Texts by:Andrea VermaakAlexander MoolmanZanele NcongoloPhilippa Hurst

Illustrations by:Waldo SwartLouis BesterAlexander Moolman

Photographs are attributed on the page in which they appear as per Creative Commons License.

CONTRIBUTIONS

The book Social Science 3 is part of the Editorial Project for Primary

Education by SM and the trademark University of Dayton Publishing. The following people have been

involved in the process:

Production & design Benoit Knox

Layout & Design Editor: Diana Zalbidea Paniagua

Editor: Marta Camarero Fernández

Managing Editor: Donal Thompson

Bilingual Publisher: Willy Cano

Art & Design Manager: Mario Dequel

Publishing Manager: Aída Moya

Due to the dynamic nature of internet, SM and University of Dayton Publishing decline all responsibility for the contents or the information the URLs appearing in this book may house.

With the object of warranting the appropriateness of the URLs in this publication, SM uses a managing system which redirects the URLs that appear to different websites, among them, frequently used: www.wikipedia.es, www.youtube.es. SM declines all responsibility for the contents or information they may house, notwithstanding that if proof is provided that they may contain illicit or inappropriate contents, it will immediately take the necessary measures to prevent access through the URLs in this publication to said websites. To warrant this control system we recommend teachers to previously check the said URLs and communicate the publishing house any problem through this e-mail address ediciones@grupo-sm.com.

This work may not be reproduced, distributed, publicly communicated or transformed in any way without authorisation from its copyright holders, unless legal provisions exist to the contrary. If you need to photocopy or scan any excerpt from this work, please contact the Spanish Reprographic Rights Centre (CEDRO) at: www.cedro.org.

© SM, 2015ISBN General: 978-84-15743-91-0 Legal deposit: M-5544-2015 Printed in EU

Navigating with GPS 2

The Continents 4

Roman Numerals 10

Road Safety 12

Caring for Altamira 14

Landscape Painting 16

Cover illustrated by Benoit Knox

Social science 3

Maps were first used in

the Middle East around

1000 BC.

There are many ways to

get to a new destination.

People used maps and even

the stars to guide them

for thousands of years.

Today we use the Global

Positioning System. It is also

known as GPS.

What is GPS?GPS is a radio-navigation system. The system is a group of 24 satellites and their stations on Earth.

Words by Andrea Vermaak Layout by Waldo Swart

The US Air Force launched the first fully operational GPS

satellite in 1989.

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GPS

How does GPS work?The GPS receiver measures the time it takes for at least four satellites’ radio signals to reach it. This helps the GPS to discover its place on Earth.

It works in almost the same way as when you try to find your friends and you’re blindfolded. You find your friends by the sounds of their voices. The receiver finds the satellite by its radio signals.

Once the receiver finds the signal, the GPS then tells you were it is and helps you to get to where you want to go.

The Benefon Esc! was the

first commercial mobile

phone with GPS. It became

available in 1999.

The Russians launched the first artificial satellite

into space on 4 October 1957. It was called

Sputnik 1. Scientists at Massachusetts Institute

of Technology noticed that the frequency

of Sputnik’s radio signals increased as it

approached Earth. The radio signals also

decreased as it moved away.

The scientists realised when measuring

the frequency of the satellite’s radio signals

they could then measure the distance from the

satellite to the receiver on Earth. The receiver’s

place on Earth could then be tracked.

How was GPS invented?

At least four satellites can be

seen from any place on Earth at

any time of the day.

About 31 GPS satellites orbit the Earth. They orbit twice a day. At least 24 need to be active.

GPS satellites

GPS receiver

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oceAniA

THe

The Pinnacles Desert in Australia is known for its pointy limestone formations. Some of these formations are up to 3.5 m high.

The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef in the world. It is longer than the

Great Wall of China and is the home of over 1,500 species of fish.

Countries 14

Size 8,600,000 km2

Population About 37 million

Languages Over 1,000

The Highest Mountain

Puncak Jaya, New Guinea

The Longest River

Murray-Darling river system

conTinenTS

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AfricA

The pyramids of Giza are

4,500 years old. These pyramids

were built as a tomb for the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu.

The Sahara is one of the largest deserts on Earth. It is almost as large as China.

The Victoria Falls is the largest waterfall in the world.

Countries 54

Size 30,221,532 km2

Population Roughly 1.033 billion

Languages Between 1500 - 2000

The Highest Mountain

Kilimanjaro

The Longest River The Nile

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Countries 48

Size 44,579,000 km2

Population Roughly 4.299 billion

Languages About 2,200

The Highest Mountain

Mount Everest

The Longest River The Yangtze River

ASiA

The people of the ancient city of Bagan built over 10,000 temples. Today, more than 2,000 of these temples are still standing.

6,000 statues are buried in the tomb of Shi Huangdi. He was the first emperor of China.

Each statue is as big as a person.

Phot

os: I

ngo

Stau

dach

er, E

d Br

ambl

ey,

Alve

sgas

par

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eUroPe

The Colosseum in Rome was opened in the year 80. It was a lot like a football stadium except that gladiators would fight in it.

Countries 51

Size 10,180,000 km2

Population About 742.5 million

Languages Approximately 23

The Highest Mountain

Mount Elbrus

The Longest River

Volga

La Sagrada Familia is a church by Gaudí. Construction started in 1882 and is expected to go on until 2026.

St. Basil’s Cathedral was completed in 1560. It was built in the time of Ivan the Terrible who was the tsar of all the Russians.

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Phot

os: M

artin

St-A

man

t, Lu

is C

arillo

norTH AmericA

Yellowstone National Park is the oldest and largest park in North America. It has many hot springs and geysers. They often erupt like volcanoes. Many geysers also have little organisms growing inside them. That’s why they look so colourful.

Some of the largest trees in the world grow in North America. The largest redwood is called Hyperion and is 15 m tall.

The Niagara Falls is the largest waterfall in North America. In 2015 it was so cold that large parts of the falls actually froze.

Countries 23

Size 24,709,000 km2

Population About 528.7 million

Languages Approximately 220

The Highest Mountain

Mount McKinley

The Longest River Mississippi/Missouri

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SoUTH AmericA

There are many ancient temples in Central and South America. These temples were built thousands of years ago by the Olmec, Maya, Aztec and Inca.

The Andes is the longest mountain range in the world. It runs for 7,240 km. Aconcagua is the largest mountain in the Andes. It is 6,960 m high.

The Angel Falls (also known as Salto Ángel) is the highest waterfall in the world. The waterfall is almost

1km high. Its water drops 807m.

Countries 12

Size 17,840,000 km2

Population Roughly 387.5 million

Languages 448

The Highest Mountain

Aconcagua

The Longest River

Amazon

romAn nUmerALS

Words by Zanele ncongolo illustrations by Louis Bester

The use of Roman numerals started in 800 and 900 B.C. They were invented because an easy method of counting was needed that everyone could understand. Before Roman numerals, counting among Romans focused on no more than 10 items. So Roman

numerals were created to help counting beyond 10.

It all started with sheep. Imagine a shepherd needed a way to count his sheep. He only had his fingers to help him. Simple! 'I' meant one finger. A full hand was shown by 'V' and 'X' was the value of two hands. He had 14 sheep. But he only had numerals for 1, 5, 10 and 15.

So now a system had to be made for the rest of the numbers. Soon enough, the Romans worked out a system that could account for them.

How did it all start?

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Then anything after ten follows the same rule as above, just with an X first:

How are roman numerals used today?Because of their historical association, Roman numerals make formal titles look important. Examples are King Louis XIV of France and Queen Elizabeth I. They are used in clocks and films. They are used for book chapters ands some buildings have Roman numerals to show their construction date. Some languages, like Spanish, use them to name centuries.

roman numerals i to X

and so on …

one unus i

Two duo ii

Three tres iii

four quattuor iV

five quinque V

Six sex Vi

Seven septem Vii

eight octo Viii

nine novem iX

Ten decem X

11 Xi12 Xii13 Xiii14 XiV15 XV

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road SafetyWalking

Be bright, be seen

Wear bright or reflective clothes

when you walk near the road.

People driving will see you easily.

Stop, look, listenWhen you cross the road: stop, look around, and listen for vehicles. Only

cross the road if it is clear.

A helping hand

Help other people to cross

the road if they are older

or younger than you.

Unplug and switch onTake off your headphones. Listening to music stops you from hearing vehicles that

are near you.

Words by Philippa Hurst illustrations by Louis Bester

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roads can be dangerous when you are walking or riding a bicycle.

When you use the road think about the people around you, as well

as yourself. Here are some top tips to keep you safe …

cyclingProtect yourselfDo you have your helmet and reflective clothing? You need them to protect against nasty injuries and so other people can see you, especially at night.

Seat Is your seat the right height?

Your feet should be able to

touch the ground.

Tyres

No one wants a flat tyre! Pinch

the tyres with your fingers. Are

they hard? If not, then pump them

up with a bicycle pump. You can

get a friend or adult to help.

Brakes Have you checked your

brakes? If they rub against

the tyres, they need

changing with help from

an adult.

LightsAdd cool lights to the front and back of your bike, so people will see you from

far away! Remember, white lights for the front and red

for the back.

reflectors Reflectors come in fun shapes and colours. Put them on your wheels to make your bike stand out!

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Words by Philippa Hurst Layout by Alexander Moolman

CAR I NG fOR ALTAm IRA

The Altamira cave paintings in Santillana del Mar, Spain, are known worldwide. They were painted in Paleolithic times

and are some of the oldest known to humanity.

When was Altamira discovered?The cave art was first discovered in 1880 by seven-year-old María. She was the daughter of archaeological

enthusiast Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola. María had wandered off while

exploring the cave with her father. She came across the ancient paintings

shouting, ‘Dad, oxen!’.

What do they look like?There are 17 caves filled with paintings of mostly bisons and horses. They are painted in red and black paint. The caves are so deep that they were protected from climate

change. This could have been why the paintings have survived for thousands of years.

Open to the publicIn 2014, the caves were opened for the first

time in 12 years. A small number of visitors

were allowed to see the paintings in real life.

This was a test by government scientists. They

were worried that letting lots of people visit

the caves would damage the paintings. This is because humans give off carbon

dioxide and heat.

Phot

os: É

mile

Car

tailh

ac, T

sui

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Threats to our heritage

Approaches to conservation

Heritage sites include monuments, groups of buildings or sites. We care for these sites because they link our quickly changing

modern society to the past.

If you were a conservation expert, would you want the caves open to the public or not?

Vandalism Without the correct

security, heritage sites

are at risk of being vandalised.

Other Constructions

Heritage sites are at

risk of being torn down.

They could be replaced

by other constructions.

War and conflictWar can damage heritage sites. Sometimes they are destroyed on

purpose.

Conventional approachThis focuses on conserving

monuments and sites for future generations even if this means

limiting visitors.

The problemSome people want the caves to be opened to all of the public. They think this will increase

tourism and let Spain share a very special heritage site with the rest of the world.

Other people think access to the site should be very limited and controlled so that the paintings last for many years to come.

Value approachThis is the decision to conserve

a monument as a ‘living’ heritage site that people can

use.

Natural disasters

Disasters can damage

these sites. Funding can

help experts to reduce damage.

TourismMillions visit heritage

sites every year. Without the correct visitor guidance,

tourists may cause damage.

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Paint

like the ma

sters! Words and illustration

by Philippa Hurst

Landscape paintings can include natural and man-made elements. They are all very different. Traditional artists paint realistic landscapes, while impressionist artists paint quickly to catch

the impression of the scene.

All artists use clever tricks to make their landscape paintings look real. Here are a

few for you to try!

Now it’s time to decide what type of artist you are! Use your paint to add colour

to your drawing!

Horizon lineDraw a line across your paper. This is where the land or the sea meets the sky. The line will direct the viewer’s eyes when they look at your painting.

ForegroundThese are all the objects in your landscape that are closest to you. You can draw these big because the nearer something is to you, the bigger it looks.

Middleground Objects further away are in the middleground. Draw these a bit smaller than the objects in the foreground.

Background These are things on the horizon or just below it. Draw these very small because they are far away.

Depth Rivers or roads draw the viewer’s eyes through the scene. Start wide in the foreground and end thinner at the horizon.

Impressionists broke all the rules, painting very fast and in blobs of colour. You can paint your landscape in quick splashes of different colours. You could even paint with your fingers.

Traditional style

Impressionist style

Traditional artists paint a landscape exactly how it looks. Take your time and paint everything in the correct colours and in detail. You can use brushes and watercolour or oil paint.

LandscapePainting

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