social stratification: sex & gender
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Social Stratification: Sex & Gender. Part ONE: Components of Sexual Identity. Component #1: Sex. DEFINITION : - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Social Stratification: Sex & Gender
Part ONE: Components of Sexual Identity
Component #1: Sex
• DEFINITION:• Biological/chromosomal
distinctions that determine physical characteristics in males and females
• Sex chromosomes, sex organs, sex hormones & reproductive functions
• DEFINITION:• Culturally, socially &
historically conditioned categories of identity
• Based primarily on cultural values
Component # 2: Gender
• Gender Identity:• Culturally conditioned
sense of self• One’s awareness of being
masculine or feminine• Gender Roles: • Specific behaviors & attitudes
expected of men and women, as established by society
Component # 2: Gender
Component # 2: Gender
• Cultural universals in regards to gender roles?
• Are there only two genders?
Component # 2: Gender
California’s 2006 DMV Manual
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XBCLGDbhKg
• DEFINITION:• A concept that includes an
individual’s desires, behaviors, sexual identity, and orientation
Component #3: Sexuality
Component #3: Sexuality
• Sexual Orientation:• Patterns of sexual attraction
exhibited by an individual• Continuum of sexual
orientation, rather than sharp categories
• Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual
Part TWO: Social Stratification
• Sexism (Individual):• The belief that one sex is
superior to the other
• Inherent biological differences create naturally different roles; these roles lead to the differential distribution of power, status & income
Gender Inequity
• Sexism (Institutional):• Policies, procedures &
practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women
• Examples:• Education, politics,
workplace, athletics, etc.
Gender Inequity
• Helen B. Andelin, 1965• Home Economics
textbook for high school girls
• Excerpts
Fascinating Womanhood
Fascinating Womanhood
• Get your work done• Prepare yourself• Have dinner ready• Clear away the clutter• Prepare the children• Minimize all noise
Fascinating Womanhood
• Be happy to see him• Make him comfortable• Listen to him• Make the evening his• The goal • Some don’ts
World Gender Inequity
• Annual Human Rights Report, 2006
• EXAMPLES OF INEQUITY:• Sex trade & forced labor
(Ghana)• Honor killings (Middle East &
North Africa)• Underage prostitution• Sex-selective breeding• Female circumcision
• EDUCATION:• Studies show young boys are
called on more often in school and receive more of a teacher’s attention
U.S. Gender Inequity
U.S. Gender Inequity
• The “Glass Ceiling”• Idea that there is an
invisible barrier that keeps woman from advancing to the top positions within a company
• The Glass Escalator:• Men who enter
predominantly female occupations are disproportionately likely to be promoted to leadership positions
U.S. Gender Inequity
• Disparities in Pay:• For every dollar a man earns
in the U.S., women earn 81 cents
• Women are over represented in higher education, but men are compensated more for the same education…
U.S. Gender Inequity
Disparities in Earnings Remain Significant
• Why? Type of work women do?• However…book editing/nursing…• More likely to be caregivers to
children/elderly parents
U.S. Gender Inequity
• The Second Shift• While women are now
working in greater numbers, men are only doing slightly more housework
U.S. Gender Inequity
U.S. Gender Inequity• Business:• Money from investors and
loans for entrepreneurs and startups mostly goes from men to other men
U.S. Gender Inequity• POLITICS & GOVERNMENT:• Though number of women in
politics has increased, representation is still a problem
• WHY?• Low “supply” of candidates• Low “demand” for female
candidates• “Damned-if-you-do-or-don’t”
standards
