmno bakklb}nakr wa|jm eopl ~a|s c|rnklrr wn}enk }elns nk}lslr} gsoxe* wenjl

~a| wa|jm eopl }elf wn}enk ~a|s rabnoj gsoxe okm!as nk}lslr} gsoxe+ N}r lka|ge

}a fodl o fosdl}lsr elom rxnk* c|} }el ca}}af jnkl nr }enr9 ]el nk}lslr} gsoxe

nr ok nfxas}ok} }aaj às ~a|s csokm* clbo|rl n} bok nk}sam|bl ~a| }a nkmnpnm|ojr

wea osl ka} ~l} wn}enk ~a|s rabnoj gsoxe* lkocjnkg

~a| }a csnkg }elf nk }esa|ge r}so}lgnb fosdl}nkg+

Jndlwnrl* or nk}lslr} gsoxer osl |kmls|}njnylm

ak fok~ rabnoj flmno rn}lr* ~a| fo~ eopl }el

axxas}|kn}~ }a xnaklls ok nk}lslr} bo}lgas~

}eo} b|sslk}j~ malr ka} lunr}* mlpljaxnkg o rabnoj

kl}wasd wn}enk }eo} nk}lslr}okm xa}lk}nojj~

c|njmnkg ~a|s bakr|fls baff|kn}~+ @as luofxjl*

awklsr a` o c|rnklrr&}a&c|rnklrr bafxok~ ba|jm

bslo}l o gsa|x ak xax|jos rabnoj kl}wasdnkg rn}l

JnkdlmNk %www+jnkdlmnk+baf.* ok nk}lslr} gsa|x às

o }axnb sljo}lm }a ~a|s c|rnklrr+ C~ bslo}nkg r|be o

gsa|x* ~a| wnjj o}}sob} flfclsr wn}e }eo} reoslm nk}lslr}* okm wa|jm nk }|sk eopl

}el ocnjn}~ }a }ox }el nkàsfo}nak }el~ eopl oponjocjl }a cl}}ls fosdl} }a }elf+

Kaw }eo} ~a| eopl ok |kmlsr}okmnkg a` }elrl nk}lsbakklb}lm gsoxer* jl}r

luofnkl eaw fosdl}lsr bok c|njm okm jlplsogl }elns rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxer

às nfxsaplm }osgl} fosdl}nkg okm gslo}ls a|}baflr+

Jl}r gl} g soxenbWelk ~a|s asgoknyo}nak eor mlbnmlm }a lfcsobl rabnoj gsoxenkg* ~a|pl foml

o baffn}flk} }a nkplr} }nfl nk nmlk}n`~nkg ~a|s b|r}aflsr okm }elns lu}lkmlm

}s|r}lm kl}wasdr+ Rabnoj gsoxer osl o òfnjnos bakblx} }a far} fosdl}lsr* wea

dkaw }el poj|l a` }s|r}lm sl`lssojr4 slrlosbe reawr >8, a` bakr|flsr }s|r} }el

28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+rxlkblsdjnkl+baf!1x6



slbafflkmo}nakr gnplk }a }elf c~ }elns `snlkmr* ~l} akj~ ?=, a` }el

x|cjnb }s|r}r omr+5

]a fodl }el iac lornls* ~a| fnge} bakrnmls lfxja~nkg rabnoj kl}wasd okoj~rnr

ra`}wosl as `sllwosl* or }el rbaxl a` fnknkg }esa|ge ~a|s kl}wasd xlsrak&c~&

xlsrak okm foxxnkg }elns nk}lslr}r nkmnpnm|ojj~ bok cl nkbslmncj~ }nfl

bakr|fnkg* ka} }a flk}nak aplsweljfnkg+ ]eo}r ka} }a ro~ n} bok} cl

makl wn}e xlk* xoxls okm o gaam flor|sl a` }lkobn}~* c|} }eo} ~a|

fo~ `nkm cl}}ls |rl às ~a|s }nfl+ Rabnoj kl}wasd okoj~rnr ra`}wosl

bok ma ca}e cng&xnb}|sl okm rfojj&xnb}|sl jlplj wasd às ~a|* ca}e

luofnknkg ko}nakoj&jlplj kl}wasdr okm lplk cslodnkg mawk ~a|s

kl}wasd obbasmnkg }a ogl* rlu* nkbafl okm a}els nkmnpnm|oj o}}snc|}lr+

]el ra`}wosl bok }elk fox a|} }el mo}o* mlxlkmnkg ak }el xsagsof*

a``lsnkg ~a| o gsoxenboj slxslrlk}o}nak a` ~a|s kl}wasd+ Engels&jlplj

xsagsofr bok rafl}nflr ojra a``ls xslmnb}npl okoj~rnrlkocjnkg ~a|

}a fodl ok lm|bo}lm g|lrr oca|} ~a|s kl}wasdr lflsgnkg o}}snc|}lr*

r|be or xslmnb}lm `|}|sl nkbafl+

Wel}els ~a| }s~ }a mlpljax }el gsoxe ak ~a|s awk* as wn}e }el eljx a` ra`}wosl

as `sllwosl* nk clgnkknkg }a mlpljax o bafxok~r rabnoj gsoxe* luxls}r ro~

}el dl~ nr }a nmlk}n`~ ~a|s csokmr clr} nk`j|lkblsr+ Dllx nk fnkm }eo} }el clr}

nk`j|lkblsr sljo}lm }a o csokm9>

?+ Oslk} klblrrosnj~ nkm|r}s~ x|kmn}r as csaombor}lsr wea }lkm }a

nk`j|lkbl }slkmr ak o josgl rbojl+

3+ Osl ka} xa}lk}noj nk`j|lkblsr+ Rafl bafxoknlr wnjj gl} }okgjlm nk

}el xlsblnplm poj|l a` }elrl nkmnpnm|ojr* }osgl}nkg }elf wn}e akl&

rnyl&`n}r&ojj sl`lssoj slwosm xsagsofr+

2+ Osl foml |x a` weo} rafl luxls}r bojj forr bakklb}asr as forr

foplkr+ ]elrl nkmnpnm|ojr osl òkr a` }el csokm wea nk`j|lkbl

}elns }s|r}lm kl}wasdr }esa|ge }el |rl a` rabnoj flmno+ C~ rafl

obba|k}r* forr bakklb}asr as forr foplkr fodl |x oca|} 35

fnjjnak bakr|flsr nk }el \kn}lm R}o}lr* okm glklso}l ok lr}nfo}lm

Ncnm+
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Wea osl ~a|s csokmr dl~ nk`j|lkblsr* okm welk ~a| dkaw wea }el~ osl* eaw ma

~a| jlplsogl }elf1 C~ ml}lsfnknkg lobe a` ~a|s àjjawlsr rabnoj nk`j|lkbl* ~a|

bok msnpl fasl nk}ljjnglk} }osgl} fosdl}nkg* obbasmnkg }a bak}lu}|ojfosdl}nkg+

baf+ C~ okoj~ynkg rabnoj kl}wasdr* c|rnklrrlr bok bslo}l o rabnoj gsoxe a` lpls~

bakr|fls corlm ak }elns xsa`njlr9 wea }elns `snlkmr osl* weo} }elns nk}lslr}r osl*

weo} }elns x|sbeornkg cleopnasr osl okm fasl+ Nmlk}n`~nkg }earl wea osl engej~

bakklb}lm nk }el rabnoj kl}wasdnkg wasjm* okm }osgl}nkg }elf wn}e floknkg`|j

a``lsr* sl`lssoj cak|rlr okm sl}lk}nak r}so}lgnlr bok xo~ mnpnmlkmr+ ]el slorak9

]elrl mo~r* csokm nk`j|lkblsr bok nfflmno}lj~ csaombor} }elns xjlor|sl as

mnroxxank}flk} nk o xsam|b} as rlspnbl* pno rabnoj flmno+ ]el cnggls okm fasl

lkgoglm ok nk`j|lkblsr rabnoj bnsbjl* okm }el fasl l``lb}npl }el mljnpls~ a` }elns

flrrogl* }el gslo}ls }el wlnge} a` }elns axnknak+ O} }nflr* ok nk`j|lkblsr xar}*

slpnlw* pnmla as }wll} bok lplk ga pnsoj* gosklsnkg wnmlrxslom o}}lk}nak }eo} nr

ln}els xarn}npl as klgo}npl+

O k|fcls a` `sll akjnkl slra|sblr lunr} }eo} fo~ eljx ~a| nmlk}n`~

nk`j|lkblsr ~a| wok} }a }osgl}+

@as ~a|s ]wn}}ls kl}wasd9

e}}x9!!wlàjjaw+baf!

@as Gaagjl$9

e}}x9!!www+slbafflkmlm|rlsr+baf!

Aplsojj nk`j|lkbls nmlk}n`nbo}nak9

e}}x9!!www+xlld~a|+baf!

Eaw nfxas}ok} nr n} }a nmlk}n`~ nk`j|lkblsr1 Pls~+ N} bok gnpl ~a|

}el beokbl }a bslo}l ok ofcorromas wn}e o josgl o|mnlkbl* as }a snge} o wsakg

nk o pls~ x|cjnb okm l``lb}npl fokkls+ ]odl }el luofxjl a` Xl}ls Reokdfok*

lk}slxslkl|s* rabnoj flmno luxls}* a|kmls a` EOSA %Eljx o Slxas}ls A|}. okm

ko}nakoj rxlodls+ Welk Reokdfok }wll}lm enr mlrnsl às o Fas}akr r}lod nk 38??

wenjl xslxosnkg às o `jnge}* Fas}akr rwn`}j~ }aad ka}nbl+ ]el~ mnm }el jlgwasd*

à|km a|} wenbe `jnge} Reokdfok wor ak okm welsl }a fll} enf* okm o wljj&

mslrrlm Fas}akr slxslrlk}o}npl fl} enf o} }el onsxas} wn}e o r}lod cogglm }a

ga+ Fas}akr dkawr }el poj|l a` o josgl&rbojl nk`j|lkbls jndl Xl}ls Reokdfok+ El

eor bakklb}nakr nk ko}nakoj flmno* x|cjnb sljo}nakr okm c|rnklrr* okm o ]wn}}ls

àjjawnkg }axxnkg ??5*888+ ]el xo~a`` wor cng9 Ka} akj~ mnm Reokdfok }wll}

enr xjlor|sl* el cjagglm oca|} n} `saf ca}e o xlsrakoj okm c|rnklrr fosdl}nkg

xlsrxlb}npl okm `saf o rabnoj flmno xlsrxlb}npl+ ]el xarn}npl baplsogl okm

wasm&a`&fa|}e Fas}akr ga} nk lubeokgl às mljnplsnkg o rnkgjl `sll r}lod }a ok

nk`j|lkbls wor xsnbljlrr+
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Bakrnmls ojra }el luxlsnlkbl a` ob}as okm mnslb}as Dlpnk Rfn}e* wea }aad enr

bafxjonk}r }a }el x|cjnb welk el wor slfaplm `saf o Ra|}ewlr} Onsjnklr `jnge}

nk 38?8 às enr wlnge}+ Rfn}e eom x|sbeorlm }wa }nbdl}r xls Ra|}ewlr}r xajnb~

asngnkojj~* c|} eom cllk faplm |x }a ok losjnls `jnge} wenbe akj~ eom o rnkgjl

rlo}* o`}ls wenbe el wor dnbdlm a`` }el `jnge}+ Rfn}e rl} `sll ok okgs~ mno}sncl

ak ]wn}}ls+ Ra|}ewlr} Onsjnklr }aad }el bafxjonk}* banklm c~ rafl or @o}go}l*

rlsna|rj~* x|cjnbj~ oxajagnylm okm a``lslm Rfn}e o -?88 }soplj pa|bels+ ]el

nkbnmlk} jlm }a o Ra|}ewlr} ca~ba}} c~ }el Ko}nakoj Orrabno}nak }a Ompokbl @o}

Obblx}okbl %KOO@O.* klwr baplsogl ak o ko}nakoj jlplj okm bak}nk|lm ]wn}}ls

iocr `saf Rfn}e+ Rfn}e eom fasl }eok ?+0 fnjjnak àjjawlsr ak ]wn}}ls o} }el }nfl

a` }el nkbnmlk}+

A` ba|srl* ca}e Rfn}e okm Reokdfok osl ak }el lu}slfl lkm a` nk`j|lkblsr*

~l} }el luofxjlr a` }elns luxlsnlkblr okm nk`j|lkbl reaw }el nfxas}okbl

a` nmlk}n`~nkg dl~ nk`j|lkblsr wn}enk ok~ csokmr bakr|fls rabnoj kl}wasdr*

okoj~ynkg }el dkawjlmgl okm mo}o gjloklm }esa|ge rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxenkg

okm jlplsognkg }eo} dkawjlmgl às }el clkl`n} a` }el asgoknyo}nak+

Ljlflk}r a` o rabno j as n k}lslr} gsoxe

%as* }el }lbeknboj r}|``.

O rabnoj gsoxe bakrnr}r a` kamlr* wenbe slxslrlk}

nkmnpnm|ojr as n}lfr* okm lmglr* wenbe reaw eaw }earlnkmnpnm|ojr okm n}lfr sljo}l }a akl oka}els+ Wenjl

r|be gsoxer bok cl |rlm }a xslmnb} }el rxslom a` ok

lxnmlfnb* às a|s x|sxarlr* }el~ bok cl |rlm }a ka} akj~

|kmlsr}okm }el bakklb}nakr cl}wllk csokm nk`j|lkblsr*

}elns nk}lslr}r okm }elns àjjawlsr* c|} ojra }a r}so}lgnbojj~

lkgnklls o pnsoj fosdl}nkg bofxongk+

Nk }enr gsoxe* Kasfo* o real r}asl awkls* fo~ wok} }a

fox a|} els akjnkl rabnoj kl}wasd }a cl}}ls ml}lsfnkl }elnsnk}lslr}r* as bsarr&xsafa}nakoj axxas}|kn}nlr



okm }a cl}}ls }osgl} }el nk`j|lkblsr a` }el gsa|x* xlseoxr nkmnbo}lm c~ wea eor

}el far} bakklb}nakr wn}enk okm a|}rnml }el kl}wasd+

Mngn}oj rabnoj gsoxer osl* a` ba|srl* ml`nklm c~ bakklb}nakr wn}enk rabnoj kl}wasdr+

Fasl* rabnoj kl}wasdr okm a}els nkm|r}s~ luxls}r osl fodnkg n} lornls às |rlsr }a

boss~ }eo} mngn}oj xorrxas} wn}e }elfra }eo} lplk welk }el~ osl a|}rnml a` ok~

gnplk rabnoj kl}wasd* }el~ bok bak}nk|l }a nk`j|lkbl }elns rabnoj gsoxe+ ]enkd a`

@oblcaad jndlr okm reoslr a|}rnml a` @oblcaad* okm Gaagjl$ wn}e |rlsr ocnjn}~

}a rljlb} }el xj|r rngk* wenbe lrrlk}nojj~ ommr }eo} n}lf }a }elns rabnoj as nk}lslr}

gsoxe* as ca}e+ Nk òb}* fok~ fosdl}lsr* c|rnklrrlr okm lplk nkmnpnm|ojr rll }el

clkl`n}r a` o rlspnbl wenbe wa|jm csadls nkàsfo}nak cl}wllk rabnoj kl}wasdr+

R|be o r~r}lf wa|jm lkocjl kl}wasdr }a bakklb} wn}e a}els rabnoj kl}wasdr okm

nfxas} nkàsfo}nak `saf akl }a }el a}els* wn}ea|} }el lkm |rls eopnkg }a c|njm

}elns xsa`njl lpls~ }nfl }el~ iank o klw xjo}àsf+

]el bakblx} nr rnfnjos }a }el @oblcaad `|kb}nak wenbe ojjawr ~a| }a `nkm

@oblcaad |rlsr c~ }oxxnkg nk}a ~a|s Wlc&corlm lfonj obba|k}+ Caaf+ â|s rabnoj

kl}wasd okm ~a|s rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxer osl xax|jo}lm* wn}ea|} f|be wasd

ak }el |rls lkm+ Csokmr as c|rnklrrlr bok gsaw }elns òk corl okm cl}}ls }osgl}

nk`j|lkblsr c~ eopnkg axlk obblrr }a }el nkàsfo}nak }el~ kllm }a ma ra+

Lpls~cam~r eoxx~* snge}1 Ka} ra òr}+



Xs npob~ nrr|lr

]el r}nbd~ nrr|lr sljo}lm }a rabnoj gsoxer osl }eo} }el~ osl r}llxlm nk q|lr}nakr

oca|} }el awklsrenx a` nkàsfo}nak okm |rls xsnpob~+ N} r}lfr `saf o cornb

mn``lslkbl nk we~ nkmnpnm|oj |rlsr wok} }a cl o xos} a` rabnoj kl}wasdr* plsr|r

we~ csokmr lfcsobl }el }lbekajag~4 }el }wa |rlr osl `|kmoflk}ojj~ mn``lslk}

okm o} }nflr* o} ammr wn}e akl oka}els+?8

Fosdl}lsr okm c|rnklrrlrlfcsobnkg rabnoj kl}wasd okoj~rnr or o r}so}lg~ rea|jm cl owosl }eo}

}elns l`às}r fo~ cl xlsblnplm or nkpornpl c~ }el pls~ b|r}aflsr wn}e

weaf }el~ eaxl }a àsgl o r}sakgls bakklb}nak+

Ok~ klw rabnoj kl}wasd wok}r }a }ox }el mo}o a` a}els rabnoj kl}wasdr+

^l} or }el~ gsaw* }elns nk}lslr} nk reosnkg nkàsfo}naknkbj|mnkg rabnoj

gsoxerwoklr* or n} clkl`n}r }el kl}wasd jlrr okm jlrr+ Or nkmnpnm|oj

|rlsr* wl wok} }a fonk}onk bak}saj apls a|s nkàsfo}nak okm fonk}onk

rafl rlfcjokbl a` xsnpob~ wn}ea|} robsn`nbnkg |rls&`snlkmj~ orxlb}r a`}el xjo}àsf+ \j}nfo}lj~* |rlsr wok} bak}saj a` }elns nkàsfo}nak* okm

oj}ea|ge }el~ dkaw }eo} |}njnynkg o rabnoj flmno xjo}àsf baflr o} o

bar}* }el foiasn}~ cljnlpl }eo} bar} rea|jm bafl nk }el àsf a` o csokmr

ocnjn}~ }a ompls}nrl }a |r wenjl wl osl |rnkg }el rn}l* ka} o} }el luxlkrl

a` a|s xlsrakoj mo}o+

C|} }el wojjr cl}wllk rabnoj kl}wasdr osl gsom|ojj~ clnkg }ask mawk* okm wn}e

}elf* xa}lk}nojj~ ok~ rlkrl a` xsnpob~ }eo} |rlsr fo~ eopl orr|flm as wok}lm+

Or a` 38?8* }el josglr} rabnoj gsoxe nk }el wasjm cljakgr }a @oblcaad* or n} nr}el far} wnmlj~ |rlm rabnoj kl}wasd nk }el wasjm+ @oblcaadr rabnoj gsoxe nr

awklm c~ }el bafxok~ka} reoslm wn}e a}els c|rnklrrlr* gnpnkg }elf o jlg |x

welk n} baflr }a }el poj|l a` }elns rabnoj gsoxe }a mlpljaxlsr okm fosdl}lsr+

]el xsacjlf às nkmnpnm|oj |rlsr* nr }eo} }elns xlsrakoj rabnoj gsoxe bokka} cl

}sokrxas}lm }a oka}els rabnoj kl}wasd n` kllm cl %às luofxjl* n` }el~ clbafl

mnrxjlorlm wn}e @oblcaad okm wok} }a beokgl }a Gaagjl$.+

Gaagjlr okrwls }a }enr nrr|l wor }a bslo}l }el Rabnoj Gsoxe Oxxjnbo}nak

Xsagsoffnkg Nk}lsòbl %OXN.* wenbe ojjawr wlcrn}lr }a x|jj x|cjnb nkàsfo}nakoca|} nkmnpnm|ojr okm àsf o xas}ocjl N+M+ Flok}nfl* @oblcaad slblk}j~

nk}sam|blm n}r awk Rabnoj Gsoxe OXN* wenbe x|jjr `saf o csaomls sokgl a`

nkàsfo}nak* nkbj|mnkg ok nkmnpnm|ojr orrabno}lm xnb}|slr* lplk}r okm acilb}r+

@oblcaadr Y|bdlsclsg ro~r }el bafxok~ xjokr }a bakklb} xos}r a` }el Wlc }eo}

a}els rabnoj kl}wasdr osl c|njmnkg* }a bslo}l weo} el bojjr }el Axlk Gsoxe*

?8 Nrdajm* Ojlu+ Rabnoj Gsoxe9 Bakblx}r okm Nrr|lr+ SlomWsn}lWlc Wlc Oxxr* Wlc ]lbekajag~ ]slkmr* RabnojKl}wasdnkg okm Rabnoj Flmno+ ?3 Rlx}+ 3887+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+slomwsn}lwlc+baf!osbenplr!rabnojQgsoxeQbakblx}rQokmQnrr|lr+xex;
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slr|j}nkg nk }el |knplsroj foxxnkg a` lpls~cam~ okm eaw }el~sl sljo}lm+

Y|bdlsclsg luxjonkr* ^ljx nr foxxnkg a|} }el xos} a` }el gsoxe }eo} sljo}lr }a

rfojj c|rnklrrlr+ Xokmaso nr foxxnkg a|} }el xos} a` }el gsoxe }eo} sljo}lr }a

f|rnb+ N` wl bok }odl }elrl rlxoso}l foxr a` }el gsoxe okm x|} }elf ojj }agl}els*

}elk wl bok bslo}l o Wlc }eo}r rfos}ls* fasl rabnoj* fasl xlsrakojnylm okm

fasl rlfok}nbojj~ owosl+??

]el nfxjnbo}nakr às c|rnklrrlr osl lkasfa|r* or osl }earl às nkmnpnm|oj |rlsr+

]el fapl* n` r|bblrr`|j* ba|jm slr|j} nk ok ompls}nrnkg caak }a @oblcaad* wn}e o

gslo}ls mo}o `nljm às c|rnklrrlr }a fnkl okm okoj~ylo akl&r}ax&reax às ok~

x|cjnb mo}o oca|} ojfar} ok~akl nk }el wasjm ~a| wok} }a slobe+ @as nkmnpnm|ojr*

}el fapl eljxr |rlsr fodl lpls~}enkg }el~ ma ak }el Wlc fasl rabnoj+ @as

luofxjl* n` ~a| jndl o rxlbn`nb `njf ob}as* o jaboj fapnl }elo}sl

wenbe eor makl n}r rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxenkg eaflwasd ba|jm

ojls} ~a| }a welk o fapnl r}ossnkg }eo} xlsàsfls nr reawnkg nk

~a|s oslo+

]el |j}nfo}l pnrnak às |rlsr nr }enr9 Gakl nr }el kllm }a jag nk }a

nkmnpnm|oj rn}lr wn}e rxlbn`nb xorrwasmr+ Gakl nr }el klblrrn}~ }a

`nkm ~a|s `snlkmr okm c|njm ~a|s kl}wasd+ Gakl nr }el kllm }a

`nre osa|km às weo} ~a| wok} }a rll as `nkm+ ]el Wlc nkr}lom

clbaflr rllfnkgj~ nk}|n}npl+ N` o |rls eor rlosbelm às o rxlbn`nb

pnajnknr} akjnkl* ok akjnkl f|rnb beokklj bok ok}nbnxo}l }eo} }el

nkmnpnm|oj wnjj wok} }a jnr}lk }a }eo} os}nr}r klw ojc|f+?3

]el |j}nfo}l pnrnak às c|rnklrrlr nr }enr9 lorl a` obblrr }a }el mo}o a` ~a|s

bakr|fls corl or wljj or bakr|flsr ~a| wnre }a slobe+ â| wnjj cl ocjl }a dkaw

weo} }el~ jndl* weo} }elns nk}lslr}r osl* }el jo}lr} ojc|f as kaplj }el~ x|sbeorlm

akjnkl okm a}els x|cjnbj~&oponjocjl nkàsfo}nak+ Jndlwnrl* n` o bakr|fls reawr

nk}lslr} nk ~a|s c|rnklrr* or o fosdl}ls* Axlk Gsoxe wa|jm lkocjl ~a| }a

slobe }eo} bakr|fls ak o mllxls* fasl floknkg`|j jlplj }eo} nr rlofjlrr }a }el

bakr|fls+ Clbo|rl ~a| wa|jm eopl gslo}ls obblrr }a }elns rabnoj gsoxe* ~a| wa|jm

o}}onk gslo}ls dkawjlmgl a` weo} wnjj slrako}l wn}e }elf* weo} }elns jndlr osl

okm wea }el~ osl bakklb}lm wn}e+ â| wnjj cl ocjl }a fasl lornj~ nmlk}n`~ }el

nk`j|lkblsr ofakg ~a|s b|r}afls corl* as }el nk`j|lkblsr wea osl xa}lk}noj

b|r}aflsr* }elk c|njm o fosdl}nkg xjok osa|km eaw ~a| wnjj |rl

}eo} nkàsfo}nak+

?? FbBos}e~* Bosajnkl+ @oblcaad @59 Akl Gsoxe }a S|jl ]elf Ojj z ]el Rabnoj BKL] Klwr+ ]lbekajag~ Klwr BKL] Klwr+ 3? Oxs+ 38?8+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!klwr+bkl}+baf!528??2



Bsn}nbr a` @oblcaadr x|re às o rnkgjl Axlk Gsoxe ro~ n}r |kjndlj~ }eo} o rnkgjl

rabnoj gsoxe wa|jm lpls fodl rlkrl+?2 ]eo}r clbo|rl |rlsr osl bafàs}ocjl

reosnkg nkàsfo}nak wn}e mn``lslk} rabnoj gsa|xr ak mn``lslk} jlpljr* }el~ osg|l+

Far} |rlsr a` }el Nk}lskl} eopl rabnoj gsoxer a` posna|r rnylr às posna|r rn}lr+

]enkd oca|} n}9 â|s ]wn}}ls àjjawlsr osl mn``lslk} }eok ~a|s @oblcaad `snlkmr*

okm beokblr osl* ~a| reosl mn``lslk} nkàsfo}nak wn}e }elf+ Fodnkg weo} nr

lrrlk}nojj~ }el fok~ mn``lslk} òbl}r a` ~a|s akjnkl nmlk}n}~ obblrrncjl }a

wasdfo}lr* snlkmr* ofnj~ okm c|rnklrrlr ~a| `slq|lk} bakb|sslk}j~ ba|jm

fodl lplk }el far} axlk okm x|cjnb a` xlaxjl |kbafàs}ocjl+

Flokwenjl* bsn}nbr a` Gaagjlr Rabnoj Gsoxe OXN ka}l }eo} mlpljaxlsr msow

bakklb}nakr ak mllx jlpljr far} |rlsr fo~ ka} slojnyl* xlseoxr pnajo}nkg

o rlkrl a` xsnpob~+ @as luofxjl* n} nkmlulr weo} osl bojjlm U@K as UE]FJ

`snlkm kl}wasd okm `snlkm a` o `snlkm %@AO@. mo}o or wljj or ok~ x|cjnbj~&

oponjocjl nkàsfo}nak+ Wn}e o }a}oj jobd a` r}okmosmnyo}nak às |rlsr }a ax}

nk as ax} a|}* }el jobd a` |rls bak}saj apls }el fngso}nak a` }enr mo}o nr

bakblsknkg }a fok~ xsnpob~ ompabo}lr+ Rafl osg|l n}r ok nrr|l a` `sll wnjj

okm lplk nkmnpnm|oj ro`l}~+?=

Wenjl }el Axlk Gsoxe bakblx} lpajplr* nkmnpnm|oj c|rnklrrlr osl ocjl }a

ma }elns rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxenkg nk o k|fcls a` wo~r+ ]el~ bok lfxja~

xlk okm xoxls }elfrljplr %jndlj~ o }nfl&bakr|fnkg lkmlopas.* msownkg a|}

}el kamlr okm lmglr or }el~ rbsajj }esa|ge }elns àjjawlsr as òkr+ ]el gslo}lr}

nk`j|lkblsr wnjj clbafl oxxoslk} c~ }el k|fcls a` bakklb}nakr }el~ eopl

okm }elns nk}lslr} gsoxe %malr n} aplsjox wn}e ~a|s c|rnklrr a``lsnkgr1 Cnkga/.+

Oj}lsko}lj~* c|rnklrrlr bok ojra rljlb} saf o k|fcls a` ra`}wosl a``lsnkgr*

nkbj|mnkg rafl akjnkl&corlm `sllwosl* as plkmasr wea a``ls }el rlspnbl okm wnjj

eoxxnj~ ma }el wasd às ~a|+

A` ba|srl* eopnkg o rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxe nr akj~ xos} a` }el lq|o}nak às

}oxxnkg }el mo}o oponjocjl }a ~a|+ Luxls}r ro~* weo} dl~ c|rnklrrlr okm fosdl}lsr

f|r} dllx nk fnkm nr }eo} welk |}njnynkg rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxenkg* }el mo}o

f|r} nkrxnsl ob}nak+ ]el wnrl c|rnklrr jlomlsr okm fosdl}lsr wnjj wasd }a okoj~yl

}el mo}o }el~ fnkl }esa|ge rabnoj flmno }a r|xxas} asgoknyo}nakoj mlbnrnak

fodnkg+ N` }elsl nr ka ob}nak* }elsl wnjj cl ylsa sl}|sk ak nkplr}flk}+

?2 Wnjrak* @slm+ Akl Gsoxe ]a S|jl ]elf Ojj1 O PB+ 32 Oxs+ 38?8+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+opb+baf!oQpb!38?8!8=!aklgsoxe}as|jl}elfojj+e}fj;+

?= Dnsdxo}snbd* Fosreojj+ Nr Gaagjlr Rabnoj Gsoxe OXN o Bsllxnkg Xsnpob~ Pnajo}nak1 SlomWsn}lWlc Wlc Oxxr*Wlc ]lbekajag~ ]slkmr* Rabnoj Kl}wasdnkg okm Rabnoj Flmno+ 8= @lc+ 3885+ Wlc+ 28 Mlb+ 38??+ :e}}x9!!www+slomwsn}lwlc+baf!osbenplr!gaagjlQxsnpob~+xex;+
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X|}} nkg }el gsoxe }a wasd

Msownkg o rabnoj okm nk}lslr} gsoxe nr o cng xsailb} nk n}rlj`* okm wnjj jndlj~ cl

pnr|ojj~ nfxslrrnpl+ C|} weo} bok ~a| ma wn}e n}1 Elsl osl rafl luofxjlr a`

flor|socjl o}}snc|}lr a` ~a|s l``as}r+?