social psychology. person perception o process of forming impressions of others. o perceptions often...
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Social Psychology
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Person PerceptionO Process of forming impressions of
others.O Perceptions often inaccurate – many
biases and fallacies in perception.
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Physical AppearanceO Attractive looking people command
more attention than the less attractive.
O Judgment of other personalities often persuaded by appearance
O Good looking people are perceived to be more competent
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StereotypesO Widely held beliefs that people have
certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.
O Most common stereotypes: gender, age, ethnic, occupational
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StereotypesO Positive: a normal cognitive process.
Saves time on understanding people individually
O Negatives:O Lack of accuracyO Ignores diversity within social groupsO Expectations may lead people to
misperceive individuals
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StereotypesO Gender:
O Women are emotional, submissive, illogical and passive
O Men are unemotional, dominant, logical, aggressive
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StereotypesO Age: Elderly are slow, feeble, rigid,
forgetful, asexualO EthnicO Occupational:
O Lawyers are manipulativeO Accountants are conformingO Artists are moody
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Subjectivity In Person Perspective
O Stereotypes create biases that often lead to confirmation of people’s expectations about others
O Illusory Correlation: when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen. O People selectively recall facts that fit
with their stereotypes.
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Evolutionary & Bias in Person Perception
O Many of the biases seen in social perception were adaptive in human ancestral environment
O Physical attractiveness associated with reproductive health in women, and material resources in men.
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AttributionsO Inferences that people draw about
the causes of events, others’ behaviors, and their own behavior
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Internal AttributionsO Personal dispositionsO TraitsO Abilities and feelingsO “ I was late for school because I over
slept”
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External AttributionsO Situational demandsO Environmental constraints.O “ I was late for school because the
bus broke down”
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Fundamental Attribution Error
O Observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior.
O “ The student failed the test because they were not smart enough”
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Defensive AttributionO Tendency to blame victims for their
misfortune so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.
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Actor – Observer BiasO Actors favor external attributions for
their behavior ( the situation caused the behavior)
O Observers are more likely to explain the same behavior with internal attributions.
O Observers are often not aware of external factors ( historical and situational factors )
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Interpersonal Attraction
O Positive feelings toward another
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Key Factors In Attraction
O Physical AttractivenessO Key determinant in romantic
attractionO Vital in initial stage of dating
The Matching Hypothesis: Males and females of approximately equal attractiveness are likely to seek each other as partners
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Key Factors In Attraction
O Similarity EffectO Similarity causes attractionO Dating partners gradually modify
attitudes
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Passionate LoveO Complete absorption in another that
includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion.
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Compassionate LoveO Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for
another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own.
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Love As Attachment
Secure: majority secure attachment to caretaker in infancy
Anxious – Ambivalent: Very anxious when separated from caretaker in infancy
Avoidant: Never bonded with caretaker in infancy
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Love As Attachment (Adults )
O Secure: (56% )easy to get close to others, love relationship trusting
O Anxious Ambivalent:(20%) preoccupied with love, and accompanied by expectations of rejection. Volatile & Jealous
O Avoidant: (24%) difficult to get close to others / love lacking intimacy and trust
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Culture & Close Relationships
O People value: mutual attraction, kindness, intelligence….
O Gender differences universalO Collectivism prevalent in Japan,
China, India – but declining
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InternetO Positive so farO Social Networks – superficial but
intimate
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Evolutionary Perspective
O Physical appearance important – good looks indicate good health & fertility
O Facial SymmetryO Women: men prefer hour glass figure
& youthfulnessO Men: Women prefer ambition, status,
financial potential
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Attitudes: Social Judgments
O Attitudes – positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought.
O Objects of Thought: social issues, institutions, consumer products, people
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Components of Attitude
OAffective: emotiuonsabout an attitude
OBehaviors - act a certain way toward an attitude
OCognitive: Beliefs about an attitude
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Dimensions of AttitudeO Strong: firmly held, durable, powerful
on behaviorO Accessibility: How often and how
quickly one thinks – highly correlated with strength
O Ambivalent: conflicted evaluations
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Attitudes & BehaviorO Attitudes may not always predict
behavior
O Strong attitudes that are highly accessible are more predictable of behavior
O Attitudes interact with social situational constraints ( social pressure ) to shape behavior
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Explicit / Implicit Attitudes
O Explicit: conscious / can describe readily
O Implicit: Covert ( hidden )O People have little controlO Automatic responsesO Central in study of prejudiceO Negative ideas can seep into
subconcious
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PersuasionO Source: Person who sends
communicationO ExpertiseO TrustworthinessO Likeabilility
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PersuasionO Message
O 1 sided or 2 sidedO Fear worksO Truth Effect / Mere Exposure Effect
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PersuasionO Receiver
O PersonalityO Expectations – forewarningO Stronger – more resistantO Resistance – people can become
more certain about their attitudes
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Learning TheoryO Attitude learned from parents, peers,
media, cultural traditions, and society
O Classical Conditioning ( evaluative )O Transfer emotion to an unconditional
stimulus (US) to a new conditioned stimulus (CS)
O Advertising using celbrities
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Learning TheoryO Operant Conditioning
O Agreement a reinforcerO Disagreement a punisher
Observational - another’s opinion may rub off / others may reinforce if they agree
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Cognitive DissonanceO Inconsistent cognitions – cause
contradictionO Unpleasant tension - motivates
people to reduce dissonance
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Elaboration LikelihoodO Central Route to persuasion -
content and logic of message
O Peripheral Route to persuasion – non message factors: attractiveness, credibility of source, emotional response
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Solomon Asch 1907 - 1996
O Leader of Social Psychology during the 1950’s
O Investigated conformity
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Asch ExperimentO Used 7 participants, 6 were
accomplices to the experimenterO 1 a subject
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O Would the majority of people state an obviously wrong answer just to conform to the group? YES!!!!!70% at least once5% every time
Solomon Asch’s Conformity Experiment (1952)
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Asch ExperimentO If one person dissents:
O Conformity lowered by ¼O Conformity lessened by hearing
someone question then accuracy
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Normative InfluenceO When people conform to social
norms for fear of negative social consequences ABOUT BEING LIKED
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Informational InfluenceO When people look to others for
guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations
CONCERNED ABOUT BEING RIGHT not being liked
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ObedienceO A form of compliance that occurs
when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in authority.
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