social reforms in russia in the 1990s and 2000s: ideologies, strategies and political factor andrey...
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SOCIAL REFORMS IN RUSSIA IN THE 1990S AND 2000S: IDEOLOGIES, STRATEGIES AND POLITICAL FACTOR
ANDREY STARODUBTSEV ([email protected])
ALEKSANTERI INSTITUTE (UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI)
MULTIPLE STREAMS FRAMEWORK
PROBLEMS1991 1993 1996 1999 2000 2002
Poverty (%) 11.7(-)
31.5(36.9)
22.1(43.2)
28.4(41.5)
29(35.9)
24.6 (19.6)
Unemployment (%)
- 5.9 9.7 13.0 10.5 8.0
Inequality (Gini coefficient)
0.26 0.39 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40
Source: Linda Cook, p. 81
FREEDOM IN RUSSIA
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Freedom
Civil Freedom
Poiitical Freedom
POLITICS: ELECTORATEPresidential Elections
1991 (I) 1996 (II) 2000 (I) 2004 (I)
A Reformer 57,3 53,82 52,94 71,31
Opposition 16,85 40,31 29,21 13,69
Parliamentarian Elections
1993 1995 1999 2003
Reformers 15,51 10,13 23,32 37,56
Opposition 12,40 22,30 24,49 12,61
POLITICS OF REFORMSPeriod Characteristics
1991 - 1993 Anti-reformist parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationGaidar’s economic reforms
POLITICS OF REFORMSPeriod Characteristics
1991 - 1993 Anti-reformist parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationGaidar’s economic reforms
1993 - 1995 Pro-presidential parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationProgress in economic reforms
POLITICS OF REFORMSPeriod Characteristics
1991 - 1993 Anti-reformist parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationGaidar’s economic reforms
1993 - 1995 Pro-presidential parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationProgress in economic reforms
1996 - 1999 Anti-reformist parliamentEconomic stabilization in 1996 – 1997Financial crises in 1998 – 1999Attempts to reform a social policy
PROGRAM 1996 – 2000: CONTEXT
“Generally speaking, the situation in the social sphere can be characterized as ambiguous and contradictory. Along with some positive impacts, many negative things has been stagnating, some social problems were compounded and are serious threats to social and economic stability of our society”.
PROGRAM 1996 – 2000: GOALS1. achieve real improvement in the living conditions of people;
2. ensure effective employment; to improve the quality and competitiveness of the labor forces;
3. guarantee the constitutional rights of citizens in the spheres of labor, social welfare, education, health care, culture and housing;
4. reorient social policy to family, to ensure the rights and social guarantees for family, women, children and young people;
5. normalize and improve the demographic situation, to reduce mortality, especially among children and working-age citizens;
6. significantly improve the social infrastructure.
POLITICS OF REFORMSPeriod Characteristics
1991 - 1993 Anti-reformist parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationGaidar’s economic reforms
1993 - 1995 Pro-presidential parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationProgress in economic reforms
1996 - 1999 Anti-reformist parliamentEconomic stabilization in 1996 – 1997Financial crises in 1998 – 1999Attempts to reform a social policy
2000 - 2004 Pro-presidential parliamentStabilization and improvement…Implementation of a set of reforms
STRATEGY 2010: CONTEXT
“Unlike all previous periods a fundamentally different situation has been created in the country. It opens a window of opportunity to resolve the main Russian problems. Today, the political situation has stabilized, there is a revival of economy…”
“Instead of the welfare state (paternalism) and the privatization of social functions (radical liberalism) subsidiary state is created. It provides social guarantees to the extent to which a society cannot do this itself”
STRATEGY – 2010: GOALS
1. provide effective protection of vulnerable households;
2. ensure universal access and socially acceptable quality of basic social benefits, in particular – health care and education;
3. create an economic environment that provides a higher level of social consumption for working-age population at their own expense and decent standard of living for older people;
4. create social institutions that provide mobilization of funds of population and private companies and, as a result, ensure a high quality of social services.
POLITICS OF REFORMSPeriod Characteristics
1991 - 1993 Anti-reformist parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationGaidar’s economic reforms
1993 - 1995 Pro-presidential parliamentExtremely poor economic and social situationProgress in economic reforms
1996 - 1999 Anti-reformist parliamentEconomic stabilization in 1996 – 1997Financial crises in 1998 – 1999Attempts to reform a social policy
2000 - 2004 Pro-presidential parliamentStabilization and improvement…Implementation of a set of reforms
2005 - … Pro-presidential parliament Rejection of “liberal” social reformsPopulist policy